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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1.Describe the three possible scenarios in which endocrine secretion happens (gland is a separate entity with exclusive endocrine functions; the gland is a scattered mass of tissue amid exocrine components; the gland is actually unicellular or behaves as such).
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Gland is a separate entity with exclusive endocrine functions: most of the ones we know by name: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, etc.
Scattered tissue amidst exocrine components: islets of Langerhans, Leydig cells at the testis, interstitial cells of the kidney, etc. Unicellular gland: enteroendocrine cell in the intestine and respiratory tract. |
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1.Acidophils are further divided into: ____________________ that secrete growth hormone, and ______________________, that secrete prolactin.
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Somatotropes, lactotropes
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1.Basophils are further divided into: _________________ that secrete thyrotropic hormone; ________________ that secrete follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone; and __________________ that secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone.
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Thyrotropes, Gonadotropes, Corticotropes
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1.What cells contribute to the production of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
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POMC
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1.The two hypothalamic nuclei that create the neurohyphophysis are the _____________________ nucleus, from which ____________________ hormone comes, and the _____________________ nucleus, from which _______________ comes.
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Supraoptic, Antidiuretic, paraventricular oxytocin
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1.What are the Herring bodies?
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Both hormones travel toward the nerve terminalis binded to neurophysin (neurophysin 1 for oxytocin, neurophysin 2 for antidiuretic hormone), where their accumulations can be seen with the light microscope (Herring bodies).
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1.What are the pituicytes?
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Pituicytes – they resemble glial cells and lack of secretory activities.
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1.Describe a thyroid follicle.
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Follicle: Anatomofuncional unit. It consists of simple cuboidal epithelium in the shape of a spheroid, whose centre is made of colloid.
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1.What is the function of the parafollicular cells?
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Cuboidal cells (lower when inactive, higher when active). Microvilli.
The colloid has thyroglobulin, enzymes, and here the thyroid hormones are kept. Secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 {target: many organs} |
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1.In the parathyroid most cells are ________ cells and secrete ___________ while the less abundant cells are those round, big, bright cells whose function is still somewhat undefined, known as ____________________, and that appear between the ____ and ____ birthday. As the gland ages, the number of associated adipocytes will increase.
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Chief cells, parathyroid hormone, oxyphils, 5th and 7th
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1.What part of the suprarenal is under the hyphophysis control?
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cortex
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1.How is the adrenal cortex divided?
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1.Zona glomerulosa: External, accounts for 15% of the cortical volume. The cells create a glomerulus-like pattern.
2.Zona fasciculata: 78% of the cortical volume. Large cells (sometimes called spongiocytes) arranged in parallel chords. Zona reticularis: Makes 7% of the cortex volume. Network of anastomosing chords facing the adrenal medulla. |
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1.What organelle is quite developed in the cells of the adrenal cortex?
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Smooth ER
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1.What are the secretions of the adrenal and how are they related to the layers of the cortex?
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1.Mineralocorticoids
1.Aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone – zona glomerulosa 2.Glucocorticoids Cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone and corticosterone – zona fasciculata and reticularis 3.Gonadocorticoids Few amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone, other androgens, estrogen and progesterone – zona reticularis |
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1.What are the secretions of the adrenal medulla?
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Anastomosing chords of polyhedral cells surrounded by capillary vessels that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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1.What system exerts its control over the adrenal medulla?
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Medulla related with the sympathetic autonomous nervous system.
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1.What is the chromaffin reaction and why it is important?
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Chromaffin reaction: Granules of cells that secrete epinephrine or norepinephrine react with potassium bichromate, getting a brown colour. Although not important for the recognition of the adrenal medulla (we precisely know where it is) it is helpful to identify cells that belong to the chromaffin system and their neoplastic derivatives, as happens with pheochromocytoma.
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1.What is the chromaffin system? Name its largest portion.
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Chromaffin system
Scattered groups of cells similar to the ones of the suprarenal medulla. Mostly retroperitoneal. More abundant at birth (they are fetal remnants of the migration of adrenal medulla cells) and later they decline, but don’t disappear. Largest one is the para-aortic bodies of Zuckerkandl. Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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1.What is the function of the pineal?
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Secretion: melatonin. Might play a role in suppressing the (start of the) gonadal function, hence stopping puberty up to the moment it is supposed to start.
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1.What are the cells of the pineal?
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1.Pinealocytes: Irregular cytoplasm with bulbous endings near blood vessels.
Glial cells: They resemble astrocytes. |
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1.Describe the acervuli or corpora arenacea.
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Acervuli: main characteristic helpful to identify the organ. AKA as corpora arenacea or brain sand. [HINT: in normal conditions, just two organs have calcareous concretions: the pineal and the prostate]
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1.What are the Langerhans islets?
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Spheroidal groups of cells distributed amidst the exocrine pancreas, more common toward the tail of the organ.
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1.Describe the functions of the cells of the Langerhans islets, particularly Alpha, Beta and Delta cells.
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1.Alpha, Beta and Delta cells.
1.Alpha: 20 % of the cells, at the periphery of the islet, secrete glucagon. 2.Beta: 70 % of the cells, at the centre of the islet, secrete insulin. Delta: 5 % of the cells, not evenly distributed, mostly at the centre and where alpha and beta cells intertwine. They secrete somatostatin. |