Histo

Front 1

Organelle?

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Nucleus w/ nucleolus (ribosome synth, heterochromatin w/ txnally inactive DNA)

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Dark-staining vs. paler-staining regions?

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Heterochromatin – small, darkly staining, irregular particles next to nuclear env and scattered throughout; txnally inactive
Euchromatin – dispersed, not so stainable; txnally active

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Organelle in darker-staining cells?

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RER – basophilic (b/c of neg charged rRNA attached to cisternae)

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Pale part of cytoplasm?

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Smooth ER – usually stains poorly; not basophilic; synth phospholipids and cholesterol, membrane synth and repair; P450 in liver, SR in muscle

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Organelle?

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Golgi – stains poorly but sometimes pale-staining on one side of nucleus; synth glycoproteins and proteoglycans, e.g. goblet cells

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Stage of replication?

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Prophase – replicated chromosomes condense; intact nuclear env (prometaphase looks similar but w/ disrupted nuclear env)

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Organelle?

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Smooth ER prolif – e.g. w/ increased need for detox

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Ragged red fibers – accumulation of abnormal mito causing irregular contour of muscle fiber (Gomori trichrome stains red membranous structures such as mito)

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Transitional epithelium – several layers of columnar and cuboidal cells; when tissue contracted, many layers seen w/ pear-shaped cells bulging into lumen; when distended, fewer layers seen w/ flattened cells; renal pelvis, ureter, bladder

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Very top of image?

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Stereocilia – middle-sized, actin (compared to larger, MT cilia and smaller, actin microvilli); male repro tract to facilitate absorption in epididymis and ductus deferens

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Microvilli – tightly packed actin filaments crosslinked by villin

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Cilia – 9+2 MT

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What does the "horizontal line" consist of?

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Tight jxn (claudins, occludins) --> adherens jxn (cadherins, actin) --> desmosome (cadherins, IFs)

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CIN – normal w/ stratified squamous --> CIN I w/ mild dysplasia, nuclear angulation, vacuolization --> CIN II affecting more layers w/ variation in size of cells and nuclei (superficial layer may still be normal) --> CIN III affecting all layers w/ changed cell and nuclear size plus abnormal mitoses

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Rete ridge – downgrowths of epidermis into dermis to generate stronger bond b/w these layers and help skin resist shearing forces; when elongated, sign of increased cell turnover in epidermis (increased number of cells in dermal region sign of inf response)

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Stratum corneum --> stratum granulosum --> stratum spinosum --> stratum basale

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Stratum spinosum + basale – basale has cuboidal cells; keratinocytes of spinosum have “prickly” desmosomes and stores most of melanin although melanin synth in melanocytes

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There's also a "hidden" cell on the R

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Langerhans cell - APC that is small isolated cell on R side of image; melanocytes also visible as pigmented cells

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Meissner’s corpuscles – unmyelinated nerve ending surrounded by Schwann cells; in dermis b/w epidermal ridges

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Hair follicle – w/ dermal papilla

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Sebaceous glands – pear-shaped glands w/ pale-staining cells; connect w/ hair follicle via pilosebaceous canal (hair follicle featured in center w/ hair bulb above it); holocrine secretion

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Eccrine sweat gland – secretory epithelial cells w/ outer layer of myoepithelial cells; ducts stain darker and have double layer of cuboidal cells

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Apocrine sweat glands – simple cuboidal w/ wide lumen; blebs; larger than eccrine glands

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Inactive mature breast – few lobules, large amount of CT

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Active mature breast – enlarged lobules w/ more secretory acini

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Breast acini – vascuolated secretory epithelial cells w/ outer layer of myoepithelial cells

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Basal cell carcinoma – palisading nuclei

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Melanoma – melanocyte nests and melanocytes (have pale cytoplasm) invading other layers

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Loose CT – collagen eosinophilic b/c of its pos charged side groups; white space is ground substance that stains poorly; e.g. GI tract submucosa (2nd pic)

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Dense regular CT – collagen fibers in one direction to mediate force of contraction; e.g. tendon

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Dense irregular CT – some in XS, some longitudinally to mediate stress in multiple directions; e.g. dermis

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Collagen fibers – pattern of collagen fibrils on R

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Reticular fibers – type III collagen; lymphoid tissue

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Elastic fibers – e.g. aorta

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Elastic fibers – elastin as amorphous mass lined by microfibrils of fibrillin; collagen fibrils near top

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Mast cell – highly granulated, central nucleus; can also have paler-staining vacuoles; also produces heparin

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Macrophage – irregularly shaped nucleus, few mitochondria, residual bodies (lysosomes w/ undigestable material), filopodia (for phagocytosis)

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Brown adipocytes

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Chondrocytes – basophilic cytoplasm w/ lipid droplets and relatively small nuclei; produce structural components of cartilage (collagen, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans)

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Hyaline cartilage – glassy appearance of type II collagen, chondromucoprotein w/ numerous chondrocytes in lacunae; spindle-shaped cells in perichondrium up top  chondroblasts  chondrocytes; nasal septum, end of ribs, tracheal rings

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Fibrocartilage – ordered cartilage fibers of type I collagen w/ chondrocytes surrounded by matrix (unlike dense CT) spaced b/w fibers; intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

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Elastic cartilage – very cellular w/ abundant chondrocytes, many elastic fibers, type II collagen; ear auricle, epiglottis

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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – defects in synth/processing of collagen fibers, reducing tensile strength --> abnormally shaped collagen fibrils --> hypermobile joints/hyperextensible skin

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Dense, thick layer of compact bone outside (covered by periosteum to which muscle attaches; inner surface endosteum) --> porous trabecular bone containing BM

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(L) Epiphyseal plate in middle
(R) Epiphysis --> growth plate where cartilage prolif and is mineralized --> metaphysis --> diaphysis
Hyaline articular cartilage covers articulating surface

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Trabecular (spongy) bone - spongy trabeculae network in center of bone covered by inactive endosteum; BM in b/w

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Compact bone - concentric rings of lamellar bone around Haversian canals (VANL) w/ osteocytes embedded in concentric rings in bone matrix, Volkmann's canals connect adjacent Haversian canals at right angles

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Haversian system - Haversian canal surrounded by rings of lamellar bone w/ osteocytes embedded (dark thin ovals); osteocytes send thin cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi (thin lines around osteocytes) to access blood supply and communicate; caused by bone remodeling

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(L) osteoblasts encased in bone (where it's called osteocyte)
(R) topmost, producing unimineralized type I collagen fibers (making up osteoid immediately underneath), catalysts for formation of CaPO4 crystals to gradually coat collagen surface for mineralized bone; embryonic precursor is osteopregenitor cell (mesenchymal stem cell)

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Bone --> osteoid --> osteoblast (there are collagen fibers next to osteoblasts? Maybe in XS?)

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Osteoclasts - large, multinucleated cells (macrophage lineage) that resorb bone by secreting organic acids (dissolve hydroxyapatite), lysosomal enzymes (break down osteoid matrix), collagenase; lie in Howship's lacunae, which are surface depressions from bone resorption, on L

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Osteoclasts - distinct ruffled border where lysosomal enzymes, organic acids secreted to break down bone matrix), multinucleated (not so obvious here?); embryological precursor is monocyte

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Multinucleate osteoclasts (can't see multiple nuclei clearly) --> hump for site of reversal --> osteoblasts on far right w/ osteoid underneath

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Intramembraneous ossification - mesenchyme --> diff into osteoblasts --> bone (w/ some osteocytes embedded throughout)

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(L) Endochondrial ossification - probably evidence of woven bone and osteoid?
(R) Purple growth plate of cartilage w/ embedded chondrocytes w/ light blue woven bone and red osteoid

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Chondrocyte growth seq during endochondrial ossification - resting chondrocytes (top) --> prolif w/ each lacuna containing numerous chondrocytes --> maturation/hypertrophy w/ larger chondrocytes/lacunae --> calcified cartilage --> absorbed by osteoclasts --> woven bone laid down --> converted to lamellar bone

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Osteosarcoma - extensive, lace-like bone; vary in size and often have very large nuclei; derive from mesenchymal cells and noted for production of bone matrix

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Paget's disease - mosaic pattern w/ thick cement lines demarcating randomly oriented lamellar bone; initial rise in osteoclast activity --> osteoclasts and osteoblasts both active --> osteoblasts dominate --> increase in bone mass but bone exaggerated, disorganized, dysfxnal (lack ability to resist deformation and greatly increased vulnerability to fracture)

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Resorption canal
A - osteoblasts, B - osteocytes, C - osteoid, D - cement line, E - bone

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DRG - (R) sensory neurons in top right; R to periphery, L to spinal cord w/ dorsal root; pseudounipolar

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Motor neuron
(1) motor neuron w/ Nissl bodies
(2) multiple motor neurons w/ Nissl bodies (note no Nissl bodies in axon)
(3) motor neuron is largest central cell w/ larger nucleus than nearby support cells and more obvious dendrite than in last image
(4) motor neuron w/ Nissl bodies AKA RER confined to soma and dendrites w/o extending into axon (axon is upper projection on rightmost neuron)

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Peripheral nerve bundle
(L) longitudinal section w/ various layers?
(R) individual myelin sheaths covering axons --> individual nerve fibers ensheathed by endoneurium --> several bound together by perinerium (thicker pink strips near RUQ) --> outer sheath of epineurium around entire trunk

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Myelinated axon - (L) white myelin regions around axons; (R) Schwann cell wrapping around axon to envelop in layers of myelin sheaths

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Unmyelinated axon - (1) lack of white myelin regions around axons; (2, 3) Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes associating w/ several axons but don't wrap them in myelin sheaths

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Nodes of Ranvier; myelin sheath also visible

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Neurofibrils EM - mitochondrion as largest organelle visible; neurofilaments smallest "dots" that are IFs providing structural support; MTs middle-sized circles that provide tracks

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Synapse EM - synapse b/w axon and dendrite w/ numerous synaptic vesicles and mito in axon and lack of in post-synaptic cell; 2 myelinated axons also visible on L

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Pyramidal cell - triangular cell body w/ thick branching dendrite (R) and thin axon (L) toward inner white matter; characteristic neuron of cortical gray matter

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Purkinje cells
(L) A - molecular layer, B - Purkinje layer, C - granular layer, D - white matter
(R) Very large neurons w/ treelike branching dendrites (pale, thick strips running from cell body); sandwiched b/w deeper granular layer w/ cells modulating Purkinje activity and superficial molecular layer w/ additional inhibitory interneurons and nerve cell processes; characteristic neuron of cerebellar cortex

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Neuroglia (microglia, astrocytes) - non-neuronal cells of CNS; (L) microglia have branched cytoplasmic processes and fxn as macrophages; (R) astrocytes w/ various support fxns

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Ependymal cells - cuboidal to columnar w/ cilia and microvilli to circulate and absorb CSF; line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord and create CSF

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Alzheimer's - neuritic plaques from aggregation of beta-amyloid protein w/ some plaques having dense central core of amyloid

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Parkinson's - Lewy body, which is eosinophilic, round, and elongated cytoplasmic aggregate of proteins (LUQ); macrophages w/ darker pigmented material, representing sites of neurodegen

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A - neuron cell body, B - glial cell body, C - axons

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Skeletal muscle
(1) XS w/ peripherally placed nuclei; each muscle cell surrounded by endomysium w/ perimysium in b/w 2 adjacent fasciculi; small blood vessels also visible
(2) longitudinal section w/ cells w/ peripheral, multiple nuclei; capillaries w/i perimysium (paler strip near top); dark A bands and light I bands

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Skeletal muscle EM - light I band w/ actin filaments and bisected by dark Z-disk; darker A-band w/ myosin and actin w/ disc-like M line where myosin crosslinked; T tubules and SR most visible in I-band

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Muscle fiber tpes - stained for slow-twitch muscle fibers (type I) that have muscle myosin w/ slow ATPase rate adapted for long, slow contraction; light-staining fast-twitch muscles (type II) have muscle myosin w/ fast ATPase rate and tend to be larger

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Neuromuscular jxn - (L) motor neuron branching off and making contact w/ motor end plates; (R) single motor nerve coming from R branching off --> motor end plate on several skeletal muscle fibers (1 motor endplate per muscle fiber); motor unit is group of muscle fibers innervated by single neuron

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Neuromuscular jxn EM - axon terminal on L w/ synaptic vesicles and mito; sarcomere visisble in RLQ

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Muscle tendon connection - muscle fibers on R; CT surrounding fibers become continuous w/ dense collagenous tissue of tendon

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Smooth muscle cells
(1) long, spindle-shaped (fusiform) cells w/ single, centrally placed nucleus; absence of striation
(2) arrangement differs from organ to organ; XS of ileum w/ inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer; still spindle-shaped cells and centrally located nucleus

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Smooth muscle EM - actin filaments attached to dark-staining dense bodies (~Z-disks) on PM and w/i cytoplasm; caveolae invaginations (~T-tubule); also visible are large nucleus in LUQ and several mito

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Cardiac muscle cells - single (sometimes 2) centrally located nucleus; striated but have branching morphology and intercalated discs; supporting tissue and capillary network in intercellular spaces

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Cardiac muscle cell EM - similar to skeletal muscle but have very dark-staining intercalated discs connecting adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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Purkinje fibers - clear empty appearance b/c sarcoplasm mostly occupied by glycogen not preserved in most histological preps (although still eosinophilic, just less so than cardiac muscle on bottom); larger than ordinary muscle fibers

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Acute MI - wavy cardiac muscle cells (represent dead/necrotic cells); inf from necrosis also evident by many neuts and other immune cells

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Healing MI - replacement of necrotic cardiac muscle tissue w/ vascular (uppermost RUQ) and fibrous tissue (below vascular tissue but above cardiac muscle cell)

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy - loss of dystrophin --> damage and degen of muscle cells --> skeletal muscle tries to regen new fibers --> many small muscle cells --> eventually replaced by CT (glassier appearance around fibers) as degen outpaces replacement

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Aorta wall - 3 layers: thin tunica intima (RUQ) composed of endothelial cells and underlying supporting tissue --> largest tunica media composed of elastic fibers, smooth muscle, and collagenous tissue (large number of elastic lamina help maintain pressure) --> tunica adventitia composed mainly of CT and some small blood vessels (vasa vasorum)

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Muscular artery wall - tunica media has fewer elastic fibers and more smooth muscle cells than elastic arteries; prominent internal elastic lamina (far right); external elastic lamina separates tunica media from tunica adventitia

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Muscular artery - (both images) tunica media has 3 or more layers of smooth muscle cells along w/ collagen fibers and some elastic fibers (as synth by smooth muscle cells)

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Small muscular artery - number of layers of smooth muscle cells in tunica media decreases and internal/external laminae become less prominent; endothelial cells visible in innermost layer

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Arteriole
(1) tunica media has only 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle cells; endothelial cells on innermost layer
(2) single layer of smooth muscle cells (constricting into and out of plane of screen); endothelial cells on innermost layer

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Capillary - single layer of endothelial cells and BM; single file RBCs

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Continuous capillary EM - only have gaps that are jxns b/w adjacent endothelial cells where small molecules can diffuse (small dark thin lines in vessel wall); prominent in adipose/muscle tissue and brain

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Fenestrated capillary EM - fenestrated endothelium (most obvious on R); barely visible electron-dense diaphragm in fenestrae; prominent in kdiney, intestine, endocrine glands; fuzzy structure surrounding epithelial cell is BM

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Venule - endothelium --> narrow layer of smooth muscle cells --> large layer adventitia composed of CT

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Artery vs. venule - artery (L) has thicker medial layer w/ more smooth muscle so tend to maintain shape better in sections; vein (R) has thinner walls

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Vena cava - relatively thin media w/ notably less abundant elastic fibers (compared to aorta)

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Lymphatic vessel - thin walls and delicate valves; no RBCs

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Aortic dissection - blood splays apart media --> blood-filled false lumen that sometimes form when space reconnects w/ aortic lumen; usually start w/ tear in intima

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CAD - deposition of LDL in intima --> macrophages enter and phagocytose LDL --> necrotic lipid core (middle of image) --> smooth muscle cells recruited to produce collagen in intima --> plaque that bulges into lumen (L)

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Coronary thrombosis - plaque rupturing from arterial wall --> rapid inf and thrombotic rxn --> thrombus in middle; artery wall contains large amount of plaque, which also compresses tunica media that is often largest layer of wall

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Aortic tunica media - A - elastic lamellae, B - smooth muscle, C - collagen

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Platelets EM - cytoplasm w/ some intracellular organelles, including granules, but no nucleus; bud off from megakaryocytes; look like basophilic specks histologically

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Neutrophil EM - multi-lobed nucleus; primary, azurophilic (dark-staining) granules larger and rounder than secondary, specific granules

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Eosinophil - bilobed nuclei, orange/red granulated cytoplasm; largest in size of granulocytes; secondary granules have peroxidase, lysosomal enzyme, major basic protein

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Eosinophil EM - bilobed nucleus and many granules w/ major basic protein

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Basophil - (both images) simple or bilobed nucleus; difficult to see most characteristic feature, which is large number of coarse, purplish granules containing histamine; not phagocytes; intermediate size b/w granulocytes
(L) basophil in middle w/ many granules

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Basophil EM - large granules (larger than eosinophil granules), bilobed nucleus

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Small lymphocyte - ~same size as RBC w/ dark nucleus and thin rim of surrounding cytoplasm; no visible granules

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Large lymphocyte - more cytoplasm (remains basophilic) than small lymphocytes; active B/T cells

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Monocytes - larger than lymphocytes and granulocytes, contain nuclei that often have indentation on one side; numerous granules smaller than those in granulocytes, containing lysosomal enzymes (so misleading to call non-granulocyte)

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Blast cell - large w/ round/oval nuclei and usually conspicuous nucleoli; abundant, usually basophilic cytoplasm; cells from which RBCs, granulocytes, and lymphocytes are generated

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Erythropoiesis - proerythroblast (slightly smaller than blast cell, more basophilic) --> basophilic erythroblast (smaller, lose nucleolus, intensely basophilic cytoplasm from accumulation of ribosomes) --> polychromatic erythroblast (gray-green cytoplasm from accumulation of Hb) --> orthochromatic erythroblast (nucleus shrunk, darker; growing conc of Hb turns cytoplasm pink) --> reticulocyte (nucleus extruded via asymmetric cytoplasmic division; bluish hue from ribosomes remaining in cytoplasm) --> erythrocyte (loss of all organelles)

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Granulopoiesis - myeloblast --> neutrophilic promyelocyte (large cells w/ purple-staining nonspecific azurophilic granules; committed to neut line) --> myelocyte (smaller specific/secondary granules increase, azurophilic granules decrease so loss of cytoplasmic basophilia) --> metamyelocyte (nucleus becomes flattened, chromatin condensed) --> band cell (horseshoe-shaped nucleus) --> neut (nucleus segmented into lobes)

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Megakaryocyte - platelet precursor; multinucleated w/ numerous azurophilic granules

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Sickle cell anemia

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ALL - overproduction of immature lymphocytes

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CML - unregulated growth of myeloid cells --> large numbers of mature and immature granulocytes in BM and blood

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Promyelocyte - large, has purple-staining granules

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Metamyelocyte - large (compare to RBCs), not quite horseshoe-shaped yet and seems to have more granules than monocyte would and nucleus maybe looks a little bit dif from monocyte nucleus

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B/T cell leukemia - large number of small lymphocytes

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Conducting airway - lined by pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium on top of thick basement membrane; lamina propria underneath has CT and vessels; smooth muscle layer separates lamina propria from submucosa, which contains large number of seromucinous glands (RLQ); cartilage also seen on L in submucosa

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Conducting epithelium - pseudostratified, ciliated; goblet cells that secrete mucous and stem cells; basement membrane has glassy appearance; seromucous glands and vessels in lamina propria

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Trachea - C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that prevent collapse of tracheal mucosa during inspiration; ant portion cartilage while post gap closed by trachealis muscle (smooth muscle); glands in submucosal layer; adventitia outermost

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Bronchus - pseudostratified epithelium w/ cartilage plates (epithelium --> smooth muscle --> cartilage plate) and similar cellular composition as trachea; thinner basement membrane but still have glands in submucosa

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Intrapulmonary air conduits - bronchus in middle w/ cartilage plates; bronchiole (don't participate in gas exchange) on L w/o cartilage plates and surrounded by alveoli; close proximity to pulmonary vessels

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Bronchiole - ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium but no longer surrounded by cartilage or have glands; have ring of smooth muscle (in circular pattern so contraction causes narrowing)

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Respiratory bronchioles - transition from terminal bronchiole (w/ low cuboidal epithelium) to respiratory bronchioles (w/ squamous epithelium) that have alveoli along walls and split into alveolar ducts that terminate in alveolar sacs and individual alveoli

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Pneumocytes
Type I - thin, squamous cells w/ obvious nuclei (large pink circles here are actually capillaries); most obvious in RLQ
Type II - larger, cuboidal cells that occur more diffusely; "foamier" b/c of phospholipid multilamellar bodies (precursor to surfactant)

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Pneumocytes EM - capillary topmost structure w/ endothelial cells lining capillary and type I pneumocytes lining alveolar lumen (looks like outer edge of capillary)
Type II much larger and more cuboidal w/ easily visible nucleus and some microvilli; have lamellar bodies (look like darker-staining, striated structures) that have phospholipid precursors to surfactant

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Air-blood barrier - 3 layers: type I pneumocyte part of simple squamous epithelium (outermost) --> fused basement membrane to minimize barrier for gas exchange --> endothelial cell (capillary epithelium)

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Emphysema - air spaces enlarged b/c of increased compliance and destruction of alveolar walls; normal air space around, esp. in RLQ

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Pulmonary htn - increased thickness of medial layer and prolif of smooth muscle --> narrowed lumen

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Pulmonary macrophage - accumulate brown-staining material via phagocytosis

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Kidney - inner medullary tissue (contains loops of Henle, collecting ducts, vessels) surrounded by outer cortical tissue (contains glomeruli, tubules, vessels, medullary rays)
(seems hard to tell since just seems like lots of oval spaces)

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Renal corpuscle
(1) Mesangial cells in glomerulus and podocytes (a little more elongated than mesangial?) in visceral layer of Bowman's capsule --> Bowman's space --> parietal layer continuous w/ cells of PCT (on R) and epithelium changes from squamous to cuboidal plus PCT has fine brush border
(2) Mesangial cells more obvious w/ prominent nuclei w/i glomerulus as they synth BM-like material for glomerular structure; parietal layer comprises Bowman's capsule and are squamous where visceral layer made of podocytes that have more cuboidal shape and lie b/w caps (empty spaces) and Bowman's space

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Podocyte EM - specialized epithelial cells that separate capillary network in glomerulus from Bowman's space; foot processes that associate w/ BM opposite from endothelial cells of capillaries; foot processes of adjacent podocytes interface to form filtration slits around capillary (not seen in this pic)

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Filtration barrier - fenestrated capillary epithelium (innermost) --> thick basement membrane --> foot processes w/ slit diaphragms in b/w

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PCT - eosinophilic cytoplasm; so large that in XS, not every nucleus visible so seems like PCT has fewer nuclei than other tubules (may be hard to tell in isolation, esp. in L image); apical brush border

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PCT EM - microvilli topmost; basal striations from parallel alignment of mito alongside basolateral regions of plasma membrane

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Loop of Henle - thick descending limb ~PT w/ apical brush borders; thick ascending limb does not; collecting ducts have prominent lateral borders b/w adjacent cells

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DCT - cells smaller, more lightly stained, more nuclei apparent than PCT (use to compare in pic); lack bush border and occupy much less space b/c shorter and less convoluted; glomerulus also visible as prominent structure in lower half

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JGA - near vascular pole of glomerulus; formed by DCT (on L of glomerulus) and glomerular afferent arterioles (at jxn); macula densa is collection of cells in DCT; juxtaglomerular cells part of arteriole; Lacis cells (i.e. extraglomerular mesangial cells) are flat and elongated cells near macula densa

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Collecting ducts - prominent lateral borders of epithelial cells

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Renal pelvis - initial dilated portion of ureter characterized by transitional epithelium; collecting ducts (L) empty here

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Ureter - transitional epithelium AKA urothelium --> inner longitudinal layer --> outer circular layer

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Urinary bladder - lined by transitional epithelium (relaxed so appear cuboidal, more squamous when distended) --> thin basement membrane --> thick layers of smooth muscle interwoven in various directions

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Diabetic nephropathy - thickened mesangial basement membrane and matrix; direct injury to podocytes and slit membranes (not shown here)

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Glomerulonephritis - more cells, glomerulus appears more solid

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Minimal change disease - histologically normal but under EM, loss of podocyte foot processes (on top of basement membrane)

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Thymus - numerous lobules, each w/ dark-staining outer cortex and inner medulla; loose collagenous capsule outside and extending into thymus to form interlobular septa (contain VANL); R image more clearly shows cortex w/ high density of small T-lymphocytes and epithelioreticular cells vs. medulla w/ larger mature thymocytes w/ more cytoplasm

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Thymus cortex - heavily filled w/ developing T lymphocytes; common to find mitotic figures; pale-stained macrophages at corticomedullary jxn (R) that remove apoptotic lymphocytes that have failed to dev properly

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Thymus medulla - T-lymphocytes, increased numbers of epithelial cells w/ pale-staining nuclei; Hassall's corpuscles that are concentric arrangements of acidophilic flattened epithelioid cells, sometimes w/ keratinization

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LN
(1) A - afferent lymphatic, B - subcapsular sinus, C - cortex, D - medullary cords, E - medulla, F - efferent lymphatic, G - hilus, H - secondary follicles
(2) Encased by capsule --> B cell-containing lymphoid follicles in cortex --> ill-defined paracortex w/ T cells --> medulla has medullary cords (aggregates of lymphoid tissue) and medullary sinuses (lymphatic channels); hilum (L) is where vessels enter/exit and medullary sinuses merge into efferent lymphatic vessels

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LN capsule - capsule (w/ valve-containing afferent lymphatic vessels traversing through) --> subcapsular sinus --> endothelial cells --> macrophages

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LN secondary follicle - pale germinal center w/ proliferating B-cells and follicular DCs; mantle zone on L w/ resting and memory B cells; T cell zone on R

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LN paracortex - T cell zone with HEV w/ cuboidal endothelial cells (instead of squamous like most capillaries)

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Spleen - capsule w/ trabeculae extending into parenchyma; no cortex and medulla but instead well-vascularized, pale-staining red pulp (lower cell density) w/ sinuses and white pulp (lymphoid aggregations)

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Spleen central artery - surrounded by groups of T cells forming periarteriolar lymphoid sheath; bran ch from trabecular arteries and run throughout white pulp; red pulp in RUQ

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Spleen white pulp (so called b/c of color of fresh tissue) - central artery (on L) surrounded by T-zone periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS); pale-staining germinal center/secondary follicle surrounded by narrow ring of deep-stained mantle w/ resting B cells; marginal zone separates follicle from red pulp

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Spleen red pulp - filled w/ venous sinuses lined by elongated, rod-shaped endothelial cells w/ slits/intercellular jxns to allow viable RBCs to squeeze into parenchyma that contains lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, etc.

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Palatine tonsil - luminal surface lined by stratified squamous epithelium that deeply invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts; parenchyma has diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissues; lymphoid follicles w/ germinal centers scattered throughout

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Peyer's patches - germinal center inside; M cells and intestinal epithelium above

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Thymoma
(1) Benign - composed of medullary epithelial cells, often elongated or spindle-shaped
(2) Invasive - often contain cortical epithalial cells w/ rounder nuclei and more abundant cytoplasm

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Metastatic carcinoma LN - initially appear as collections of epithelial cells in LN --> resemble tissue they derived from; e.g. here, extensive glandular tissue ~breast

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Congestive splenomegaly - obstructed venous outflow --> expanded red pulp w/ accumulated neuts that encroach on lymphoid follicles --> eventually fibrotic

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Plasma cells - in LN, esp. in medullary cords

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Esophagus - mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa) --> submucosa --> muscularis externa (inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle; 1st 1/3 of esophagus has striated muscle while latter 2/3 has smooth muscle)

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GE jxn - shift from stratified squamous of esophagus to simple columnar of stomach

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Stomach - folds/rugae w/ numerous glands invaginating into lamina propria (can be hard to see) --> mucosal layer (columnar epithelial cells, narrow lamina propria, pink-staining muscularis mucosa) --> submocsa (loose CT) --> muscularis externa

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Gastric gland - gastric pit (R) w/ pale-staining mucous droplets of mucous-secreting cells --> isthmus and neck w/ eosinophilic parietal cells that secret HCl, intrinsic factor --> base w/ granulated, basophilic chief cells that secrete pepsinogen --> muscularis mucosa

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Stomach cardia (1st part of stomach) - mucous-secreting cells that form columnar epithelium; gastric pits --> coiled, XS gastric glands --> lamina propria and muscularis mucosa --> submucosa

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Stomach body - mucosa has MUCH deeper and less coiled gastric glands, containing mucous cells, chief cells (pepsinogen), parietal cells (Hcl, intrinsic factor), ECL cells (histamine) --> muscularis mucosa, submucosa

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Stomach pylorus - mucosa has deep gastric pits and glands (containing G cells that secrete gastrin into blood to act on parietal cells)

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Parietal cells - "fried egg" w/ basophilic, peripherally located nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm

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Chief cells - basally located nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm w/ RER and many secretory granules containing pepsinogen

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Duodenum - similar to rest of GI tract w/ mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa but also have Brunner's glands (bottom-most) unique to duodenum; not so obvious on L but maybe just presence of additional glandular layer?

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Jejunum - prominent plicae circulares (lined by villi) more extensive than in duodenum/ileum; outfoldings of mucosa and submucosa (not muscularis externa)

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Ileum - less dramatic plicae circularis w/ rpominent but shorter villi; Peyer's patches in submucosa (unique to ileum)

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Villus - lined by epithelial enterocytes that contain brush border; Goblet cells w/ clear mucous droplets interspersed in b/w; lamina propria making up villus core; strand of smooth muscle
(L) A - enterocyte brush border, B - lacteal, C - goblet cell, D - immune cells (lymphocytes), E - lamina propria

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Crypts of Lieberkuhn - epithelia of villi extending down into lamina propria; have mitotic cells, Paneth cells (spotted, eosinophilic, for host defense), Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells (secretin, CCK, gastric inhibitory protein)

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Colon - mucosa, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa but folds here less dramatic and no villi; many Goblet cells (not seen at this mag)

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Recto-anal jxn - columnar epithelium --> stratified squamous

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Auerbach's plexus - b/w inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal layers of muscularis externa

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Meissner's plexus - paler-staining cells in close association w/ smooth muscle of muscularis mucosa; colonic crypts also visible

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Barrett's esophagus - esophageal metaplastic transformation from stratified squamous to columnar; goblet cells visible on outer layer

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Celiac disease - lack of villi, increased number of lymphocytes, crypt hyperplasia to replace loss of enterocytes

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Ulcerative colitis - distorted architecture of colonic crypts, including inf, abscesses, hemorrhage; here, inf dark-staining inf cells visible

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Paneth cell - spotted, eosinophilic

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Parotid - mainly serous exocrine cells (dense, basophilic?) while (spherical) acini are surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells

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Sublingual gland - mainly mucous cells (paler than serous) that are capped by serous demilunes; a few ducts also visible here

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Submandibular gland - serous cells arranged in acini while mucous cells capped w/ serous demilune cells; mix of both

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Pancreas - endocrine part more lightly stained and w/ islets of Langerhans (distinct geometric cord pattern and high vascularity) vs. exocrine part form small clusters/acini; beta cells of islet that produce insulin typically in center vs. alpha cells that produce glucagon typically at periphery
(2) Close-up of islet

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Pancreatic acinar cells - strongly basophilic cytoplasm (occupied by RER) while apical side filled w/ zymogen granules; intercalated ducts also visible w/ centroacinar cells that form terminal lining of ducts and cells immediately lining ducts secreting bicarb

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Pancreatic acinar cells EM - nuclei and ER at basal portion, numerous zymogen granules at apical pole

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Liver - portal triad in middle of image; hepatic venules in middle of hexagons

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Portal triad - large portal vein, smaller hepatic artery above it, bile duct on L

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Hepatocytes and sinusoids - endothelial cells (dark-staining cells poking into sinusoid) line sinusoids, forming discontinuous endothelium w/ wide gaps b/w cells and no basement membrane; bile cannaliculus defined by jxns b/w hepatocytes; Kupffer cell (macrophage) also visible in sinusoid lumen

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Hepatocyte EM - numerous mito in hepatocytes; jxnal complexes (thin, slightly denser areas at membrane jxn) and bile cannaliculus (widest channel in pic)

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Sinusoid EM - discontinuous endothelium; separated from hepatocytes by space of Disse
(L) A - space of Disse, B - sinusoidal endothelial cell, C - sinusoid lumen, D - hepatocyte, E - bile canaliculus

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Gall bladder - irregularly shaped villi lined by abnormally tall columnar epithelial cells; smooth muscle in wall

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Cirrhosis - hepatocytes present but also dense CT bands throughout sinusoids; portions repeatedly destroyed and replaced at expense of hepatic architecture; scarring disrupts sinusoids w/ blood backup in portal vein

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Cholestasis - accumulation of bile in ducts (on apical side) and cytoplasm of cells since once pigment filtered from blood, can't be secreted into canaliculus (duct obstruction is darker, more circular structures)

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Ciliary body - mostly smooth muscle and connected to lens (on R) by suspensory ligaments (not shown); ciliary processes protruding and iris at top

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Ciliary body epithelium - non-pigemented/non-photosensitive epithelium lines ciliary body and ciliary processes and is source of aqueous humor; pigmented epithelial cells w/i ciliary body

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Cornea - ant chamber on L; starting on R, stratified corneal epithelium --> thin layer of Bowman's membrane --> avascular stroma rich in collagen fibrils and some fibroblasts (arranged in way to allow transmission of light) --> endothelium

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Lens - lens capsule at surface (~epithelial basement membrane) --> lens epithelium covering only anterolateral parts of lens --> lens fiber cells that still have nuclei while developing but over time become thin, elongated, and anuclear w/ cytoplasm filled w/ crystalline protein

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Flow of aqueous humor - ciliary body on L w/ ciliary processes (where suspensory ligament would be attached) that produce aqueous humor --> post chamber --> through pupil (iris in middle w/ pupillary sphincter muscle seen on bottom edge) to ant chamber --> canal of Schlemm (venous sinus near limbus) near top of pic

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Retina
(1) From L, sclera --> choroid (of uveal layer) --> pigmented epithelium --> photoreceptor layer --> outer nuclear layer (cell bodies of rods, cones) --> outer plexiform layer (synapses) --> inner nuclear layer (cell bodies of intermediate neurons, Muller cells) --> inner plexiform layer (synapses) --> ganglion cell layer (bodies of ganglion cells) --> optic nerve fiber layer --> vitreal body
(2) Optic nerve fiber layer is bottom layer

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Fovea - depression w/i retina; below retina area choroid and sclera

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Optic nerve - optic disc on L is where axons of afferent optic nerve fibers converge to form optic nerve; not myelinated (b/c myelination would interfere w/ light passing thru retina) but become myelinated as enter optic disc

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Inner ear/cochlea - bone as outermost layer that goes inside and contains spiral ganglion (speckled areas in middle of pic); scala vestibuli (perilymph) and scala media (endolymph) separated by vestibular membrane while scala media and scala tympani (perilymph) separated by basilar membrane; organ of Corti also on basilar membrane protruding into scala media

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Organ of Corti - on basilar membrane; has inner and outer hair cells; tectorial membrane rests on top of stereocilia or outer hair cells

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Hair cells - long stereocilia extending toward tectorial membrane; outer hair cells in V conformation while inner hair cells more linear

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Circumvallate papilla - largest papillae on tongue; covered w/ stratified epithelium, walls have numerous taste buds (paler circular areas)

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Taste buds - gustatory and sustentacular cells line taste pore, which opens into surface

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Olfactory epithelium - meshwork of sustentacular microvilli and olfactory cilia on surface --> pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nuclei of sustentacular cells tend to be in top, olfactory receptor cells in middle, basal epithelial cells at bottom); afferent nerve bundle also visible running below

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Glaucoma - depressed optic disc from increased intraocular pressure; loss of retinal ganglion cells (not so visible here)

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Pituitary gland - ant pituitary/pars distalis darker section near bottom (w/ cords of cuboidal cells w/ wide range of nuclear:cytoplasmic vol ratios--that I can't really see); post pituitary/pars nervosa lighter section next to it, connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk; optic chiasm also visible as anterior to ant pituitary

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Ant pituitary - 3 cell types: acidophils (pink cytoplasm and dark nuclei) that are mammotrophs and somatotrophs that produce prolactin or GH; basophils (darker cells w/ purple cytoplasm) that are corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs that produce TSH, ACTH, FSH, or LH; chromophobes (palest) that are non-secretory and serve as support or precursors
(2nd image is of same but dif stain colors)

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Ant pituitary EM - somatotrophs (abundant secretory granules), thyrotrophs (also have granules but toward periphery of cell), gonadotrophs (larger, few granules but of varying sizes), corticotrophs (least granules)

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Post pituitary
(1) Biggest hint may be that it's neurosecretory granules so likely Herring bodies of post pituitary granules containing oxytocin, ADH
(2) Herring bodies (pink but lighter and rounder than vessels) that are distensions of axon terminal fibers where neurosecretory granules accumulated; resembles unmyelinated nervous tissue and composed of nerve terminals from neurons w/ cell bodies in hypothalamus; nuclei visible belong to pituitcytes that are support cells

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Adrenal gland - from L, medulla (catecholamines, e.g. adrenaline) --> cortex, composed of zona reticularis (glucocorticoids, androgens), zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids/cortisol), zona glomerulosa (aldosterone)
(2) Zona fasciculata stained for lipids (maybe glomerulosa on R w/ cells that have higher nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and reticularis on L since seem smaller and more irregular?)

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Zona glomerulosa - just beneath capsule of adrenal gland; cells in clusters separated by trabecula that are continuous w/ capsule; distinct round nuclei and higher nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio than cells in adjacent zona fasciculata; produce aldosterone

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Zona fasciculata - more cytoplasm than those of other cortical zones; stain palely b/c of high conc of lipid droplets; secrete cortisol in response to ACTH

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Zona reticularis - smaller, more irregular cells; less vacuolated than those in zona fasciculata; innermost cortical layer and secrete sex hormones

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Adrenal medulla - cells arranged in small groups w/ cytoplasmic granules that contain epinephrine (hard to see here); highly vascular

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Thyroid - follicles composed of ring of cuboidal epithelial cells (principal cells) bounded by basement membrane and surrounding lumen filled w/ pink-staining colloid composed mostly of thyroglobulin; C-cells/parafollicular cells scattered in spaces b/w follicles and secrete calcitonin for Ca homeostasis

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Parathyroid - chief cells abundant w/ central nuclei and pale cytoplasm, getting darker the ore active they are; clusters of oxyphil cells that seem to be larger w/ less obvious nuclei?; large amount of adipose tissue (not so obvious here)
(2) Most telling sign probably that it's next to thyroid tissue; more obvious adipose tissue?

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Grave's disease - epithelial cells no longer surround round follicles of colloid; follicles disappearing and colloid depleted

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Hashimoto's thyroidosis - lymphoid follicle (L) full of infiltrating lymphocytes; other follicles have abnormally shaped thyroid

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Adrenal cortical adenoma - capsule still visible but cells resembling zona fasciculata have grown out of place; organized structure (capsule, glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) not present

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Testis - encapsulated by fibrous tunica albuginea and tunica vasculosa (not seen here); septa from tuncia albuginea partition gland into lobules; semniferous tubules on L while highly convoluted epididymis on R

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Semniferous tubules - germinal epithelium (containing both Sertoli cells and developing spermatocytes) produces spermatozoa that is released in lumen; Leydig cells (darker, eosinophilic interstitial cells; also have visible nucleolus) that produce testosterone; myoid cells surrounding tubules (also synth collagen, CT)

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Spermatogenesis
(1) Spermatogonia in basal compartments and are round, pale, w/ prominent nucleoli; Sertoli cells w/ oval-shaped nuclei and dark nucleolus; primary spermocytes (large, granulated nuclei) --> secondary spermatocytes (rarely visible) --> spermatids (dark, round nuclei larger than Sertoli nucleolus but smaller than spermatogonia; acrosome adjacent to nucleus) --> spermatozoa (ovoid)
(2) Large cells w/ pale cytoplasm are primary spermocytes (not as obviously granulated as first pic but still granulated)

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Leydig cells - cytoplasmic crystals of Reinke; germinal epithelium visible on either side (w/ some spermatogonia, Sertoli, spermocytes, I think)

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Sertoli cells - abundant cytoplasm and extend from basement membrane to lumen; oval nucleus w/ dark nucleolus

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Sertoli cells EM - longest cell in pic w/ oval-shaped nucleus and prominent nucleolus; spermatogonia also visible in basal compartment on L

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Rete testis - connects seminiferous tubules to ductus efferentes; lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells that have microvilli (only tubules seem to be obvious in this pic)

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Ductuli efferentes - epithelium has characteristic scalloped apperance from lining of both cuboidal and columnar cells; smooth muscle surrounds walls; originate from rete testis and gradually fuse to form ductus

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Epididymis - single convoluted tubule lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium; stereocilia on surface; spermatozoa in lumen where they become motile

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Ductus deferens - pseudostratified columnar epithelium; surrounded by prominent muscular layer (inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal smooth muscle); adventitia of CT surrounds muscularis layer

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Urethra - lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium; located in corpus spongiosum made up of erectile tissue and can see blood vessels in erectile tissue next to it

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Seminal vesicle - honeycombed saccules with thin, highly branched folds of mucosa, lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium; folds join together to delimit irregular spaces that communicate w/ large, central lumen filled w/ pale-staining homogenous secretion; smooth muscle surrounding gland

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Prostate gland - set of tubulo-alveolar glands w/ lumina lined by epithelium of variable height w/ bnumerous basal cells; stroma containing CT and smooth muscle; prostatic concretions in gland lumina (made of lamellated and calcified glycoprotein)
(2) Lower mag; note prostatic concretions (rather few of them)

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Penis - 3 columns of erectile tissue (2 corpus cavernosa on L and 1 corpus spongiosum on R containing urethra); vast sponge-like arrangement of irregular vascular spaces b/w arteries and veins

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Atrophic testis - semniferous tubules have Sertoli cells but no spermatogenesis; many Leydig cells still in interstitium; basement membrane thicker than normal

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Nodular hyperplasia of prostate - nodules from hyperplasia of epithlial and stromal cells, eventually compressing urethra; nodules contain glandular and fibrous material; cells w/ pale cytoplasm, lack nucleoli; basal cells in glands

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Adenocarcinoma prostate - (L) malignant glands generally smaller than benign glands; (R) malignant glands lack basal cells (on R of that pic) and nuclei have nucleoli

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Spermatid - acrosome adjacent to nucleus

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Ovary - inner medulla (has VAN) and outer cortex (has developing follicles) w/ indistinct boundaries; corpus luteum (large pink structure) is remnants of follicle that has burst w/ blood clot in middle and granulosa lutein cells, then theca lutein cells surrounding; hCG and luteinizing hormone maintain corpus luteum

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Primordial follicles - oocytes surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells

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Early primary follicle - oocyte surrounded by single layer of cuboidal cells; zona pellucida separates the two layers (not obvious)

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Late primary follicle - follicular cells prolif into stratified epithelium known as zona granulosa; zona pellucida seen more clearly

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Secondary follicle - follicular antrum w/i granulosa layer (contains fluid known as liquor folliculi); follicle surrounded by theca interna

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Graafian follicle - huge follicular antrum that makes up most of follicle; secondary oocyte located eccentrically and surrounded by zona pellucida, corona radiata

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Lutein cells - granulosa lutein cells have pale cytoplasm from presence of lipid droplets; theca lutein cells smaller and more deeply stained

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Corpus albicans - if fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum involutes to form corpus albicans filled w/ fibrous tissue

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Atretic follicule - basement membrane that separated oocyte from granulosa cells thickens to become glassy membrane; fibrous material replaces granulosa cells (corpus fibrosum); not so obvious in 2nd pic

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Oviduct - infundibulum (contains fimbriae, adjacent to ovary), ampulla, isthmus, pars interstitialis; both infundibulum and ampulla have elaborate mucosa thrown into numerous branched folds surrounded by thin layer of smooth muscle; as tube moves more toward uterus, folds become smaller and muscle dominates

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Oviduct epithelium - 2 cell types: ciliated cells, non-ciliated secretory cells AKA peg cells

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Uterus - mucosal layer/endometrium (has stratum functionalis that vascularizes during menstrual cycle and stratum basalis)--> muscularis layer/myometrium --> serosal layer/perimetrium

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Cervix - upper endocervix lined by simple columnar epithelium (L) --> lower ectocervix lined by stratified squamous epithelium; transition point called external os; underlying layers composed primarily of collagenous and elastic CT rather than smooth muscle fibers

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Vagina - lined by stratified squamous epithelium w/ small degree of keratinization --> thick layer of dense CT (~dermis) --> layer of loose CT containing many blood vessels and nerves; cells typically have large cytoplasm b/c produce and store glycogen

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Uterine cycle - early prolif phase (uterine glands sparse, relatively small while epithelial cells dev microvilli/cilia under estrogen influence) --> late prolif (increased thickness of stratum functionalis w/ more coiled, densely packed glands) --> secretory (glands even more complexly coiled, saw-toothed, and w/ secretions rich in glycogen/glycoprotein in lumen); endometrial lining reaches max thickness whereas stratum basalis and myometrium relatively unchanged) --> menstrual

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Placenta - decidua basalis (derived from maternal endometrial lining) on far R; chorionic villi (derived from chorion surrounding embryo) that invade decidua's blood-filled lacunae to facilitate exchange b/w fetus and mother

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Chorionic villi - filled w/ capillaries; in close apposition w/ syncytiotrophoblasts; no more cytotrophoblasts; lacunae also visible

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Umbilical cord - mostly made up of CT called Wharton's jelly; relatively few cells; one large umbilical vein, 2 umbilical arteries

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Pap smear - normal (cytoplasm much larger than nucleus) --> low grade dysplasis (reduced cytoplasm, increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio) --> high grade (dysplastic changes to greater extent)

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CIN - normal --> mild dysplasia (larger, darker nuclei but basal cells confined to lower 1/3) --> severe dysplasia (basal cells in upper 2/3)