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88 Cards in this Set
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primitive lobe finned fishes |
Sarcopterygii: - Actinistia - Dipnoi - Elpistostegidae - Osteolepiforms - Tetrapoda all have lobed fins/limbs, & a suite of other characteristics |
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Actinistia |
coelacanth
a living fossil
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Dipnoi
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lungfish ; three living species & many extinct
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Tetrapoda |
primitive amphibians and all their descendants |
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Osteolepiforms |
extinct
share similar vertebral form pattern of skull roofing bones (well defined frontal bone) labryinthodont teeth (w/ tetrapods)
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Elpistostegidae |
extinct
Panderichthyes share the absence of dorsal & ventral fins (w/ tetrapods) |
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rhachitomous vertebrae |
neural arch pair of pleurocentra intercentrum |
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origin of limbs |
evolved as a means of moving on bottom of aquatic habitats choked w/ vegetation in shallow water solid pelvic connection considered defining feature of Tetrapoda |
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tetrapods characteristics |
- medium sized aquatic, primitive four legged animals from Upper Devonian period with large heads, fish-like gills, and a tail fin - often referred to as stem tetrapods - includes families Acanthostegidae and Ichthyostegidae |
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tetrapods Ichthyostegidae |
- have many skeletal features in common w/ fish, including cleithrum bone and opercular bones
- pores in skull bones to indicate presence of lateral line system ; had 5 or more digits on their manus/pes ; most likely had lungs
- gave rise to several taxa of ancient amphibians including Temnospondyla, Lepospondyls, Anthracosauria |
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tetrapods Ichthyostegidae Temnospondyla |
- general shape of a hump-back, robust crocodilian (Eryops) - enlarged head and small limbs; squat, stocky bodies w/ short tails - vertebral evolution occurred = intercentrum got larger and pleurocentra fused together/absent |
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tetrapods Ichthyostegidae Temnospondyla Family Dissorophidae |
- smaller forms of Eryops with smaller bodies and larger heads - called Cacops - played a key role in evolution of Lissamphibia |
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tetrapods Ichthyostegidae "Lepospondyla" |
- ancient amphib. w/ a smaller, more salamander like form with simple spool shaped vertebral centra = known as lepospondyly & found in ancient Nectridians, included arrow headed Diplocaulus - vertebrae: spool (square) shaped centra w/ high neural + hemal spines (top/bottom) in caudal vertebrae |
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tetrapods Ichthyostegidae Anthracosauria |
- terrestrial amphib. w/ shorter, higher skull table, long & strong limbs, parietal contacts to tabular bone - pleurocentrum dominates vertebral centrum - includes species: Gephyrostegus & Seymouria |
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tetrapods Lissamphibia |
- modern amphib. that includes Anura, Urodeles, and Gymnophiona - sister group is Anthracosauria - became the modern amniote (reptile) group |
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Lissamphibia features that support monophyly (ten) |
- pedicellate teeth - sound conduction in middle ear bones - derivation of fat bodies - epidermal mucous/poison glands - arrangement of visual receptors - levator bulbi muscle - buccopharyngeal pump ventilatory mechanism - ribs don't meet at sternum - paired occipital condyles - reduction/fusion of skull bones/fenestrations |
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Lissamphibia monophyletic features pedicellate teeth |
crown of each tooth is attached to its base by a constricted pedicel |
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Lissamphibia monophyletic features condition of middle ear bones for sound conduction
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- columella and opercular bones conduct sound to inner ear
- opercular bone is connected to suprascapula by an opercularis muscle
- two separate sensory epithelial patches in inner ear: papilla basilaris & papilla amphiborum |
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Lissamphibia monophyletic features unique arrangement of visual receptors in retina |
two different kind of color recepting rods: green and red
in frogs and salamanders only |
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Lissamphibia monophyletic features levator bulbi muscle |
allows eyes to move back into head and push food down throat |
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Lissamphibia paedomorphosis and descendant lineage |
paedo: the retention of some juvenile characteristics of the ancestor as adult characteristics in descendants may have spurned evolution of Liss. from group of temnospondyls (Dissorophidae cacops) as only ancestor to have pedicellate teeth @ post larval stage |
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Lissamphibia paedomorphosis and fresh water habitats |
paedo: the retention of some juvenile characteristics of the ancestor as adult characteristics in descendants
Unique connection to freshwater habitats; almost all have free swimming aquatic larvae - requires adults to return to habitat to breed - retention of relatively permeable skin and restrictions on desiccation |
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Urodeles characteristics |
the salamanders primitive tetrapod morphology w/ four limbs and a tail |
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Urodeles life history and variations |
typical: egg to larva to adult direct development: larval stage passes w/in egg; egg hatches as postmetamorphic salamander (occurs in Plethodontid subfamilies Plethodontinae and Bolitoglossinae) Newts: eggs hatches into gilled aquatic larvae, metamorphose into non-repro terrestrial juvenile (eft), undergoes second metamorph. to become reproductive aquatic adult |
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Urodeles heterochrony |
process of alteration of timing of life history stages
paedomorphosis and peramorphosis are types of heterochrony |
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heterochrony paedomorphosis two types |
retention of juvenile characteristics as adults
progenesis: rate of development of reproductive tract is accelerated = small adult
neoteny: rate of non-repro systems is retarded = gigantic adult - four families of salamander undergo neoteny |
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heterochrony paedomorphosis neoteny four families and characteristics |
all members are gigantic Amphiumidae: lose external gills, larval skin; retain gill slits Cryptobranchidae: lose external gills, larval skin; retain gill slits Proteidae: retain gill slits, larval skin Sirenidae: retain gill slits, larval skin |
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heterochrony peramorphosis two types |
acceleration: single body part begins development earlier in life history = larger in adult
hypermorphosis: body continues developmental trajectory where it normally stops |
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urodeles sexual dimorphism |
possess nuptial excrescences: patches of cornified skin on males used to grip females during courtship |
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urodeles courtship two methods |
external fertilization: primitive form, spawning of eggs and sperm - shed into water together
internal fertilization: male produces spermatophore for female with ready eggs to sit on top of and fertilize herself with after elaborate courtship |
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urodeles courtship leibesspiel |
elaborate series of movements involved in courtship; three basic components: - phermone bombardment - tactile stimulation - inducement to follow |
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urodeles courtship leibesspiel phermone bombardment |
using the hedonic gland (mental or genial gland) (under his chin *******) while utilizing a dorsal capture of a female |
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urodeles courtship leibesspiel tactile stimulation |
- nudging, walking over/under/alongside, clasping - combined with phermone delivery; ex: rubbing chin on snout of female, "head slapping", raking/biting |
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urodeles courtship leibesspiel inducement to follow |
walking or swimming in front of a female to induce her to follow a tactile event where the male walks under the female's chin and she knows to follow ex: plethodontid's ritual includes "tail straddling walk" |
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urodeles reproduction two basic strategies & one specialized |
- scramble competition: males swarm breeding sites and often attempt to court the same female
- males of some species (ex: plethodontids) defend a specific territory during breeding season
- cheating the system: deposit spermatophores everywhere so female picks up one by mistake (Ambystoma) or deposit them on top of other male's to improve own chances |
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urodeles parental care egg guarding functions |
- prevents dessication - protects from pathogen (will eat infected eggs) - protects from predators (angry females too weak to reproduce) |
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urodeles foraging and feeding |
- take shelter beneath objects during daytime and emerge to forage on humid/rainy nights - two guilds of salamanders in region: woodland & streamside |
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urodeles defensive strategies |
- production of skin toxins that make amphibian either unpalatable or posionous
- aposematic coloration: bright colors / contrastingly patterned as a warning
- secretion of sticky mucous acts as super glue of appendages on predators (effect. against snakes) |
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unisexual/polyploid species hybridogenesis |
hybrid species are produced by continued hybrid matings among closely related species - were described as separate species, maintain populations by back-crossing with parental species females pass 1 c'some each time they matel c'somes from male discarded by premeiotic shedding & female c'somes are doubled hybrids mating = more hybrids |
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unisexual/polyploid species gynogenesis |
(occurs in fish and possibly Ambystoma) hybrid is formed through cross breeding = usually triploid and all female must mate with male of parental species, but c'somes of male will not be used in offspring = all identical clones of mother |
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unisexual/polyploid species kleptogenesis |
- examples: A.jeffersonianum, A.laterale, A.platineum ; A. tigrinum and A. texanum - male c'somes lost during egg prod. - only have diploid maternal genome; post fert = zygotes contain 2 materal sets + 1 paternal = triploid - tetraploids and more possible - mitochondrial DNA of all pop. identical to A. barbouri - nuclear genes are not known from any unisexual population |
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unisexual/polyploid species parthenogenesis |
- only occurs in eight families of lizard/one specie of snake - unisexual species that originate as hybrids reproduce without presence of male - all offspring clones of mother - heterozygosity of individuals high ; interindividual genetic diversity low - species exist in cyclical waves that don't last long (20-30 y) - clonal populations don't respond well to environmental change + ability to evolve rapidly is compromised |
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unisexual/polyploid species advantages of unisexuality |
increase their population size very rapidly under favorable environmental conditions because every member is a female and can produce offspring |
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unisexual/polyploid species taxonomic handling of hybrids |
originally formally named when discovered, impractical now however monophyletically either use the term klepton with designation to individual salamanders by genotype such as JJL or JLT traditionally bestowed scientific names have quotation marks around it to indicate it isn't a true species |
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unisexual/polyploid species polyploidy species |
- hyla genus: chrysocelis has 24 chromosomes versicolor has 48 chromosomes - have different calls easily distinguishable by frequency - won't be found in same pond as breeding ground even though ranges overlap |
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anura characteristics |
common, highly modified body plan with: absent tail enlarged hind limbs shortened trunk very large mouth/head |
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anura characteristics modified structures |
- most have only 8 presacral vertebrae (9 in most primitive families) - ribs fused to vertebrae in all but most prim. - caudal verte. fused into single bone = urostyle - ilia of pelvis highly elongated, far forward from acetabulum - elongated tibiale (astragulus) + fibulare (calcaneum) in foot - pectoral girdle has two variations |
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anura characteristics modified structures pectoral girdle variations |
arciferal: overlapping coracoid cartilages (epicoracoids) firmisternal: coracoid cartilages abutting |
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anura typical courtship |
males find breeding site and call to attract females; females go to breeding site and are amplexed/ undergo amplexus by a male eggs are deposited and fertilized externally by male; eggs abandoned by parents at breeding site |
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anura typical courtship amplexus |
axillary: smaller male body nestled on back between hips, top/behind cephalic: larger male body covering back, top/behind glued: tiny male glues + hangs onto butt of female, top/behind independent: ass to ass inguinal: two hands cupping waist, top/behind this doesn't make me happy either |
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anura tadpole characteristics |
- operculum chamber: flap of skin that grows over gills into a gill chamber = opercular chamber - external mouthparts develop as well as extended tail w/ high fin - feeds on algae / sessile protists / carrion / mud - tail will be resorbed during metamorph. as nutritive substance cause tad can't eat; digestive system completely remodelled - newly metamorphosed tadpole = froglet |
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anura tadpoles four different larval characteristics |
type 1: pipidae, rhynophyrnidae type 2: microhylidae type 3: bombinatoridae, alytidae, ascaphidae type 4: all other frogs |
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anura tadpoles type 1 larval characteristics |
- slit like mouth w/o any special mouthparts - may have barbels - paired opercular chambers w/ paired ventrolateral spiracles |
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anura tadpoles type 2 larval characteristics |
- lacking mouthparts and barbels - single opercular chamber w/ midventral spiracle |
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anura tadpoles type 3 larval characteristics |
- specialized, keratinous mouth parts - single opercular chamber w/ midventral spiracle |
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anura tadpoles type 4 larval characteristics |
- keratinous mouthparts - single opercular chamber with sinistral spiracle |
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anura tadpoles adaptive types |
generalized grazer surface feeder midwater feeder benthic |
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anura specialized larval adaptations |
- respiratory siphons (live in silt - surface feeders) - suctorial mouthparts (stream species) - surface feeding funnels |
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anura nuptial excrescences |
- cornified, keratinized patches of skin that facilitate keeping a grip on slippery female during courtship and mating - can be found on fingers, chest patches, in folds of arms, etc. - also develop hypertrophied forelimbs - swole af |
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anura reproductive calling five types of information |
- individual identity: allows territorial males to identify their neighbors every year - reproductive state: calls given during breeding season differ in quality than other times of year - size: larger male = lower frequency - spatial location - species identity: each has unique call |
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anura breeding patterns |
- explosive breeders: wait for right season conditions then swarm ponds in large numbers w/ large chorsus of calling males + scramble competition of females - extended mating season: select permanent bodies to establish territories, defending from neighbors; calls made nightly and females select based off call characteristics |
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anura strategies for reducing competition of resources for tadpoles vernal pools |
- occupy basins where nutrients accumulate in high density; because they dry up seasonally, they do not contain fish |
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anura strategies for reducing competition of resources for tadpoles isolated habitats |
- breed in places like a tree hole or leaf axil hanging above body of water meant to be inhabited by the future tadpoles - Anotheca spinosa, Hyla bromeliacia |
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anura strategies for reducing competition of resources for tadpoles foam nest |
- males kick hind legs in seminal secretions until it whips into a meringue that females lay eggs into - allows eggs to float above water until hatching, foam dissipates |
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anura strategies for reducing competition of resources for tadpoles internal fertilization |
- tail piece is able to be used as insertion instrument to be put into female cloaca - Ascaphus trueii, Eleutherodactylus coqui |
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anura egg guarding Genus Hemiphractus |
eggs adhere to the back of females in casque (helmet) headed tree frogs |
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anura egg guarding Genus Gastrotheca |
eggs are placed in pouches in the skin on the back of marsupial tree frogs |
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anura egg guarding Genus Pipa |
eggs adhere to female's back, skin grows up and over them to concel them from view |
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anura egg guarding Rhinoderma darwinii |
a leaf mimicking frog where the male picks up fertilized eggs and stuffs them into his vocal sac to carry |
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anura egg guarding Rheobactrachus silus |
mother swallows fertilized eggs where they reside in her stomach during incubation her digestive glands shut off for entire developmental period and her stomach becomes single brood chamber |
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anura egg guarding Family Dendrobatidae |
external fertilization occurs in nest and when tadpoles hatch, one parent (usually male) crawls into the nest and allows the tadpoles to suction to his back using suctorial mouthparts the tadpoles are then carried by parents to a suitable pool to be released |
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anura egg guarding Oophaga pumilio |
mother carries newly hatched tadpoles one at a time on her back, and distributes them into different water bracts in leaf axils she returns to each of the tadpoles periodically to lay an infertile egg in the water = tadpoles only substinence until metamorph. |
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gymnophiona basic charactertistics |
the caecilians entirely fossorial - live underground - unless disturbed by flooding elongate, limbless burrowers whose skin is divided by annuli into a series of segments; tail highly reduced/absent; left lung reduced/absent |
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gymnophiona annuli structures |
have one primary annulus per vertebra (dorsal), each annulus is further divided by a secondary annulus (ventral) dermal scales may be present within the annular grooves in some species |
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gymnophiona skull structure |
compact skulls that exhibit fused bones and loss of fenestrations - helps with limbless burrowing and leaves little room for muscle attachment on sides of skull jaw adductor muscles are greatly reduced and their function is taken up by enlarged interhyoideus muscles that attch to englarged and elongated retroarticular processes |
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gymnophiona skull structure two basic types |
zygokrotaaphic: partly roofed over, slightly kinetic (Rhinatrematidae, Scolecomorphidae, caeciliidae) stegokrotraphic: completely roofed over + not kinetic (most other caecilians) |
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gymnophiona skull structure tentacle |
a sensory organ that originates from a foramen in the skull, between the eye and nostril a small, reversible finger capable of tactile and chemoreception internal structure: inserted into a chamber within vomeronasal (Jacobson's) organ, where sedentary odorant molecules can be analyzed |
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gymnophiona skull structure feeding |
elongate structures like themselves including earth worms " you are what you eat " |
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gymnophiona locomotion |
terrestial burrowers; some species are aquatic and spend entire life time in water |
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gymnophiona reproductive characteristics |
internal fertilization: male has modified intromittent organ called a phallodaeum - an extension of the cloacal wall used to transfer sperm into female's reproductive tract otherwise very little known about mating habits |
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gymnophiona reproductive characteristics direct development |
eggs laid in terrestrial nests where young undergo direct development while mother protects them embryonic gills are pushed up against the inside of egg membrane gills are special and enlarged; triradiate (root like) in terrestrial sp. and sack/sheetlike in aquatic (typhlonectids) |
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gymnophiona reproductive characteristics viviparousity |
30% of species - young hatch from eggs inside oviducts of mother and live there for some time - fetuses have specialized scraping teeth to use on inner lining of mother's repro. tract - secretes nutritive milk substance (as well as skin/blood cells) for young to eat |
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gymnophiona reproductive characteristics matrotrophy |
process of young feeding on tissues of mother for nutrients - newborns guarded by mother can feed on lipid laden external skin of mother which she sheds/grows at regular intervals - newborns guarded by mother can feed on internal repro. tract lining |
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amphibian declines possible cause theories |
- global warming - habitat destruction - increased prevalence of disease - increased ultraviolet radiation due to thinning of ozone - parasites |
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amphibian declines chytrid fungi (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) |
- massive mortality of frog populations in highlands - free floating fungal cells (yeast growth) that use structurally stable biomolecules like keratin/chitin - zoospore life cycle stage infectious: penetrates skin of tadpoles and waits for metamorphosis to begin feeding on epidermal layer - spores coagulate and become so condensed they cause respiration and water regulation issues - looks like pimples or a rash - cause: pet trade introducing African clawed frogs to unnative habitats |
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amphibian declines ranavirus |
- a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus - low specificity; can affect fish/amphib/reptiles - responsible for mass die offs and high mortality rates - spreads rapidly through contaminated soil, direct contact, or water borne exposure - can exist for several weeks in water outside a host - causes necrotic lesions withibn hours of infection; effects include general/localized swellings, hemorrhage, erythema, liver damage |
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amphibian declines deformities |
mulitple limbed frogs occurred en masse during 90s a stage of fluke Ribeiroia ondatrae burrows into flesh of tadpoles and has affinity for limb buds - frogs are an intermediate vector; the true target is herons and wading birds, which can more easily catch deformed frogs and allow the fluke to pass |
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amphibian declines deformities theories for incline |
- pesticides acting as chemical contaminants may be affecting frog's resistance to parasite infections - cultural eutrophication of food web ecology in wetlands where snails (the original intermediate of flukes) and frogs coexist |
