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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name several things that evolved so that animals could go on land. |
-Pectoral girdle/ head independance -Pelvic girdle articulating with sacrum (more mobility) -Proximal (closer to the trunk) limb bones very robust -Reduction in number of phalangeal bones -Skull more flattened (wide instead of tall) -Eyes more dorsal, kind of on the top of the head, (kind of like crocs eyes are first thing out of water) -From Feeding: suction → tongue/ jaws -Lungs → gills (early probably had both) -Modification of kidneys (change so you can keep water in your body while still eliminating waste) -Modification of other sensory structures like ears |
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Distribution and diversity of Salamanders |
Mostly northern hemisphere, some in South/ Central America. ~9% of total amphibians. |
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Name the major salamander (Caudata) families |
Sirenidae, Cryptobranchidae, Amphiumidae, Plethodontidae, Salamandridae, Ambystomotidae |
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Name some charachteristics of Sirenidae |
-Eel-like
-Lack pelvic girdle and hind limbs -Paedomorphic -External gills -Almost totally aquatic throughout lives -SE United States (4 species) -Some are well over a meter in length, some have keratinized beaks |
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Name charachteristics of cryptobranchidae |
-Includes the largest species of amphibian in the world (Asian Giant Salamander) -Only lives in Northern Asia and Eastern US (hellbender) |
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Cryptobranchidae |
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Amphiumidae characteristics |
-Similar to sirens, eel-like -Have little nubs for fore and hind-limbs -Paedomorphic -SE US |
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Amphiumidae |
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Plethodontidae characteristics |
-Most diverse salamander group -Only one with measurable tropic diversity -Lungless, cutaneous respiration -Many are arboreal -They fill the niche in the east that lizards fill in the desert -~440 sp. |
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Plethodontidae |
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Salamandridae characteristics |
-Many commonly reffered to as newts -Plastic morphology, aquatic during the breeding season |
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Salamandridae |
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Ambystomatidae characteristics |
-Mole salamanders -Tiger salamander is in this family -Many have facultative metamorphosis -North America -~30 sp. |
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Frogs & Toads (Anura) distribution and diversity |
Worldwide - particularly in tropics. ~88% of amphibians |
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Name the Anura families of note |
Ascaphidae, Pipidae, Bufonidae, Hylidae, Dendrobatidae, Ranidae, Scaphipodidae |
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Ascaphidae characteristics |
-Tailed frogs -Only found in cold streams of north America -Only 2 extant species |
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Pipidae Characteristics |
-Highly aquatic -Lack tongues because they feed much like fish -Dorsal ventrally flattened to be more streamlined in the water -Lateral line system -Includes the pregnancy test frog |
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Ascaphidae |
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Pipidae |
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Bufonidae characteristics |
-True toads -Lack teeth -Mostly terrestrial -Conspicuous skin glands to secrete bufotoxins (toadlicking) |
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Bufonidae |
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Hylidae characteristics |
-Probably not monophyletic -Many known as "tree frogs" -Often have adhesive disks on toes to help them stick to things |
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Hylidae |
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Dendrobatidae characteristics |
-Many reffered to as poison dart frogs -BUT not all species are toxic -Aposematic coloring -Complex parental care (Sometimes they will carry a tadpole on their back until they metamorphose) |
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Dendrobatidae |
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Ranidae characteristics |
-Not monophyletic -Extremely variable -Most US frogs are in this group |
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Ranidae |
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Scaphipodidae characteristics |
-Spade-foot toads -Fossorial -Explosive breeders (all breed at the same time) |
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Scaphipodidae |
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Caecilians distribution and diversity |
Pan-tropical except madagascar and east of Wallace's line. ~3% of amphibians |
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Caecilians (gymnophiona) families of note |
Caecilidae, Typhlonectidae |
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Caecilidae characteristics |
-A catch-all group for common cacealians -Some look like giant vertebrate earthworms -~42 species |
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Typhlonectidae characteristics |
-Aqautic cacealians -~13 species |
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Caecilidae |
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typhlonectidae |
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Distribution and diversity of turtles (testudines) |
Worldwide except high lat. or alt., 341 species |
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Testudine families of note |
Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae, Chelidae |
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Cheloniidae characteristics |
-Sea turtles (not leatherbacks) -Fully marine |
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Cheloniidae |
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Dermochelyidae characteristics |
-Leatherbacks -Largest extant reptile by weight -Greatly reduced shell -A lot of brown fat |
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Emydidae Characteristics |
-freshwater or semi-aquatic -Most US species |
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Emydidae |
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Testudinidae characteristics |
-Tortoises -Carapace is highly domed -Similar diversity to other families besides the sea turtles |
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Testudinidae |
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Chelidae charracteristics |
-Austro-american sideneck turtles -Aquatic -Highly diverse tropical group -Pleurodires |
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Chelidae |
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Rhynchocephalia distribution and diversity |
Islands of New Zealand, 1 genus, 1-2 species |
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Rhynchocephalia families of note |
Sphenodontidae |
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Sphenodontidae characteristics |
-Pineal eye with some evidence of functional sight |
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Sphenodontidae |
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Lizard families of note |
Agamidae, Chameleonidae, "iguanidae", Gekkonidae, Varanidae, Helodermatidae |
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Agamidae characteristics |
-"dragons" -Ecological equivalent of iguanas in old world |
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Agamidae |
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Chameleonidae characteristics |
-Chameleons -Known for color change ability -Laterally compressed bodies -Prehensile tails, move eyes independent of one another, tongue can shoot out of mouth |
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chameleonidae |
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Iguanidae characteristics |
-Most southern utah species in this family -Includes phrynosomatidae and Crotaphytidae which have recently been elevated to own families |
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Iguanidae |
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Gekkonidae characteristics |
-True gekkos -Climb because of van der waal bonds - |
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Gekkonidae |
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Varanidae characteristics |
-Monitor lizards including Komodo -Old world and australia |
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Varanidae |
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Helodermatidae Characteristics |
-Gila monster -Mexican beaded lizard -Both venemous |
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Amphisbaenian dist. diversity |
Africa, Middle East, N/S America, ~188 species |
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Amphisbaenian characteristics |
-Legless except for Bipes -Fossorial |
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Amphisbaenian |
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Snakes families of note |
Boidae, Pythonidae, Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae |
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Boidae characteristics |
-Boas and Anacondas -Live bearing -Heaviest extant snakes -Mostly tropical -~59 species |
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Boidae |
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Pythonidae Characteristics |
-Old world -Includes longest snakes -~40 species |
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Pythonidae |
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Viperidae characteristics |
-Venemous -Front folding fangs -36 genera; 59 species -Worldwide -Includes rattlesnakes |
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Viperidae |
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Elapidae characteristics |
-Venemous with fixed front fangs -Cobras, corals mambas, etc. -Worst to be bitten by -55 genera; 353 species |
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Elapidae |
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Colubridae characteristics |
-May not be monophyletic -Includes almost all local snakes -Many venomous with rear fangs -~255 genera; ~1800 species |
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Colubridae |
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Crocodylia dist. and diversity |
Tropical and sub-tropical worldwide; 9 genera 25 species |
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Crocodylia families of note |
Alligatoridae, Crocodylidae, Gavialidae |
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Alligatoridae characteristics |
-New world (except 1 in southern china0 -Alligators and Caiman -Mouth closed you can only see top teeth |
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Alligatoridae |
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Crocodylidae characteristics |
-mouth closed you can see top and bottom teeth |
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Crocodylidae |
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Gavialidae characteristics |
-Skinny snouts -Adapted to eat fish |
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Gavialidae |
