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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many anuran vertebrae?
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Nine or fewer (most have 8)
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External fertilization (with a few exceptions) occurs during ___?
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amplexus
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Leiopelmatidae common name?
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Tailed frogs and New Zealand frogs
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Leiopelmatidae characteristics?
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* Internal fertilization: Male cloaca modified as intromittent (copulatory) organ
* No vocal sac * Tympanum (external ear) * Inguinal amplexus |
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L. ascaphus characteristics
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-Voiceless: use visual communication to find mates
– Female stores sperm in oviducts for ~ 9 months between copulation and oviposition – Stream‐adapted tadpoles: reduced tail fins and suctorial discs |
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L. leiopelma characteristics
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– Males call (despite no vocal sac or external ear)
– Male parental care: egg brooding and tadpole transport – Endotrophic (non‐feeding), exoviviparous tadpoles (complete development on male’s back) |
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Pipidae common name?
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Platannas, African Clawed Frogs, and Surinam Toads
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Pipidae characteristics?
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– Highly aquatic with dorsoventrally depressed bodies
– Lack tongues – Retain lateral line organs as adults – Larvae lack keratinized mouthparts, have 2 spiracles – Males lack vocal sacs but make clicking sounds (using hyoid apparatus) to attract females |
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Rhinophrynidae common name?
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Mexican burrowing toad
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Rhinophyrnus dorsalis characteristics
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– Small, cone‐shaped head
– Fossorial: Spades on hind feet for digging – Larvae lack keratinized mouthparts, have 2 spiracles |
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Alytidae common name
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Midwife toads and Painted frogs
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Alytidae range
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Western and central Europe, NW Africa, Israel
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Alytidae characteristics
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Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and single anteromedial spiracle
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A. alytes characteristics
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• Fossorial and terrestrial
• Dig burrows: system of underground tunnels |
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A. discoglossus characteristics
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More aquatic: lives at edge of fast‐flowing streams
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Bombinatoridae common name
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Fire‐Bellied Toads
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Bombinatoridae range
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Europe, southern China, Borneo, Philippines
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Bombinatoridae characteristics
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– Toadlike
– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts with single anteromedial spiracle |
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B. bombina characteristics
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• Diurnal and aquatic
• Warty skin produces toxic secretions • Advertise toxicity using Unken relfex |
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B. barbourula characteristics
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• Cryptic and aquatic
• Little known |
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Pelobatidae common name
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Western Palearctic Spadefoot Toads
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Pelobatidae range
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Europe, western Asia, NW Africa
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Pelobatidae characteristics
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– Toadlike (warty skin)
– Large tubercle on each hind foot – Larvae with keratinized mouthparts and single, sinistral (left‐hand side) spiracle – Fossorial: spend much of their lives in burrows |
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Megophryidae common name
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Asian Toad Frogs
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Megophryidae range
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Subtropical and tropical Asia from Nepal to the Philippines and the Greater Sunda Islands
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Megophryidae characteristics
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– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle
– Primarily leaf‐litter dwellers – Breed in flowing water |
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Pelodytidae common name
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Parsley Frogs
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Pelodytidae range
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SW Europe and Caucasus Mountains of SW Asia
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Pelodytidae characteristics
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– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle
– Terrestrial and nocturnal |
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Scaphiopidae common name
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Nearctic Spadefoot Toads
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Scaphiopidae range
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Southern Canada, western and central U.S. to temperate Mexico
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Scaphiopidae characteristics
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– Toadlike with warty skin
– Large tubercle on each hind foot – Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle – Fossorial: spend most of life in burrows – Larval period as short as 6 to 8 days! |
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Heleophrynidae common name
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Ghost Frogs
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Heleophrynidae range
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Mountains of Cape and Transvaal regions of South Africa
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Heleophrynidae characteristics
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– Treefrog‐like: expanded toe tips
– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle – Occur in isolated, swift‐flowing mountain streams – Habitat threatened by development |
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Sooglossidae common name
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Seychelles Frogs
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Sooglossidae range
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Seychelles Islands and Western Ghats of southern India
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Sooglossidae characteristics
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Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle
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Seychelles (Sechellophryne and Sooglossus) characteristics
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• Nocturnal, leaf‐litter dwellers
• Lack tympanum • Female parental care |
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India (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) characteristics
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• Fossorial
• Recently discovered |
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Calyptocephalellidae common name
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Chilean frogs ‐ a.k.a. impossible to spell frogs
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Calyptocephalellidae range
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Mountains of central Chile
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C. telmatobufo characteristics
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• Live in mountain streams
• Stream‐adapted tadpoles (muscular tails and sucker‐like mouths) |
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C. calyptocephalella characteristics
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• Lives in high altitude ponds and lagoons
• Pond‐adapted tadpoles (high dorsal and ventral fins and deep bodies) |
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Limnodynastidae common name
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Australian Ground Frogs
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Limnodynastidae range
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Australia and New Guinea
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Limnodynastidae characteristics
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– Toadlike
– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle – Live in a variety of habitats (dry to wet) – Reproduction associated with heavy rains – Some genera produce foam nests from cloacal secretions |
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Myobatrachidae common names
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Australian Toadlets and Turtle Frogs
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Myobatrachidae range
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Australia and New Guinea
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Myobatrachidae characteristics
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– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle
– Terrestrial, occupy a variety of habitats (dry to wet) – Gastric‐brooding in Rheobatrachus (2 sp). • Last seen in 1981 |
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Hemiphractidae common name
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Horned Frogs
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Hemiphractidae range
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Panama through Columbia and Ecuador to Bolivia, including the northern Amazon basin in Brazil
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Hemiphractidae characteristics
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– Triangular, strongly‐ossified skull
– Horizontal pupils – Leaf‐litter dwellers – Direct development (no free‐living larval stage) – Eggs brooded on female’s back – Males call, but lack vocal slits |
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Brachycephalidae common name
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Rain Frogs, Three‐Toed Toadlets and others
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Brachycephalidae range
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Tropics and subtropics from SW U.S. and Antilles to southern South America
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Brachycephalidae characteristics
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– Brachycephalus has reduced number of digits:
• 2 or 3 on fore feet and 3 on hind feet– Leaf‐litter and arboreal rain forest frogs – Some species have aposematic coloration, warning of toxic skin secretions – Largest genera (Eleutherodactylus, Craugastor, Pristimantis) are cryptically colored – Direct development (with a few exceptions) • Two Puerto Rican species (Eleutherodactylus jasperi and E. coqui) are viviparous and have internal fertilization |
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Cryptobatrachidae common name
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Stefanias and others
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Cryptobatrachidae range
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Northern South America
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Cryptobatrachidae characteristics
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– Claw‐shaped terminal phalanges
– Direct development • Eggs are brooded on female’s back– Lack vocal slits and do not call |
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Amphignathodontidae common names
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Marsupial Frogs
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Amphignathodontidae range
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Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Tobago, much of South America to northern Argentina
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Amphignathodontidae characteristics
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– Specialized dorsal pouch in which eggs are carried
– Eggs usually hatch as advanced tadpoles, although some Gastrotheca hatch as froglets |
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Hylidae common names
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Ameroaustralian Tree Frogs
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Hylidae range
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North and South America, West Indies, Eurasia, Australo‐Papuan Region
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Hylidae characteristics
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– Tree frogs: most are arboreal (a few are ground dwellers)
– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle |
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Centrolenidae common name
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Glass frogs, Ruthven’s Frogs
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Centrolenidae ranges
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Southern Mexico to Panama, parts of South America
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Centrolenidae characteristics
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– Transparent abdominal peritoneum and skin: heart and other organs are visible externally
– Tips of terminal phalanges are T‐shaped – Vermiform larvae have keratinized mouth parts and single, sinistral spiracle – Occur in variety of forested habitats – Deposit eggs on leaves overhanging water; tadpoles hatch, drop into water, and burrow – Males guard clutches |
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Leptodactylidae common names
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White‐Lipped Frogs, Tropical Grass Frogs
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Leptodactylidae range
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Southern North America, South America and the West Indies
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Leptodactylidae characteristics
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– Larvae have keratinized mouth parts and single, sinistral spiracle
– Mostly terrestrial – Leptodactylus: Eggs deposited in foam nests produced by cloacal secretions |
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Ceratophryidae common names
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Horned Frogs, Water Frogs and Others
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Ceratophryidae range
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South America
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Ceratophryidae characteristics
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– Tips of terminal phalanges are knobbed
– Some are terrestrial, some totally aquatic – Varied body forms |
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Cycloramphidae common names
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Mouth‐Brooding Frogs, Smooth Horned Frogs, others
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Cycloramphidae range
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Southern tropical and temperate South America
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Cycloramphidae characteristics
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– Larvae have keratinized mouth parts and a single, sinistral spiracle
– Male Rhinoderma (2 sp.) brood their tadpoles in their vocal sacs – Most genera have free‐swimming tadpoles and deposit many eggs in water. |
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Leiuperidae common names
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Foam‐Nesting Frogs and Dwarf Frogs
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Leiuperidae range
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Throughout Central and South America, Mexico
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Leiuperidae characteristics
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– Larvae have keratinized mouthparts and a single, sinistral spiracle
– Most genera deposit eggs in a foam nest on water |
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Bufonidae common names
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True Toads, Harlequin Frogs, and Others
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Bufonidae range
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Worldwide: on all continents except Antarctica and Australia
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Bufonidae characteristics
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– Only anurans with a Bidder ’s Organ:
• Allows males to become functionally female (produce viable eggs) if testes are removed– Adults lack teeth – Adults are usually terrestrial to semi‐fossorial – Most have skin glands with toxic secretions – Many have thick, warty skin – Many have parotoid glands – Most deposit strings of eggs in water, but a few have direct development or are viviparous |
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Hylodidae common names
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Stream‐Dwelling Frogs
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Hylodidae range
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NW to southern Brazil and adjacent Argentina
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Hylodidae characteristics
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– Cartilaginous sternum
– Small, streamside frogs – Diurnal – Deposit eggs in water and have a typical tadpole stage |
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Aromobatidae common names
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Cryptic Forest Frogs
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Aromobatidae range
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Central America, South America, Lesser Antilles
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Aromobatidae characteristics
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– Have supradigital scutes on the dorsal surfaces of terminal phalanges, which are T‐shaped
– Deposit small clutches of eggs on land – One parent transports tadpoles on its back to a pool or stream – Do not sequester alkaloids in their skin |
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Dendrobatidae common names
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Poison Frogs
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Dendrobatidae range
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Southern Nicaragua to northern South America
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Dendrobatidae characteriestics
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– Supradigital scutes
– Tips of terminal phalanges usually T‐shaped – Diurnal – Riparian, terrestrial, or semi‐arboreal – Deposit eggs in terrestrial nests and transport tadpoles to water bodies – Many species sequester alkaloids in their skin, which they derive from their diet (mostly ants). – Aposematic coloration is common |
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Microhylidae common names
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Narrow‐Mouthed Frogs and Toads
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Microhylidae range
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Worldwide except Antarctica
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Microhylidae characteristics
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– Broad range of body forms
– Tadpoles lack keratinized mouthparts and have a single, caudomedial spiracle – Fossorial, terrestrial, or arboreal |
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Breviceptidae common names
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Rain Frogs
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Breviceptidae range
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Sub‐Saharan east and southern Africa
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Breviceptidae characteristics
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– Toothless
– No middle‐ear – Almost spherical bodies, inflate when disturbed – Fossorial – Skin secretions glue male to female’s back for amplexus – Direct developing – Female tends eggs |
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Hemisotidae common names
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Shovel‐Nosed Frogs
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Hemisotidae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa
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Hemisotidae characteristics
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– Stout body with small, pointed head
– Fossorial – Savanna and scrub inhabitants – Female tends subterranean clutches and carries tadpoles to pools |
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Arthroleptidae common names
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Squeakers and Cricket Frogs
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Arthroleptidae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa
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Arthroleptidae characteristics
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– Small, with pointed snouts and long limbs
– Many are direct developing but some have a tadpole stage – Leptopelis species lack vocal sacs – Trichobatrachus robustus (the hairy frog): • Aquatic • Males have hair‐like projections on sides that likely aid in cutaneous respiration |
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Hyperoliidae common names
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African Reed Frogs and Running Frogs
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Hyperoliidae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles
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Hyperoliidae characteristics
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– Tree frogs with expanded toe pads
– Have a distinctive gular (throat) gland – Found in grasslands, marshes, forests – Most are arboreal – Have a typical tadpole stage |
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Ptychadenidae common names
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Grassland Frogs
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Ptychadenidae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa
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Ptychadenidae characteristics
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– Slender, long‐limbed frogs
– Inhabit savannas or grasslands – Most have a typical tadpole stage |
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Ceratobatrachidae names
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Triangle Frogs and Others
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Ceratobatrachidae range
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Malaysia, Philippines, Borneo, New Guinea, Solomon Islands
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Ceratobatrachidae characteriestics
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– Varied body forms
– Many deposit terrestrial eggs and undergo direct development – Ceratobatrachus has fangs on lower jaw, possibly to subdue prey |
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Micrixalidae common names
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Tropical Frogs
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Micrixalidae range
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India
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Micrixalidae characteristics
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– Little known
– Stream‐breeders – Males of Micrixalus saxicola use visual signals (foot‐ flagging) in addition to calls to challenge other males in their territories |
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Ranixalidae common names
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Leaping Frogs
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Ranixalidae range
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Central and southern India
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Ranixalidae characteristics
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– Males have femoral glands and spicules (spikes) around the edge of the jaw or on the chest
– Terminal phalanges are Y‐shaped – Most are leaf‐litter frogs – Tadpoles are arboreal, found on rocks adjacent to streams – Tadpoles have elongate, flattened bodies with low tail fins |
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Phrynobatrachidae common names
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Puddle Frogs
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Phrynobatrachidae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa
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Phrynobatrachidae characteristics
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– Medial lingual tubercle
– Distinctive tarsal tubercle – Most widespread and abundant frogs in Africa – Occupy a variety of habitats (savanna to rain forest) |
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Petropedetidae common names
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African Water Frogs, Goliath Frog
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Petropedetidae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa, central and southern India
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Petropedetidae characteristics
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– Males of most species have femoral glands, enlarged
forearms and a ring of papillae around the tympanum – Have spines on the chin and throat – Conraua goliath: largest frog in the world • Up to 30cm long and 3.3kg • Found near rapids in rocky areas |
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Pyxicephalidae common names
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African Bullfrogs and Others
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Pyxicephalidae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa
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Pyxicephalidae characteristics
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– Notched tongue
– T‐shaped terminal phalanges – Large, stocky frogs – Fang‐like projections on lower jaw – Complex parental care |
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Dicroglossidae common names
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Fanged Frogs, Tiger Frogs, Others
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Dicroglossidae range
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Sub‐Saharan to central Africa, south Asia through the East Indies to the Philippines and New Guinea, into the SW Pacific Islands
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Dicroglossidae characteristics
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– Tadpoles show a wide range of adaptations
– Terrestrial to semi‐terrestrial – Some have direct development, others have free‐living tadpoles |
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Mantellidae common name
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Malagasy Poison Frogs and Others
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Mantellidae range
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Madagascar and Mayotte Island
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Mantellidae characteristics
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– Terrestrial or arboreal
– Many are cryptically colored – Genus Mantella are brightly colored and toxic – Most lay eggs away from water in vegetation overhanging water – Mantella do not have amplexus |
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Rhacophoridae common names
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Afroasian Tree Frogs
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Rhacophoridae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa, Madagascar, south Asia
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Rhacophoridae characteristics
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– Mainly tree frogs
– T‐shaped terminal phalanges |
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Nyctibatrachidae common names
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Robust Frogs
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Nyctibatrachidae range
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India and Sri Lanka
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Nyctibatrachidae characteristics
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– Robust‐bodied frogs
– Hidden tympanum – Longitudinal skin folds – Lankanectes retain lateral line system as adults – Occurs near streams in forests – No amplexus |
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Dicroglossidae characteristics
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– Tadpoles show a wide range of adaptations
– Terrestrial to semi‐terrestrial – Some have direct development, others have free‐living tadpoles |
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Mantellidae common name
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Malagasy Poison Frogs and Others
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Mantellidae range
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Madagascar and Mayotte Island
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Mantellidae characteristics
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– Terrestrial or arboreal
– Many are cryptically colored – Genus Mantella are brightly colored and toxic – Most lay eggs away from water in vegetation overhanging water – Mantella do not have amplexus |
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Rhacophoridae common names
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Afroasian Tree Frogs
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Rhacophoridae range
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Sub‐Saharan Africa, Madagascar, south Asia
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Rhacophoridae characteristics
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– Mainly tree frogs
– T‐shaped terminal phalanges |
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Nyctibatrachidae common names
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Robust Frogs
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Nyctibatrachidae range
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India and Sri Lanka
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Nyctibatrachidae characteristics
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– Robust‐bodied frogs
– Hidden tympanum – Longitudinal skin folds – Lankanectes retain lateral line system as adults – Occurs near streams in forests – No amplexus |
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Ranidae common names
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True Frogs
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Ranidae range
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Cosmopolitan, except for southern South America and most of Australia
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Ranidae characteristics
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– Most are typical pond‐breeding frogs
– Genus Amolops breeds in fast‐flowing streams and has gastromyzophorous tadpoles (large abdominal sucker to attach to rocks). Also calls in the ultrasonic range! |
