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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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simple sentences
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2 year olds
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complex outpourings, can explain almost anything
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6 year olds
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cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes languages and imagination (in addition to the senses and motor skiulls of infacny) but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible.
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Piaget/ preoperational intelligence
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a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others
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centration/ obstacle to logical learning
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Piaget's term for children's tendecy tot hink abut the world entirely from their own personal perspective
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egocentrism/ obstacle to logical learning
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a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
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focus on appearance/ obstacle to logical learning
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Thinkking that nothing changes: Whatever is now has always been and always will be
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static reasioning/ obstacle to operation
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the idea that nothing can be undone; the inability to recognize that something can sometimes be restored to the way it was before
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irreversibility/ obstacle to operation
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the idea that the amount of a substance remains the saem (i.e. is conserved) when its appearance changes
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conservation
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Designing his experiments to reveal what children seemed not to understand, taher than to identify what they could understand
relied on child's words rather than the child''s nonverbal sign in play context |
Piaget's underestimated conceptual ability of young children and infants
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young children can be very sensitive to the wishes and emotions of others
- young children have social thoughts |
social learning
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cognitive development is embedded in a social context
curious and observant ask questions |
children as apprentices
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a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older more skilled memebers of society
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apprentice in thinking
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the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
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guided participation
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the skills that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently
applies to the ideas or cognitive skills a person is close to mastering as well as to more apparent skills |
sone of proximal development (ZPD)
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temporary supports that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the new task in a given learning process
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scaffolding
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internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or outloud)
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private speech
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a function of speech by which a person's skills are refined and extended through formal instruction and casual converstation
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social mediation
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the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
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theory-theory
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a person's theory of what other people might be thinking
children must realize that other people are not neccessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are thinking the realization is seldom possible before age 4 |
theory of mind
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a sudden leap of understanding occurs at age
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4
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btw ages ___ - ____ children come to realize that thoughts may not reflect reality.
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3-6
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maturation of the brain's frontal cortex appears to be the reason for the age-related adavance in children
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contextual influences
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pivotal to cognition in early childhood, leading cognitive accomplishment in early childhood
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language
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___ olds begin language with the period of short sentences and limited vocabulary
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24 month olds
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___ yr olds end language period with the ability to understand and discuss almost anything
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6 yr olds
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a time when a certain development must happen if it is ever to happen
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critical period
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a time when a certain development must happen if it is ever to happen
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senstivie period
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at age 2 a child knows about ___ words
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500
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at age 6, a child knows about___ words
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10,0000
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the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories accrording to their meaning
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fast-mapping
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used to describe other objects in the same category
use of available vocabulary to cover all the territory they want to talk about |
logical extension
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includes structure, techniques, and the rules that are used to communicate meaning.
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grammar
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worder order and word repetition, prefixes and suffixes, intonation and emphasis.
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parts of grammar
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the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, so that the language is made to seem more "regular" than it actually is
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overregularization
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language -minoirty children are at a disadvantage and are more likley to:
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do poorly in school
feel ashamed become unemployed as adults |
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research shows that children should learn atleast __ languages and that the _____ is the best tinme to learn these lnagauges
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2 and language-sensitive years of early childhood are the best time
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young people are able to master two languages after the:
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vocabulary explosion
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true or false:
Young people have difficulty with pronunciation in every language, but this does not slow ther learning of a second loanguage |
true
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this reality hampers developmental research
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bilingualism being embedded in the emotions of ethnic pride and fear
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-explosion
-fast-mapping -overregularization -extensive practice |
the basics of langauge learning
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__ yrs ago children had no formal education until 1st grade
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100
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today __-___ yer olds in developed countries are in school
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3-5 ys olds
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early childhood education cost and benefits
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-quality early-childhood education matters
- financial aspects are especially significant - parents pay bulk of the cost of preschool in the U.S. - quality childcare |
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safety
adequate space and equipment low adult child ratio positive social interaction amoing children and adults trained staff and educated parents continuity helps |
quality childcare
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intuitive though, experience or common assumptions
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dual-process model
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rational analysis of various factors
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analytic thought
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belief that if time or money has already been invested in something, then more time or money should be invested
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sunk cost fallacy
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child adapts reflexes to deliberate actions, based on information gained from repeated experience (1-4 months)
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acquired adaptations
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reactions that involve the child's own body, based on stress.
stages of reflexes (birth to 1 month) relfex-> sensation-> cognition |
primary circular reactions
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reactions that involve the child and another object or person
ability to make interesting events last ( 4 to 8 months) shaking a rattle makes noise |
secondary circular reactions
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active experimentation (12-18 months)
little scientist active experimentation mental combinations (18-24 months) able to combine 2 or more ideas together deferred imitation |
tertiary circular reactions
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the learning of 50-100 words per month
sentences frequent use words lead to sentence formation memory and imitation |
naming explosion
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occurs at nine months, no longer smiles at strangers, cries if caretaker leaves
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stranger wariness
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typical 3-5 yr olds tend to have :
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high self esteem
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feeling that others are blaming you for something that has been done
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shame
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healthiest period in life span
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btw early childhood and adolescence
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over weight =
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above 85th percentile
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obese=
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95th percentile
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__ in __ births are autistic kids
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1 in 150
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ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how to accomplish it, asjust performance on the task
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meta-cognition
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more stress=
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starting puberty earlier
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no longer bound by personal experience, can use hypothetical thought, can think in abstract thoughts
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age of formal operational thought
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