Hazmat Tech

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APIE

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Analyze incident

Plan initial response

Implement response

Evaluate progress

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Bags (non bulk )

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Not to exceed 100 lbs, can transport solids including cement, fertilizers, and pesticides

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Carboys

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Limited use, non bulk containers. Constructed of plastic, glass or steel w narrow neck and larger internal capacity

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Carboy sizes & contents

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6 -16 gallons

Flammables, oxidizers, poisons, corrosives, solids dissolved in solvents

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Bags (non bulk)

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Made from one or more layers of flexible material: cloth, burlap, laminated paper, plastic or a combination

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Bags capacity & contents

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Upwards of 100lbs. Dry corrosive, blasting agents, explosives, flammable solids, oxidizers/peroxide, poisons, pesticides

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Drums

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Cylindrical, used to hold liquids or solids. Lubricating grease, caustic powders, corrosive liquids, flammable/combustible liquids, poisons, pastes and slurries

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Drums material & capacity

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Metal, plastic, fiberboard, or wood. A few gallons to over 100 gallons

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5 gallon drums w handles

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Pails, buckets, or cans

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Metal drums

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Steel and stainless steel, typically carry flammables and solvents, highly corrosive and toxic inhalation hazards

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Fiberboard drums

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Used for solid materials but may contain liquids or slurries in bags

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Plastic drums

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Typically carry corrosives, but may also carry flammables and solvents

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Cylinders

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Mayb include aerosol containers, uninsulated and insulated cylinders. Have a circular cross section valve, valve arrangement or seal

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Cylinders contents

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Compressed or liquified gases, flammable/combustible liquids, poisons,corrosives, or radioactive material

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Cryogenic (insulated) cylinders

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Designed to transport refrigerated liquified gases: liquid hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, oxygen. Very specific range of pressures and temperatures

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Dewars

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Most common cryogenic cylinder, designed for the storage and dispensing of cryogenic materials

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2 ways to identify cryogenic cylinders

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Foot ring on bottom, small protective ring on top

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Manway

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Large openings on the top of cargo tanks or on the back head of most pressure cargo tanks. Only on tanks w 2500+ gallon capacity. Allow access to interior for inspection, cleaning, and repairs

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Dome covers

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Tanks w less than 2500 gallon capacity. Smaller than manway, allow access for inspection, cleaning, & repairs

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Double bulkheads

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Prevent product cross contamination in case of leak. Strongest points on the container shell

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Internal safety valve

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Plug type valve required for each compartment. Protects from mechanical stress and accident damage

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Each compartment over with a capacity over _____ gallons must have its own manway assembly or dome cover

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400

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Minimizes product surges during transportation

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Baffle

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Most common cargo tank

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MC-306/DOT-406

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Non pressure cargo tank truck MC-306/DOT-406

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Primarily carry petroleum products, may also transport alcohol, jet fuel, liquid food products, flammable/combustible liquids

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MC-306/DOT-406 capacity

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Ranges from 2,000 gallons up to 10,000 gallons. Some can hold 16,000 or more (supertankers)

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Tandem/ pup trailers

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Widely used in western US, capacity ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 gallons

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MC-306/DOT-406 working pressure

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Less than 4 psi

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MC-306/DOT-406 compartments

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Usually 4 or 5 may have up to 8. Front and rear usually largest.

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Acid

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Compound that forms hydrogen ions in water. PH less than 7

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Base

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Compound that forms hydroxide ions in water. PH greater than 7

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Corrosivity

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Measured by ph, indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the materials being tested

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Dissociation

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Process of splitting a molecule or ionic compounds into smaller molecules

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PH

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Numerical measure of a substance’s relative acidity or alkalinity. Measured by ability to dissociate

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Strength

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Used to describe concentration of a solution, degree to which a corrosive ionizes in water

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Concentration

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Percentage of an acid or base dissolved in water. Amount of each component in a mixture that can be measured

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Solid

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Generally, cause limited harm. Least mobile & take specific shape

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Liquid

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Presents additional risks, can evaporate, takes shape of its container

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Gases

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Presents greatest risk, can be odorless, toxic, corrosive, and flammable. Has a specific mass but not a specific shape

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Melting point

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Temp at which solid changes to liquid

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Freezing point

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Temp which a liquid changes to solid

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Vaporization

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Process of evolution that changes a liquid into a gaseous state, rate depends on heat pressure

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Evaporation

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Process of liquids going into the vapor state at temps below their boiling point

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Condensation

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Process of going from a gas to a liquid state

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Sublimation

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Ability of a substance to change from a solid to the vapor state without passing through liquid phase

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Boiling point

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Temp at which molecules in a liquid escape and change phase to vapor

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Chemical properties

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Relating to the way a substance is able to change into other substances, reflect the ability to burn, react, explode, or produce toxic substance

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Physical properties

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Properties that do not involve a change in the chemical identity of the substance, but effects physical behavior

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Expansion ratio

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Amount of gas produced by the evaporation of one volume of liquid at a given temp

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Explosives

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Any substance designed to function by explosion

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Endothermic

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Chemical reaction where substance absorbs heat energy, sometimes from atmosphere

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Flammability

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Fuels susceptible to ignition

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Flammable explosive range

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Range of gas or vapor concentration that will burn or explode if ignition source is present

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Fire point

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Min temp where a liquid gives off sufficient vapors that will ignite and sustain combustion

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Flash point

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Min temp which a liquid gives off enough vapors that will ignite and flash over but will not sustain combustion or continue to burn

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Auto ignition temp

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Min temp required to ignite a gas or vapor without a spark or flame

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Miscibility

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Tendency or ability of a liquid or gas to form a uniform blend, or to dissolve into each other

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Non persistent

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Will remain in the target area for a short period of time

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Persistent

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Chemical that remains in the target area for a long period of time

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Relative density

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Help predict whether a material will float or sink in another material

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Solubility

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Ability of a solid, liquid, or gas to dissolve in water or blend w another material

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Solution

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Mixture in which all ingredients are completely dissolved. Composed of two or more substances

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Slurry

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Suspension of insoluble particles, usually in water and is a pourable mixture of a solid and a liquid

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Specific gravity

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Weight of the material compared with the weight of an equal volume of water

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Thermal

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Excessive heat or cold could cause intolerable expansion, contraction, or consumption of the container and its parts

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Vapor density

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Weight of a pure vapor or gas compared to weight of equal volume of dry air at the same temp. Weight of air is 1

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Vapor pressure

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Pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase for a given temp

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Volatility

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Ability of a substance to vaporize easily at low temps

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Polymerization

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Reactions in which two or more smaller molecules chemically combine to form large molecules

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Chemical change

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New substance is formed through chemical reaction

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Chemical interactions

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Synergistic effect in which two or more compounds produce an effect which is different from the original material. ( more harmful than original state)

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Compound mixture

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Chemical combination of two or more elements, that is electrically neutral and united chemically

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Critical temp

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Min temp at which a gas can be liquified, can not be liquified about this

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Critical pressure

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Pressure that must be applied to bring a gas to its liquid state

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Maximum safe storage temperature

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Temp at which organic peroxides should be stored so they don’t reach SADT. Organic materials should be stored below this

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SADT

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Self accelerating decomposition temp- temp at which peroxide or synthetic compounds will react to heat, light, or other chemicals and release oxygen

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Incubation period

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Latency between exposure to a pathogen and onset of symptoms.

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Infectious dose

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Amount of a pathogen necessary to manifest its pathogenicity and cause infection in its host

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Lethal concentration LC50

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How much of a substance will kill 50% of a test group population within a specific amount of time

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Lethal dose 50

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Oral or dermal exposure that kills 50% of animals exposed to it

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Incapacitating dose IC50

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Gas or smoke, concentration which would incapacitate 50% of animals exposed

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Biological agents/ toxins

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Ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways.

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Viruses

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Living organisms that are smaller than bacteria and require living cells to replicate (smallpox)

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Bacteria

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Single celled living organisms capable of independent growth but do not require a living host to survive (anthrax, plague)

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Rickettsia

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Specialized bacteria that only grows within living cells

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Toxins

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Non living chemical compounds that produce similar effects ton those cause by chemical agents

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Ionizing radiation

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Radiation that causes a chemical to change in atoms by removing their electrons

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Non living radiation

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Series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light

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Roentgen

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Measure of the change produced in air created by ionizing radiation, usually in reference to gamma radiation

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REM

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Roentgen equivalent man- unit used to express the radiation absorbed dose equivalence as pertaining to the human body

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Becquerel

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International system of unit of measurement for radioactivity, indicates small amount of radiation activity

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Gray

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Unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dose, defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per one kilogram of matter

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Millirem

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Unit of measurement equaling 1 thousandth of a REM which translates to 1x10 to the 3rd power

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Dose

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Amount of radiation absorbed into the body

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Dose rate

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Rate at which radiation is deposited into the body

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Dose response

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Quantitative relationship between a dose of chemical and the biological effects produced by that chemical to the body

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Radioactivity

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Energy from a radioactive source emitted in the form of waves or particles as a result of the decay of an atomic nucleus

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Reactivity

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Ability of a substance to chemically react with other materials and speed at which reaction takes place

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Activity

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Rate of disintegration or decay of radioactive material. Indicates how much radioactivity is present and how much is not

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Half life

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Time it takes for the activity of a radioactive material to decrease to one half its initial value

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RAD

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Radiation absorbed dose- English system used to measure amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material

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Counts/kilo counts per minute

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Measured the quantity of ionizing radioactive material that is detected to have decayed in one minute

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Alpha waves

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Largest & heaviest, can only travel 3-4”, can be stopped by paper

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Beta waves

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Smaller than alpha, can penetrate skin and clothing & damage internal organs

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Gamma rays

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Smallest, fastest (travels at speed of light) most penetrating. Burns skin

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Neutron waves

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Basic part of an atom, neutral, shielded by water

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Crack

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Narrow split or break in the container metal

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Score

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Reduction in thickness of container shell. An indentation in the container made by a blunt object

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Gouge

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Indentation in the shell made by a sharp chisel object

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Dent

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Deformation of container metal. Dent along axis of tank of less than 2 is critical

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Stresses

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Mechanical, thermal, chemical

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Capacity stencil

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Shows the volume of the rail tank car, stenciled in gallons on both ends of car. Volume in pounds stenciled on the sides

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Specification markings

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Standards to which the tank car was constructed

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MC-306/DOT-406 description

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Elliptical cross section, usually have flat heads. Over 90% are aluminum, older tanks may be steel

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MC-307/DOT 407 capacity & pressure

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Low pressure tank, 5,000-7,000 gallon capacity. 25psig min design pressure, typical working pressure 35-under 40 psig

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MC-307/DOT -407 description

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Circular cross section, typically converted with insulation. Insulation usually covered in a jacket, jacket may cause shape of horseshoe

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May act as a poison if enough is absorbed

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Blister agent

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The amount of energy required to ionize material-measured in volts

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Ionization potential

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PEL

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Permissible exposure limit- exposure limit that represents a level above which exposures should not occur

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Sludge

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Solid, semi solid, or liquid waste products