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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a compound?
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Two or more elements (atoms) combined together)
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What is a salt?
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Any Metal + non metal
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What is a non metal + non metal called?
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Non salt?
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What do organic compounds usually contain?
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Carbon Atoms
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What states can a gas be in?
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Liquid, Compressed Cryogenic
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What two columns are typically known for being flammable hazards?
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Column #1 and #2 and they're also most reactive
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What does the prefix meth mean in regards to organic compounds?
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One
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What does the prefix "eth" mean in regards to organic compounds?
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Two
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What does the prefix "prop" mean in regards to organic compounds?
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Three
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What does the prefix "but" mean in regards to organic compounds?
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Four
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What does the prefix "pent" mean in regards to organic compounds?
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five
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What does the prefix "hex" mean in regards to organic compounds?
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six
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What does the prefix "hept" mean in regards to organic compounds?
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seven
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What does the prefix "octane" mean in regards to organic compounds?
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eight
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for one?
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meth
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for two?
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eth
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for three?
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prop
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for four?
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but
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for five?
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pent
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for six?
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hex
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for seven?
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hept
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In regards to organic compounds What's the prefix for six?
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Octane
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What're the three states of matter?
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Solid, Liquid, Gas
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What is the definition of matter?
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Anything that takes up space and has weight
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What is the definition of chemistry?
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The Science of matter, energy and reactions
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What's a second definition of chemistry?
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The study of the conversion of one form of energy to another
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What is homogeneous mixture?
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It's when all items are equally distributed (ex: sugar in water)
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What is a pure substance?
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The homogenous sample that has identical chemical and physical properties
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What is a compound?
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A compound is made of multiple elements chemically bonded in a molecule.
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What is a physical property?
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It's the characteristics that do not involve a change in chemical identity.
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What is a chemical property?
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It describes conditions present when a chemical change is likely to occur or is already taking place.
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What is a chemical reaction?
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It's energy being absorbed or released
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What is an exothermic reaction?
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It's the release of heat
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What is an endothermic reaction?
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It's when it takes in heat
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What is a catalyst?
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It's compounds that affect the reaction rate
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What is an inhibitor?
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It's a chemical compound (usually organic) that either retards the rate of a chemical reaction or prevents it from occurring.
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Are metals reducers or oxidizers?
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Reducers
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Are non metals reducers or oxidizers?
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oxidizers
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Where are protons located?
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Nucleus
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What is the charge of the protons?
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positive
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What is the atomic mass of a proton?
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One
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What is the location of the neutrons?
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Nucleus
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What is the charge of the neutrons?
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0 or neutral
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What is the atomic mass of a neutrons?
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1
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What is the location of the electrons?
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Nucleus
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What is the charge of the electrons?
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-1
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What is the atomic mass of a electrons?
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0
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When there is a electrical charge to a component what do you call it?
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An ion?
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What are the two types of ions?
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Cations and ions?
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What is an anion?
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Gain one or more electrons and become negatively charged (Ex: Cl
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What is a cation?
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Atoms that lose one or more electrons and become positively charged as a result (Ex: Na)
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What're the four families?
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Alkali metals, Alkaline earths, Halogens, Noble Gases
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What're the 4 types of bonds?
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Ionic, covalent, resonant, metallic
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What is an ionic bond?
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Transferring of electrons between a metal and nonmetal.
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What is Covalent?
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It's the sharing of electrons between two nonmetal elements
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What is a Resonant bond?
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It's formed by the sharing of electrons between multiple nonmetal elements.
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What is a metallic bond?
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It's the sharing of the outer shell electrons in a delocalized manner
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What're the six types of salts?
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Binary
Metal Oxide Metal Hydroxide Metal Cyanide Metal Peroxide Metal Oxysalt |
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What elements react to water in regards to salts?
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Nitrates, Carbides, Hydrides, Phosphides
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How do you remember NCHP?
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"NO CHP"
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How do they name inorganic ionic compounds?
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They'll be named cation and anion and then have ide, ite, or ate.
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What other 6 terms are similar to metals?
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Metals
Cations Fuels Reducers Left side of the table electropositive |
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What 5 terms are similar to nonmetals?
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Nonmetals
Anions Oxidizers Electronegative Right side of the table |
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What is the process of changing a solid to a liquid?
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Melting
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What is the process of changing a liquid to a solid?
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Freezing
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What is the process of changing a liquid to a gas?
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Vaporization
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What is the process of changing a gas to liquid?
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Condensation
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What is the process of changing a solid to gas?
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Sublimation
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What is the process of changing a gas to a solid?
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Deposition
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What is deposition?
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It's changing a gas to a solid
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What is sublimation?
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Changing solid to gas
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What is condensation?
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Changing a gas to a liquid
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What is Vaporization?
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It's the change of a liquid to a gas
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What is the physical change for freezing?
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liquid to solid
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What is the physical change for melting?
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solid to liquid
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How is the amount of energy it takes for a substance to undergo a physical change measured?
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Joules/gram
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What're three examples of exothermic reaction?
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Combustion, oxidation and acid/base reactions
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Is an inhibitor usually organic or inorganic?
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an inhibitor is usually organic and it retards the rate of the chemical reaction or prevents it from occuring.
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Without looking what is group 1?
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Alkali metals
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Without looking what is group 2?
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Alkaline Earth
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Without looking what is group 17?
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Halogens
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Without looking what is group 18?
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Noble Gases
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What group is halogens?
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17
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What is group is noble gases in?
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18
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What are the chemical properties of group 1?
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Extremely reactive, burn, water reactive
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What are the chemical properties of group 2?
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slightly less than group 1 but still reactive, burns and water reactive
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What are the chemical properties of group 17?
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Extremely reactive, toxic, nonflammable oxidizers
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What are the chemical properties of group 18?
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Inert, asphyxiants, non reactive
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How do you know if in elements atoms is radioactive or not?
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It's when they have an excess or deficiency of neutrons in the nucleus
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What're the two main categories into which elements are divided?
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Metals and non metals
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How can you distinguish between metals and non metals when looking at the periodic table?
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Metals are on the left and nonmetals are on the right.
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Elements are grouped vertically in families based on a particular characteristic? What is that characteristic?
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# of electrons in the outershell.
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What clues might indicate a radioactive atom?
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the # of neutrons
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in the outer shell?
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8
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What is the atomic mass of an electron
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Almost 0
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What is the atomic mass of a neutron?
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1
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What is the atomic mass of a proton?
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1
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Where is the location of the electrons?
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it's in the orbit/shells
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Where is the location of the neutrons?
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Nucleus
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Where is the location of the protons?
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Nucleus
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What is the charge of the proton?
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positive 1
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What is the charge of a neutron?
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Neutral
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What is the charge of an electron?
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negative 1
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Are metal atoms electron donors or acceptors?
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They're donors, they will lose some electrons from their outer shell.
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Are nonmetal atoms electron donors or acceptors?
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They're acceptors. they achieve to have a full outer shell.
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What're reducing agents commonly called?
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Fuels
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What are oxidizers in regards to electro charges?
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They're electronegative
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What're ionic bonds?
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They're typically the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non metal.
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Do metals donate or accept electrons?
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They donate electrons
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Do nonmetals donate or accept electrons?
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They accept electrons
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Are oxidizers typically electronegative or electropositive?
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electronegative
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What is covalent bonding?
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It's the sharing of electrons between two nonmetal elements.
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What're Resonant bonds?
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It's when there are more than two nonmetal elements sharing electrons.
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What's another name for resonant bonding?
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aromatic bonding and it involves more than 2 nonmetal atoms bonding.
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Does an Ionic bond share or transfer electrons?
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It transfers
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Does a covalent bond share or transfer electrons?
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It shares
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Are nonmetals positively charged or negatively charged?
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They're positively charged.
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Are metals positively charged or negatively charged?
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They're negatively charged.
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What're the general precautions when dealing with inorganic ionic compounds?
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Don't touch, Don't inhale, keep dry "TID"
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What are the three endings that all salts will have?
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"-ide"
"-ite" "-ate" |
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What is IUPAC?
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It's the International Union of Pure and applied chemists and is designed to be systematic.
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What is the element signature cyanide?
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"CN"
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What is the element signature oxide?
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"O"
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What is the element signature chloride?
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"Cl"
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What is the element signature hydroxide?
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"(OH)sub2"
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What is the charge of "OH" always?
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-1
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What is the element signature peroxide?
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"Osub2"
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What is the element signature carbonate?
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"COsub3"
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What does the word pi bonds mean?
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double bond
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What's another word for double bonds?
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pi bonds
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What're binary salts comprised of?
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Metal and Nonmetal elements. the nonmetal must be something outside of oxygen and it must have ide at the end of it.
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In words what is a metal oxide salt?
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It's a metal ionically bonded to oxygen and must end in oxide. (example sodium oxide)
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In words what is a metal hydroxide salt?
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It's a metal cation + ionically bonded to a complex ion made of oxygen and hydrogen
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In words what is a metal cyanide?
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It's a metal that is ionically bonded to a complex ion of carbon and nitrogen.
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In words what is a metal peroxide?
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It's a alkali or alkaline earth metals ionically bonded to a peroxide radical. That peroxide consists of two atoms of oxygen bonded together.
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What're the only two groups of metals that can be used for metal peroxides?
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alkali or alkaline earth metals (only groups 1 and 2)
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In words what is a metal peroxide?
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It's a metal + another element (usually nonmetal) + oxygen.
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What does the prefix Hypo mean in regards to metal oxysalts?
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a low oxygen content (-1)
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What does the prefix "per" mean in regards to metal oxysalts?
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a high oxygen content (+1)
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what does "hypo______ ite" mean in regards to oxygen content?
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it would be 2 less
(ex: Sodium hypochlorite, NaClOsub1) |
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what does "_______ ite" mean in regards to oxygen content?
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1 less
(ex: Sodium chlorite, NaClOsub2) |
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what does "____ate" mean in regards to oxygen content?
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Normal/base state
(ex: Sodium chlorate, NaClOsub3) |
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what does per______ ate mean in regards to oxygen content?
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1 extra
(ex: Sodium Perchlorate, NaClOsub4) |
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What's the prefix for 1 extra?
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"per"
EX: Perchlorate |
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When two or more nonmetals are bonded what is this bond?
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they're covalent bonds. This will be the majority of chemicals we encounter
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What're inorganic covalent compounds?
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They do not contain carbon
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What're the organic covalent compounds
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they contain carbon
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In regards to naming covalent bonds what're the 4 most common prefixes and their numerical values?
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"mono":1
"di":2 "tri":3 "tetra":4 |
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What does the prefix di mean?
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two
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What do covalent bonds do?
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they share
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What do Ionic bonds do?
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They give
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What elements do covalent bonds usually contain?
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two or more nonmetals
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What're alkanes?
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They're saturated hydrocarbons. They have a maximum number of hydrogen atoms. They typically end in "-ane"
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What're alkenes?
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They're unsaturated hydrocarbons that have fewer hydrogen atoms in their structures and require double bonds between carbon atoms.
they usually end in "ene" |
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What're Alkynes
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They're highly unsaturated hydrocarbons they usually have triple bonds.
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What're aromatics?
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They're ring structures
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What family is usually associated with aromatics?
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BTX
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene |
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What is BTX?
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Benzene
Toluene Xylene |
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Is aromatic usually saturated or unsaturated? and if so how much?
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it's just unsaturated
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Is alkane single or double bonded?
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it's single bonded
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Is alkyne triple or double bonded?
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triple
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What is the ending typically for alkyne?
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"yne"
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Of the hydrocarbons which is most reactive?
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Alkyne
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What're the two structures of a typical isomer?
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It's a straight chain or a branched configuration
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What is the standard isomer format?
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Straight chain structure
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When you map a branched isomer what do you add as a prefix to the compound?
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you add iso
(Ex: octane is the normal name, but if you want it in a branched format you call it "iso-octane") |
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Which of the hydrocarbon groups is the most known for its toxity?
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aromatic
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Within the group aromatic it is the most toxic hydrocarbon. Which of the compounds in this group is most toxic?
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benzene
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What is an isomer?
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Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structure formula.... and most often different physical and chemical properties (and hazards).
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Write out the formula for Alkane?
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CsubnHsub2n+2
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Write out the formula for Alkene?
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CsubnHsub2n
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Write out the formula for Alkyne
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CsubnHsub2n-2
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Write out the formula for Aromatic?
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CsubnHsub2n-6
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What is carbonyl?
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it's the four hydrocarbon derivates example (keytones, aldehydes, organic acids and esters)
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What is a hydrocarbon derivative?
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It's when one or more hydrogens ions are removed and replaced with another compound/element.
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How are organic compounds divided intro two main groups?
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hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives
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What're examples of hydrocarbon radicals?
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methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,pentyl.... etc
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How many carbons do you have to have before you start addressing toxicity?
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4 or 5.......
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If add an item to water and shake it up and it resumes it's normal form shortly after being mixed up what should you assume?
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that it's a toxic and comes from the halogen family.
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What is miscible?
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It means that a liquid will dissolve completely into another.
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Are most alcohols miscible?
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yes
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Is sodium an anion?
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No it's a cation
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Is calcium an anion or cation?
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Anion
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Two non metals bonded together would be what?
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Covalent
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Is neon a cation or anion?
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It's neither it's Inert.
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What is the chemical form for aldehyde?
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you add "CHO"
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What is the chemical form that comes with all alcohol?
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OH
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What is the chemical form that comes with all acid?
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COOH
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What do all esters end in?
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ATE
(example methyl acetATE) |
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What kind of bond do all carbonyls have?
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a double bond, otherwise known as a pi bond they're very stable (C=O)
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Are carbonyls soluble(miscible) in water?
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yes
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How do you recognize a ketone?
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CO
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How do you recognize an aldehyde?
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CHO
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How do you recognize organic acids?
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COOH
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How do you recognize esters?
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COO or CO(sub2)
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What is the structural formula for Ketone?
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O
|| R-C-R |
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What is the structural formula for Aldehyde?
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O
|| R-C-H |
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What is the structural formula for Organic Acids?
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O
|| R-C-O-H |
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What is the structural formula for Ester?
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O
|| R-C-O-R |
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What's the prefix for aldehydes typically?
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eth- or acet-
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What is Alcohol recognized by?
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OH
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What is Ether recognized by?
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O
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What is Organic peroxide recognized by?
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OO otherwise known as O2
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What is the structural formula for alcohol?
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R-O-H
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What is the structural formula for Ether?
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R-O-R
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What is the structural formula for Organic Peroxide?
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R-O-O-R
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How do you recognize the type Nitro?
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NO2
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How do you recognize the type amine?
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NH2
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How do you recognize the type Nitrile (cyanide)
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CN
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How do you recognize the type Thiol?
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SH
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How do you recognize the type Alkyl Halide
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F, Cl, Br or I
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How do you recognize the type Organophosphate?
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P
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What is the speed of detonation?
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Detonation is burning at or faster than the speed of light
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What two things accompany detonation?
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Extreme heat and a wave of pressure
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What is the speed of deflagration?
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slower than the burning of light. and slower than detonation
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What is critical temperature in regards to gas and pressure?
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It's the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied.
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What is vapor pressure?
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It's the tendency of molecules to escape from the surface of a liquid
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What is volatility?
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Tendency of a solid or liquid material to pass into the vapor state at a given temperature.
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What are vapor pressure and volatility related to?
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boiling point.
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What is critical temperature and pressure?
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It's a temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified.
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When do flammable liquids pose the greatest hazard
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They pose the greatest distance when they're high vapor.
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What is adiabatic decompression?
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It's when a cylinder is drained it loses heat
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What is adiabatic compression?
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It's when a cylinder is filled up it heats up.
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Where do flammable liquids w/ high vapor pose the greatest hazard?
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Some distance away from the cylinder
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is vinyl chloride a mix or a pure?
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Pure
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Is kerosene a mixture or pure?
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mixture
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Is air a mixture or pure?
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Mixture
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Is sodium a cation or anion?
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cation
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What is an Explosion?
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It's an oxidizer and a fuel (reducer)
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