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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the particle theory state? |
-All mater is made of tiny particles All particles of one substance are identical; different types of matter = different particles (Base unit of substance called atom) -All particles constant, random motion -Particles move faster as temperature increases -Particles attract one another |
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What are the two categories of pure substances? Give an example of each. |
-Compounds: each particle contains more than one type of atom (eg. water) -Elements: each particle contains only one type of atom (eg. oxygen) |
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What are the two categories of mixtures? Give an example of each. |
-Solutions (more than 1 type of particle mixed equally; cannot tell there is more than 1 type) -- eg. juice -Heterogeneous mixtures (more than 1 type of particle mixed unequally; can see different parts) eg. salad dressing |
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What are examples of physical properties? |
Colour, shape, size, texture, malleability, brittleness, opacity, viscosity, density |
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How can you tell a chemical change has occurred? |
-Colour change -Heat, light or sound is given off -Bubbles of gas form -A solid (precipitate) forms in a liquid -Change difficult to reverse |
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What is combustion? |
-Quick reaction of compounds (fuels) with oxygen Oxygen combines with every element in a fuel to make oxides (oxygen is used up to produce energy) - CxHy + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + energy |
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What are the three chemical tests we can perform to identify what substance has been created? |
- Burning splint test (Hydrogen, Hear popping sound) -Glowing Splint test (oxygen, Splint will re-ignite) -Limewater test (carbon dioxide, Lime water will turn milky white) |
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How do you calculate density? |
Density is equal to mass over volume. |
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What is the structure of atoms? Where are electrons, neutrons, and protons? How much do they weigh? What is atomic mass? |
- electrons orbit nucleus that contains protons and neutrons (which weigh about 1 amu each; electrons barely weigh anything) - atomic mass is the mass of the atom (#p + #n) |
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What are isotopes? |
-Not all atoms of same element have same mass -Some atoms have different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses |
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How do you calculate the abundance of isotopes? |
You multiply the mass of the isotope by the abundance and add it to the other ones. |
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What was Dalton's theory of the atom? |
-All matter made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms -All atoms of an atom identical -Atoms are rearranged to form new substances in chemical reactions, but never created or destroyed -Compounds pure substances- atoms of different elements are bonded to one another (somehow) and not easily separated |
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What was Dalton's model? |
Billiard ball model |
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What was Dalton's proof? |
-Noted oxygen and carbon make two compounds -Different weight ratios, but for same amount of carbon, exactly twice as much oxygen -Formulated theory to explain how and why elements would combine with one another in fixed rations and sometimes multiples of ratios |
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What was Thompson's theory? |
-Atoms contain negatively charged electrons -Since atoms are neutral, rest of atom is a positively charged sphere -Negatively charged electrons are evenly distributed throughout the atom |
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What was Thompson's model? |
Plum pudding model |
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What was Thompson's proof? |
-If gas sample introduced into region between two charged plates, current flow observed suggesting that atoms have been broken down into charged constituents -Proved cathode produced steam of negatively charged particles (electrons) -Shoot beam -- attracted to positively charged |
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What was Rutherford's theory? |
-Centre of atom has a positive charge, called nucleus, contains most of atom’s mass (but occupies small space) -Nucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons -Most of atom is empty space - Credited discovering proton |
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What was Rutherford's proof? |
-gold foil experiment Firing radioactive particles through thin metal foils (gold) detecting them using screens coated with zinc sulfide Most passed right through 1 in 8000 deflected- leading him to theorize that most of the atom is made of empty space and that most of the atom is in the centre |
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What was Chadwick's theory? |
-Atom must be an empty sphere with tiny dense central nucleus -Nucleus contains protons and neutrons -Mass of neutron about same as proton -Electrons circle rapidly through empty space around nucleus -Neutral atom same number of protons and electrons |
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What was Chadwick's proof? |
-Found a particle that could penetrate and disintegrate atoms with power -Have no charge, so there are undetected particles in atom (neutral) |
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What was Bohr's theory? |
-Electrons orbit nucleus of atom -Each electron orbit has a definite amount of energy -Farther from nucleus, greater energy -Electrons can’t be between orbits (but can jump to and from energy) -- release light energy when jump from higher orbits to lower orbits (seen in his experiments) -Each orbit can hold a certain maximum number of electrons |
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What was Bohr's proof? |
-Studied hydrogen atom and light produced when excited with thermal energy or electricity - White light prism: rainbowLight produced from hydrogen prism most colors are missing |
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What are ionic compounds? What are cations and anions? |
- ionic compounds exchange electrons to fill valence shell - occur between metals and nonmetals -cations are positive ions -anions are negative ions |
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What elements have several charges? What are they? |
Copper/Cu ( +1, +2), Tin/Sn (+2, + 4), Lead/Pb (+2, +4), Iron/Fe (+2, +3) |
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What are characteristics of ionic compounds? |
- high melting/boiling point - conductive in water - solid at room temperature (unless dissolved) |
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What are molecular compounds? What are characteristics of molecular compounds? |
- share electrons (held by covalent bond) - only between nonmetals - low melting point -not conductive in water - usually liquid/solid at room temp. |
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What are the 8 WHMIS symbols? |
- flammable, oxidizing material, toxic, poisonous, compressed gas, bio-hazardous, corrosive/acidic, reactive |
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What are the 4 HHPS symbols? What does the octagon, diamond and triangle mean? |
- flammable, poisonous, explosive and corrosive octagon- danger diamond- warning triangle- caution |
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What are diatomic elements? What are they?
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- elements that are compounds naturally HOFBRINCL (hydrogen, oxygen, flourine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, chlorine) |
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What are the formulas for : Voltage, Charge, Resistance (Ohm's law), Power, Efficiency and Cost? |
V = E/q I = q/t R = V/I P = E/t or VI Eff. = E out/E in x 100% Cost = Price x Energy |
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What are some rules for voltage and current to keep in mind when solving circuits? |
If in parallel, voltage is the same but current adds up If in series, voltage adds up, current is the same |
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What are the three ways you can charge an object? |
Friction, conduction and induction |
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Explain friction. |
-Friction; rubbing it against something that’s better at stealing electrons Rubbing materials together -Electrons transferred to materials that is lowest in electrostatic series |
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Explain conduction. |
-Contact a positively charged object with something neutral -Electrons will move from neutral to positive object, causing the neutral object to become negatively charged |
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Explain induction. |
- bring negative rod near neutral object - electrons repel, one side of object negative, other positive - ground electrons in object to leave it positive |
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How can you discharge an object? |
Grounding, air grounding, lightning/sparks |
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Explain how lightning works. |
-Cloud becomes negatively charged via friction (rubbing against itself) -Induces a positive charge on the groundWhen the force attraction between the two are strong enough, electrons are ripped off of the air atoms, forming plasma -The colour created by atoms giving off energy -Thunder is the sound of lightning, and it’s the motion of the gas particles |
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What is the formula for speed? |
v = d/t |
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Name 3 spin off technologies and how they're used in space and in our society. |
- LEDs : growing plants in space, used as lighting/to combat diseases - Artificial limbs: robotics in space, prostheses - Infrared thermometer: measure temp of sun without touching it, measure body temp |
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What is a planet? What are its characteristics? |
-So big its own gravity makes it spherical -Orbit roughly circular and regular -Dominate orbit (nothing else in its orbit that isn’t orbiting the planet itself → this is because the planet is usually big enough for everything else to become part of it) |
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What are the 4 inner planets called? 4 outer planets? |
Terrestrial Gas Giants |
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Mercury |
-closest -No moon or atmosphereCan’t retain heat: temp -173°C (night) to 427°C (in day) -3 days on Mercury is the same length of 2 years on Mercury (so it only rotates around its axis 3x every two revolutions) |
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Venus |
- Similar size as Earth -Thick atmosphere with lots of CO2 and Nitrogen (traps heat) --> Surface temp about 470°C (hottest of all planets) -roughly same amount of time to rotate once → 1yr is about 1 day on Venus -No moons -Snows metal and rains acid (because its hot enough for things to evaporate and to form clouds with things other than water) -Rotates backwards relative to other planets (it moves clockwise) |
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Earth |
-1 moon Atmosphere 79% Nitrogen, 21% oxygen (not as much carbon dioxide, so not as hot) -Largest moon relative to its size (about ¼ diameter) |
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Mars |
-Largest mountain in solar system - 2 moons: Deimos and Phobos (Fast orbit about 7.66hrs, Constantly getting closer to Mars, Not spherical) -Smaller than Earth ( ½ size) -Thinner atmosphere because small (made of Carbon dioxide and nitrogen) -Red caused by iron abundance |
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Jupiter |
-63 Moons (eg. Io) -Huge (could fit all planets inside it) -Huge red storm (shrinking) → red spot could fit earth -Has a small ring system So big it’s almost a brown dwarf (50x more mass required)75x more mass = star -Jupiter is so big, the barycenter is not inside of the sun Galilean Moons: -Io—has volcanoes that spews rock (most moons don’t have volcanoes, and if do they spew out water/gases) -Europa- liquid water Ocean -Ganymede- largest in solar system -Callisto |
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Saturn |
-Objects within rings size range from pebble to a car -Less dense than water (would technically “float”) -System of icy rings -Saturn’s moons named after mythological titans -Titan 2nd largest moon solar system- Has hydrocarbon oceans (methane, ethane, etc)Home to vanishing islands -Enceladus Surface solid ice (ocean beneath)Cryovolcanoes (water vapor volcanoes) -Iapetus Has ridges (doesn’t happen on most moons) → caused by plate collisions -Mimas Looks like Death star, Suggested water/liquid water under surface |
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Uranus |
-System of icy rings -27 moons (named after female Shakespearean characters) -Rotates diff from other planets -Axis perpendicular to other planets (98°), All moons tilted South pole has 21 years of sunlight Total orbit: 84 Earth years |
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Neptune |
-13 moons -17x larger than Earth -Only planet theoretically predicted to exist before being observed -Fastest moving winds→ 2 200 km/hr -Great dark spot and dark spot 2 (come and go)Scooter (smaller but faster than ^) -Triton moves in the opposite that Neptune rotates in |
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How do dwarf planets differ from regular planets? |
- smaller - not spherical - irregular orbits (elliptical, not in same plane) - don't dominate orbit |
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Pluto |
-5 Moons (Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, Hydra) -Made of rock and ice (Methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, water) -Solid for ½ orbit, when close to sun it evaporates (so it has an atmosphere for ½ the year) -Very elliptical: 30AU – 49AU -Pluto and Charon Close in size More binary system than planet/moon system, Orbit around a spot between the 2 |
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Where is the Kuiper Belt? What is found in it? |
- Area several rocky/icy objects orbit sun -30AU – 50AU |
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Eris + Scattered disc |
-Largest dwarf planet -38AU – 98AU -Part of scattered disc (an area outside the Kuiper belt where objects orbit with extremely elongated objects) |
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What is the oort cloud? Where is it? |
-Rocky objects outside of the scattered disc -Ranging up to 100 000AU -Spherical “asteroid belt” -Would take 2 years for light to get to us |
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What are asteroids? Where are they found? |
-Rocky objects orbit sun -Larger belt between Mars and Jupiter Roughly 2.1AU to 3.3 AU |
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Ceres |
-Only dwarf planet in asteroid belt that is closer to the sun -1/3 mass of the entire asteroid belt -Rocky + icy |
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What is a meteoroid? Meteor vs meteorite |
- Small piece of rock/metal in solar system -Can be the size of dust to a car/building -Meteors: get trapped by planets gravity and pulled down to surface of planet (Most burn up in atmosphere before hitting ground) -If it hits the ground, called meteorites -Heat causes it to glow |
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What are comets? What is a coma? Tails? Origin? |
-Large chunks of ice, dust and rock that orbit sun -Used to be in scattered disc/oort cloud -When gets close to sun, icy layer sublimates (Creates a cloud of gas and dust around comet called a coma) - 2 tails: ion tail created by solar wind faces opposite direction of sun, dust tail follows its orbit |
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What are challenges to travelling to mars? |
- Meteorites/ cosmic collisions - Length of trip - Air pressure -Cosmic rays - Food -Length of trip |
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Why do we float in space? |
-In “free fall” when orbiting Earth -Floats in aircraft because falling at same speed |
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What effects does microgravity have on blood circulation? |
-Puffy face, bird-leg -On earth, heart distributes blood evenly, does more work supply upper (because gravity) -Continues to do this in microgravity—blood rushes to head and torso -Veins stick out more, Eyes red/swollen,Nasal congestion, Headaches Legs thinner—blood has to be pumped there by heart Space sickness – 40% (wears of 2-3 days) -Body gets rid of “extra” blood volume (through urine) because it thinks it has too much |
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What effects does microgravity have on bones and muscles? |
-Musculoskeletal system deteriorates -Muscles (especially leg) underused—flabby, lose tone and mass -Bones weaker—lose minerals (Ca, K, Na)- reduced up to 10% -Taller—no gravity (vertebrae separate) – backaches (relaxation on muscles and ligaments) |
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What effects does microgravity have on orientation and balance? |
-Affected because body lacks normal points of reference -Brain gets info from eyes (visual) muscles and tendons (proprioceptive apparatus) and sensors detect liquid and movement in semicircular canals in inner ear (vestibular apparatus) -Disoriented because inner ear sensors and muscular apparatus can’t orient in zero gravity (only useful info from eyes) |
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What is a lunar eclipse? |
- when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon - Moon turns red because red light hits it after reacting with our atmosphere |
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What is a solar eclipse? |
- when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun -shadow of moon hits Earth |
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What is blackbody radiation? |
-Sun generates light due to incandescence -Hot objects release light -Hotter an object ,higher energy light is able to emit -All objects release light, quantity and type depends on temp. -Our bodies are incandescent (Much light emitted is infrared and cannot be seen) |
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What is the photosphere? |
- visible layer of the sun (first of its atmosphere) |
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What is the chromosphere? |
- second layer of atmosphere - most transparent to visible light |
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What is the corona?
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- outer most layer of the atmosphere - very hot-- emits x-rays instead of visible light - low density (makes it dim) |
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What is solar wind? |
-Intense heat and magnetic fields, charged particles regularly ejected from sun into solar system |
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How is an aurora formed? |
-Solar wind gets channeled around planet via magnetosphere -Can get channeled into ionosphere around poles -When solar wind collides with atmosphere, causes excitation of electrons -Light emitted when excited electrons drop down to ground states |
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What is the core? |
-Center -Intensely hot and under high pressure (due to gravity)15 mi °C -Pressure and temperature high enough for fusion to occur (H → He) |
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What is the radiative zone? |
-Energy released from core transmitted mostly through radiation (light) -Takes roughly 170 000 years for light to radiate through this zone -Particles so dense, difficult for light to travel without being absorbed/scattered -As light passes through, constantly absorbed and re-emitted -Re-emitted light gradually decreases in energy -Gamma rays emitted from core converted into lower energy light by time reach convection zone |
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What is the convection zone? |
-In zone, heat transferred relatively quickly to surface of sun through convection -Temp drops throughout |
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What are sun spots? |
-Dark spots on surface of sun -Appear dark because cooler than surrounding photosphere (2 700 – 4 200°C vs 5 500°C) -Quite luminous -Occur because Sun’s magnetic field penetrating photosphere -Can reduce convection below, cooling surface -Sunspots differ in size |
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What are coronal loops? |
-Base of Corona, often emerge from sunspots -Masses of matter spring up and flow in a loop from surface of sun -Form as a result of twisting and changing magnetic field of sun |
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What are solar flares? |
-Violent eruptions of particles from surface of sun (huge) -Often associated with sun spots -Particles often escape, contribute to solar wind -Takes a few days to reach Earth |
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What are solar prominences? |
-Large scale arcs of gas ejected from chromosphere -Associated with sunspots -Can get as hot as 50 000K and last a few hours to a few months -Both flares and prominences vary with solar-activity cycle |
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Does the sun rotate? |
-Yes -Rotates around axis high speed -Takes about 27 days to complete one full rotation (35 at poles) |
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How do we know stars are mostly hydrogen and helium? |
-Every element absorbs and emits specific colours of light -Colours generated by specific mixture of colours emitted from elements -Elements absorb same colours when light passes through them |
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What is parallax? |
-Parallax refers to change in position of an object when viewed from 2 separate locations |
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What are constellations? |
-Groups of stars visible in night sky Ursa Minor (Little Dipper - north star/polaris) Ursa Major (Big Dipper) |
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What are star clusters? Open cluster? |
-Groups of stars close enough to be gravitationally bound together - open cluster when widely distributed |
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What are global clusters? |
Densely packed star clusters that have roughly spherical shapes |
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What are binary stars? |
Clusters contain only two stars gravitationally locked with one another |
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How is star colour and its temperature related? |
-Hotter star, more high energy light it emits -Red lowest energy visible light (cooler) -Violet highest -Hotter appear blue and white -White mixture of all visible colours |
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How are protostars formed? When do they become stars? |
- particles in nebula pulled together by gravity, gathers in centre under high pressure - become stars when pressure high enough for fusion to occur |
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How are planetesimals formed? What is accretion? |
-Matter in cloud surrounding protostar/star clump together to form larger particles -Accretion – bits gather together -Forms planetesimals (larger particles) -Planetesimals will collide join together, forming larger bodies, eventually become planets |
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What is the life cycle of low mass stars? |
Nebula Protostar Main sequence Star to: Brown Dwarf (no fusion, cools until doesn't glow) OR Red dwarf (fuses slowly, when stops, turns into white dwarf) |
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What is a white dwarf? |
-When core of star runs out of fuel for fusion, core condenses and outer layers sheds off -Core is called white dwarf -Gradually cools, less luminous -Called black dwarf when undetectable |
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What is the life cycle of mid size stars? |
Nebula Protostar Main sequence star (fuse) Red giant White dwarf |
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Why do mid size stars become red giants? |
- runs out of hydrogen, swells up - core condenses, increases pressure - generate energy faster rate, forces star to expand - colour due to cooler surface temp |
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What is the life cycle of large size stars? |
Nebula Protostar Main Sequence Star Red giant/blue giant Supernova Nebula (remnants of supernova) and Neutron Star |
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Why do large size stars become supernovas? |
- when giant runs out of fuel, core collapses because of gravity - occurs fast, causing massive shockwave + explosion - so energetic other elements fuse |
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What are Neutron stars? |
- mass of core so large, atoms tightly packed - large number of free neutrons - rotates quickly, very dense - emit high frequency radio waves from poles (pulsars) |
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What is the life cycle of supermassive stars? |
Nebula Protostar Main sequence star Supergiant supernova Nebula and black hole |
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What are black holes? How do we know they're there? |
-Core of supergiant star collapses when runs out of fuel -Remaining core super massive and dense -Black holes so dense, have such high gravity, light cannot escape them -Can see them pull matter into themselves, gravitaional lensing There is a black hole in center of each galaxy (ours is called Sagittarius A) |
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What are light waves and wavelengths? Colours? |
- light moves in waves like water -Difference between crests is called a wavelength -Diff colours and types have diff wavelengths Eg. Radio several meters, blue light about 475nm -Infrared long -Ultraviolet short |
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What is the doppler effect? |
-If object coming towards you, wavelength gets shorter (and vice versa) -Closer= higher pitch, farther = lower pitch -When object moves towards you, wavelengths shorter (move towards blue side) -When object moves away, wavelengths longer (color shifts to red) |
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What did Edwin Hubble discover and theorize? |
-Discovered light from almost every galaxy is red shifted (Everything in universe moving away from us except of certain near galaxies like Andromeda which is blue shifted/moving towards us) -explained why most galaxies moving away from us Determined distance of galaxies from us compared to their spectra Noticed farther a galaxy, more its spectrum is redshifted (moving faster) Concluded space itself is expanding |
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Explain the big bang theory |
-Singularity expands, starts to cool; only have energy, no matter -Energy condensed to parts of particles called quarks -Nuclear force started hold quarks to make protons and neutrons -Still too hot to form atoms, no light emitted -Gets cold enough for electromagnetic forces to make atoms (mostly hydrogen and helium), light can shine -Gravity starts holding atoms togetherEventually forms protostars, nebulas, etc |
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What is cosmic background radiation? |
-See this redshifted light in form of cosmic background radiation -Radiowaves coming from every direction in sky, even where there is only empty space -Radiation discovered 1965, fits what you would expect to see if big bang occurred -Shows early universe not uniform, required for gravity to cause galaxies to form (matter can’t be evenly distributed) |
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What are the 4 spheres of the Earth? |
- Atmosphere (air, mostly nitrogen, then oxygen) - Hydrosphere (water on/above crust -- mostly in oceans; ice and snow, groundwater, water vapor) - Lithosphere (earth's crust - rocks, minerals, mountains, ocean floor) - Biosphere: anywhere harbors life |
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What are biomes? |
a large geographical region that has several ecosystems, contains same biotic and abiotic factors
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Boreal Forest |
Abiotic: warmer than tundra (no permafrost), soil acidic Biotic: coniferous trees, seed eating birds, snowshoe hares, black bears, grey wolves |
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Temperate Deciduous Forest |
Abiotic: warmer boreal forest and tundra, long growing season, lots of precip, fertile soil Biotic: deciduous trees, squirrels, weasels, mice, deer, black bears |
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Tundra
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Abiotic: cold most year, permafrost, short growing season, low precip Biotic: short growing season, mosses, lichens, caribou, polar bears |
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Grassland |
Abiotic: long growing season, rich fertile soil, warmer than boreal forest and tundra Biotic: grasses, grasshoppers, snakes, hawks, bison, coyote |
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Mountain Forest |
Abiotic: rain on leeward side, temp varies with altitude, cool summers and warm winters, windy Biotic: large coniferous trees, black bears, elk, squirrels |
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Oligotrophic |
Deep clear lakes, low nutrients, low biodiversity
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Eutrophic |
Shallow marshes and ponds, lots of nutrients, murky, high biodiversity |
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What is a watershed? |
An area of land where water flows through to reach a river or lake |
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Coral reefs |
in warm shallow water, high biodiversity |
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Mangroves |
tropical shorelines, tree roots grow down into water, protects shoreline from erosion |
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What are estuaries? |
Where freshwater and saltwater meet Gulf of St. Lawrence biggest in the world |
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What is photosynthesis? |
Carbon dioxide + water + light --> glucose and oxygen |
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What is cellular respiration? |
- used to release energy in glucose Glucose + oxygen --> water + carbon dioxide + energy |
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How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration complementary processes? |
The product of one process is needed by the other |
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Give an example of a food chain |
Grass - grasshopper - spider - sparrow - hawk |
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What is a niche? State them |
Niche is the role an organism plays Carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, scavenger, detritivore, producer |
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What are autotrophs? Heterotrophs? |
Autotrophs make their own food, heterotrophs eat other things to obtain food |
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What is natality rate? What factors affect it? |
- births per year - number of babies conceived, how long pregnancy, how often can conceive, frequency of child birth |
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What is death rate? What factors affect it? |
- deaths per year - habitat loss, no food, disease, climate, weather, predators |
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What is competition? |
When two organisms compete for resources |
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What is predation? |
When one animal eats another (one predator, other prey) |
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What is mutualism? |
when both organisms benefit (eg. E. Coli in our intestines) |
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What is parastism? |
When one organisms lives in/on another (and depends on it). Harms the other organism, only one benefits Eg. mosquitoes, tapeworms |
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What is commensalism? |
When one organism uses another but the other neither benefits or is harmed Eg. whales and barnacles |
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What is tolerance range? |
range which organisms can comfortably live in |
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What is carrying capacity? |
the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can support |
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Water, carbon and nitrogen |
Water is used by all organisms Carbon - main atoms makes up all compounds in all living things Nitrogen- atom essential for proteins and enzymes essential for structure and function of living things |
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Carbon Cycle |
- removed from atmosphere by plants (turn CO2 into glucose, eaten by consumers - carbon recycled) - enter through cellular respiration, combustion, volcanic erruptions, decay of living tissue - can be stored as sediment and fossil fuels |
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What are human impacts on the carbon cycle? Consequences? |
- deforestation (less CO2 being removed from air) - combustion (releases more into air) Consequences: global warming -- ice caps melt (releases trapped air bubbles that contain CO2), CO2 ocean bubbles into air quicker, more forest fires |
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Water Cycle |
- enters air through : evaporation, transpiration, sublimation - once in air, condenses clouds, becomes too heavy, falls as precip - once water reaches ground it can collect and flow in rivers through watersheds, ponds, lakes and oceans receive water, freeze to form permafrost, percolate through soil (flow beneath ground as groundwater) |
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What are human impacts on water cycle? |
- increasing temp = more water becoming water vapor = more precip + more intense and frequent storms - since water flows through watershed and percolates through soil, compounds in soil carried with it (pesticides and fertilizers often poisonous - carried away, damage food webs) |
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Nitrogen Cycle |
- converted to diff forms in soil - ammonium ions (nitrogen fixing bacteria - some found roots) - ammonium converted nitrate and nitrite (assimilated into plant tissue - proteins) - plant proteins cycle through food web - organisms decay and detritivores turn nitrogen in proteins back to nitrogen -also enters through lightning and acid, removed by leeching and denitrifying bacteria |
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What are human impacts on nitrogen cycle? |
- deforestation - exposes soil to more leeching, prevents dead plants from decaying and returning nitrogen into soil - acid rain-- form nitric acid when dissolved in clouds, damage ecosystems (change acidity -- out of tolerance range) |
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What are causes of extinction? |
Habitat loss, invasive species, competition, extinction level events (meteors, volcanic eruptions) |
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How have humans increased extinction rate? |
- urbanization - separate species from mating ground and food sources - hunting -- drastically decreases pop - invasive species- species normally not where exist - changes balance (no natural predators, eating other food sources) |
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How can we control invasive species? |
- chemical control (use pesticides kill, but can damage other species) - mechanical control (removing individual animals or creating barriers, hunting competitions) - biological control - introduce natural predator |
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What is bioaccumulation |
- increasing amount of pesticides in body (dissolved in fat- accumulates) - most substances dont -- usually processed and removed |
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What is bioamplification? |
- concentration of stored toxins increase as move up food web |
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What are the three classifications of animals at risk? |
- extripated : extinct certain areas, exist somewhere else - endangered: in immediate danger of becoming extinct - threatened- likely become endangered if factors affecting it dont change |
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What is biodiversity? |
number of different types of species in an ecosystem |
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Why is biodiversity good? |
provides protection against disease, natural disasters, lack of food |
