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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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state
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nation-state: criteria- territory, population, sovereignty, government. country with defined territory and authority to make and enforce the law
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government
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institutions, people, and process by which a nation state or political unit and its public policy created and administered
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sovereignty
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the authority of a state's right to rule itself
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force theory
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government's were formed as a result of one group's conquest of another. alll about dominating
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evolutionary theory
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government as an extension of families relationships. Families organized under a system that gave parents authority over children
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divine right theory
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inherit power from God. Defiance of the ruler represents a sin agaisnt the Church.
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Social Contract Theory
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humans developed government and named rulers to establish order in the chaotic natural world. Cooperate with each other, follow set of rules, all made by the people
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socialistic government
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those who have control over the economy, control the goverment
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unitary government
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a form of government in which all of the powers of the government are held by a single unit of agency
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parliamentary government
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form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by and responsible for the legislature.
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presidential government
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form of government in which the legislative and executive branches are separate and function independently
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Harrington
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helped write the social contract theory in response to the Divine Right theory.
17& 18th century philosopher |
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Hobbes
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helped write the social contract theory in response to the Divine Right theory.
17& 18th century philosopher. shaped balances between liberty, order, and interpretation of equality, democracy, and justice. |
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Rousseau
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helped write the social contract theory in response to the Divine Right theory.
17& 18th century philosopher |
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Locke
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wrote the social contract theory, in response to the divine right theory. influenced Jefferson when writing Revelation. Enlightenment philosopher
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federal government
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form of govt in which governmental powers are divided between a central authority and a number of regional political subdivisions
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mixed economy
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form of govt where the state is governed by the majority of the people
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laissez-faire
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economic theory that opposes governmental interference in big business; literally means "leave it alone"
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dictatorship
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form of govt in which an absolute ruler controls te power often through fear or force and ignores the will of the people
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authoritarian
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person who behaves in a tyrannical matter. citizens have little influence
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republican
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a member of a Republican Party in favor of a government headed by a President that citizen's elect.
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anarchist
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person who advocates the abolition of government and a social system based on voluntary cooperation
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capitalism
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economic system characterized by open competition in a free market and based on private ownership
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socialism
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economic system that advocates government ownership of the means of production
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free enterprise
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the freedom of private businesses to compete for profit with little government regulation
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Adam Smith
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wrote the wealth of nation's (explained the free enterprise theory... talked about the "invisible hand")- based on enlighted self interest and laissez-faire
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Karl Marx
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invented Marxism; argued those who hold control economy have real power in a society and government is a tool for the rich
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Colbert
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made France better with mercantilism
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mercantilism
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economic system to increase a nation's wealth by govt regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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triangular trade
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trade between three ports or regions
1. government agencies 2. interest groups 3. congressional committees =iron triangle |
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popular sovereignty
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fundamental principle that the power to govern belongs to the people and that govt must be based on the consent of the governed
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nationalization
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process by which a person becomes a citizen
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confederation
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political system in which a weak central govt has limited authority and states have ultimate power
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confederacy
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union or combination of states (southern states that suceded from the US in1861)
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executive branch
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branch of the US govt that is responsible for carrying out the laws
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parliamentary goverment
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form of govt in which the executive leaders are chosen by and responsible for legislature
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parliament
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english govt
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House of Lords
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upper house of parliament in the UK, made up of members of nobility and high ranking clergy
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House of Commons
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lower house of Parliament in the UK and Canada
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bureaucracy
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large complex group of people and agencies whose purpose is to manage govt and implement policy
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compromise
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settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions
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Bill of Rights
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first 10 amendments to the Constitution of the US
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separation of powers
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division of govt's executive, legislative, and judicial powers into three branches
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Constitutional Convention of 1787
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gathering of 55 delegates representing all states except Rhode Island to produce the Constitution
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1st Continental Congress
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55 delegates from 12 colonies, except Georgia, in Philadelphia in 1774, resolved to send the Declaration of Rights to King George representing Britain's actions
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Intolerable Acts
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series of additional laws in 1774 when English govt reacted to the Boston Tea Party, reflecting growing resentment toward Britain's regulations
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Olive Branch Petition
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adopted by the continental congress in an attempt to avoid war with england. affirmed american loyalty to england and entreated king to prevent conflict
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Declaration of Independence
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written by Jefferson; one of the most famous American documents ever written. item by item list of complaints agaisnt the British govt
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Albany Plan of Union
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Plan by plan British North American colonies under a more central govt, first important plan to conceive colonies as a whole under one govt
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New England Confederation
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"The United Colonies of NE" were representatives from Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven; coordination of defense and settlement of bounding disputes.
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proprietary colonies
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directly controlled by proprietor, not king. proprietors appoint governors, royal councils, and judges
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royal colonies
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subject to direct control of monarchy, governors and royal councils are appointed by king
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charter colonies
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great deal of independence- almost self-governing. governor councils, and upper/lower house are elected by property owning colonists, legislature appoints judges
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unicameral
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having or consisting of ONE legislative chamber or house
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bicameral
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having or consisting of TWO legislative chambers or houses
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Shay's Rebellion
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led by Daniel Shay- small farmers were angered by crushing debt and taxes
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Bacon's Rebellion
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(Virginia Rebellion) led by Nathaniel Bacon- protest agaisnt governor of Jamestown
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boycott
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method of expressing protest in which people are urged to not use or buy good or services or deal with certain people or companies
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Committee of Correspondence
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led by local govt of American colonies for the purpose of the coordinating written communication outside of the colony
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The Federalist
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James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay's published articles explaining the intent of their founders
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Federalists
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supporters of a strong federal government, as described in Constitution
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Anti-Federalists
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opposed to the adoption of the Constitution
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Magna Carta
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written in 1215; signed by king john; protected nobles from carbitrary acts by king, guaranteed rights, forbade king from taking life, liberty, or property without good reason
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constitution
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plan, often written that details the rules, functions. and principles of a govt
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compact
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agreement
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Shay's Rebellion
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led by Daniel Shay- small farmers were angered by crushing debt and taxes
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Bacon's Rebellion
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(Virginia Rebellion) led by Nathaniel Bacon- protest agaisnt governor of Jamestown
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boycott
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method of expressing protest in which people are urged to not use or buy good or services or deal with certain people or companies
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Committee of Correspondence
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led by local govt of American colonies for the purpose of the coordinating written communication outside of the colony
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The Federalist
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James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay's published articles explaining the intent of their founders
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Federalists
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supporters of a strong federal government, as described in Constitution
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Anti-Federalists
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opposed to the adoption of the Constitution
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Magna Carta
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written in 1215; signed by king john; protected nobles from carbitrary acts by king, guaranteed rights, forbade king from taking life, liberty, or property without good reason
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constitution
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plan, often written that details the rules, functions. and principles of a govt
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compact
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agreement
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Virginia Plan
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Drafted by James Madison, and presented by Edmund Randolph to the Constitutional Convention on May 29, 1787, the Virginia Plan proposed a strong central government composed of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
pro bicameral |
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covenant
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signed agreement between two or more nations to perform a specific action
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Connecticut Compromise
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(Great Compromise) combined New Jersey and Virgnia Plan =legislature will be bicameral; Members in The House of Representatives or the lower house will be appointed among the states according to population and they will be elected by the people. In the upper house or the Senate, all states will have an equal number of representatives, which will be chosen by the state legislatures.
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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addressed whether or not slaves should be counted in the population in southern states;
each black= 3/5 a person |
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Missouri Compromise
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prohibited slavery in former Lousiana territory (north of the 36 30 parallel) except in Missouri
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New Jersey Plan
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unicameral; one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body
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judicial review
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power of the courts to establish the constitutionality of national, state, or local acts of govt
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Supreme Court
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highest federal court in the US; has the final appellate jurisdiction and jurisdiction over all other lower courts in the nation
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Legislative Branch
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responsible for making laws
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Judicial Branch
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responsible for interpreting laws
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Executive Branch
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responsible for executing laws
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veto
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power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act or bill
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override
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taken out
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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Congress established a variety of lower courts, compelled Madison to turnover documents
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Marbury v Madison
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Madison refused to give Marbury his commission. Marbury asked Supreme Court to force Madison to turnover documents with Judiciary Act of 1789.
outcome was the judicial review |
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prohibition
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period in the 1920-30s when the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors was banned by the 18th amendment
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poll tax
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a fee, now unconstitutional, required of voters; designed to discourage black voters
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tenure
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the act, fact, or condition of holding something in one's position, as an office
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continuous body
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senators term is 6 years; elections are spread apart in having elections every two years
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franking privilege
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gives representatives and senators free postal service
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reapportionment
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periodic redistribution of US congressional sears according to changes in census figures
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gerrymandering
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process of dividing voting districts to give an unfair advantage to one candidate, person, or group
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censure
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official expression of blame or disapproval
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gag rule
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rule that limits or forebids the discussion of a topic
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staggered terms
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scheduling of terms so that all members are not selected at the same time
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cloture
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decision of the 3/5 of the senate to limit or end debate on an issue and call for a vote
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Speaker of the House
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presiding official of the House of Representatives, selected from the membership; speaker is always the leader of the majority party
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president pro tempore
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member of the US senate chosen as a leader in absence of the VP
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majority leader
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legislative leader of party holding the majority of seats in the house of reps or senate, second to the speaker of the house
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minority whip
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senator or rep who works with party leaders to communicate views, solicit support before votes are taken, and keep track of likely voting outcome
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joint committee
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legislative committee made up of members of both houses of congress
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standing committee
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permanent committee that evaluates bills and either kills them or passes them along for furthur debate.
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temporary committee
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conference committee; temporary house- senate committee whose goal is to find an acceptable compromise or conflicting versions of a bill
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filibuster
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tactic often a lengthy speech or debate, designed to delay the Senate's vote on a bill
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petition
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formal written document requesting a right or benefit from a person or group in authority
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President of the Senate
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VP of the US
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electors
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members of the electorial college
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presidential primary
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first step in electing a president
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convention system
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process by electing candidates
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direct primary
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nomination of electing which party members vote to choose party's candidate
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Attorney General
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Department head of secretary of Department of Justice
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Solicitor General
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represents government of the US before the Supreme Court
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Secretary of State
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responsible for the foreign policy in the united states
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the cabinet
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group of persons, heading 14 departments, appointed by the president to serve as official advisors and help establish policy
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CIA
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Central Intelligence Agency
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FBI
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Federal Bureau of Investigation
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power of appointment
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appoints officials, approved by Senate, chief justices can only be impeached
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Advice and consent
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power of the US senate to be consulted on and approve treaties signed and appointments made by the president to public positions
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approval
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acceptance
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senatorial courtesy
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practice in which a presidential nomination is submitted initally to the senators from the nominee's state
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executive agreements
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presidential agreement, not requiring senate's approval, with another head of state
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pardon
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exemption of a convicted person from the penalties of a crime or offense
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reprieve
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post ponement or setting aside of punishment
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amnesty
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government's general pardon given to people who broke the law
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Chief Justice
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presiding over sessions and conferences. writes major opinion. highest ranking justice, supervises general administration of court
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associate justices
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members of supreme court other than chief justice
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writ of certiorari
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"made more certain." an order from a higher court requiring a lower court to send the record of a case for review
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writ of mandamus
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"we command." court order that commands a govt official to take a particular action
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plaintiff
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person involved in a lawsuit
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jurisdiction
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right to interpret and apply the law; a court's range of authority
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original jurisdiction
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court's authority to hear and decide a case for the first time
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appellate jurisdiction
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court's authority to hear cases on appeal
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concurrent jurisdiction
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authority to hear cases shared by federal and state courts
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exclusive jurisdiction
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authority of the federal courts alone to hear and rule in certain cases
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majority opinion
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view of the supreme court justices who agree with a particular ruling
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dissenting opinion
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supreme court opinion by one or more justices inthe minority who oppose the ruling
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concurrent opinion
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supreme court opinion by one or more justices who agree with the majority's conclusion but wish to offer different reasons
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segregation
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policy or practice of separating racial and ethnic groups in schools
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desegregation
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process of ending racial segregation
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caste system
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systems of social restriction enforced by law or common practice, based on race, status, or ethnicity
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"Jim Crow" laws
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state and local laws that discriminate agaisnt African Americans and supported segregation
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line of succession
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the order in which individuals are expected to succeed one another in some official position
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the 1st ten amendments
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bill of rights
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Dred Scott V. Sanford
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14th amendment. scott was a slave in Missouri. Brought to the slave states. sued for his freedom. Scott won but the court held cause the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
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jus soli
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"right of soil/territory"- right by which a citizenship can be recognized to any individual born in the territory of the related state.
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jus sanguinis
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"right of blood"- right by which citizenship can be recognized by any individual born to a parent who is a citizen of that state
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Plessy V Ferguson
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created the separate but equal doctrine and Jim Crow laws. Plessy represented the Citizen's Committee and sat on the white only part of the bus. claimed it violated the 13&14th amendments
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Schenk V United States
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sent 1500 leaflets to ignore draft notices, 1st amendment (free speech) would protect him but "clear and present danger doctrine" cannot be protected by the 1st amendment
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clear but present danger doctrine
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to test if the limitations may be placed on first amendment free speech rights
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Schechter Poultry Corp. V United States
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sold sick chicken, invalidated commerce clause
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Brown V Board of Education
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changed interpretation of 14th amendment (equal protection of the laws for all citizens); segregated schools= unconstitutional.
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Gideon V Wainwright
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6th amendment: have assistance of counsel for his defense. arrested for breaking into pool hall but judge denied his right to attorney
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Reynolds V Sims
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held that one person, 1 vote apply to apportionment of born houses of state legislature
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Miranda V Arizona
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declared that if accused persons have not been informed of right to remain silent. it may not be used as evidence
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Heart of Atlanta Motel V United States
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justices reasoned that public motel service interstate travelers commerce should be involved: Civil Rights Act
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United States V Richard Nixon
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Nixon claimed executive privilege and would not hand over tapes to the authories during Watergate Scandal. Nixon resigns. Gerald Ford gives him a full pardon.
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suffrage
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right or privilege to vote
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universal suffrage
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extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, intelligence, status, or beliefs
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disfranchise
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revocation of the right to vote to a certain person or group of people
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Bill of Attainder
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act of legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of a crime and punishing them without a trial
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civil law
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type of law dealing with the rights and relationships of private citizens
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criminal law
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type of law dealing with crimes and providing for their punishment
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executive privilege
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president's right to withhold information from or refuse to testify before Congress or the courts.
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