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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6-1 Hin and Her |
-Wohin fährst du? Oder Wo fährst du hin? Where are you going? -Woher kommen Sie? Oder Wo kommen Sie her? Where are you going? -Komm mal schnell herunter! Come on down here quickly! -Leon ist hingefallen. Leon fell down. The adverbs hin and her are used to show direction. Hin indicates motion in a direction away from the speaker, and her shows motion toward the speaker. Hin and her occupy last position in a sentence. They may also be combined with various parts of speech such as adverbs (dorthin), prepositions (herunter), and verbs (hinfallen). |
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6-2 Two Way Prepositions |
Theresa arbeitet in der Stadt. Theresa works in town. Alex fährt in die Stadt. Alex is going to town. German has nine prepositions, called two-way prepositions, that take either the dative or the accusative case. The dative case is used when the verb indicates position (place where), answering the question wo? (where?). The accusative case is used when the verb indicates a change of location (movement to a place), answering the question wohin? (where to?). Note the general differences in uses of an, auf, and in to express English to: an = to for vertical surfaces and edges (e.g., Tür) auf = to for public buildings (e.g., Post) and social events (e.g., Party) in = to for locations one can enter (e.g., Kino) |
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6-3 Contractions of two-way prepositions |
The prepositions an and in may contract with das and dem; auf may contract with das. Other possible contractions are: hinters, hinterm, übers, unters, unterm, vors, and vorm. While contractions are generally optional, they are required: 1. in idiomatic phrases such as: am Leben sein ans Telefon gehen aufs Land fahren im Kino / Theater sein ins Kino / Theater gehen 2. for days of the week, times of day, dates, months, seasons, and holidays: am Mittwoch am Morgen am 5. Juli im Juli im Sommer am Valentinstag am Muttertag am Neujahrstag |
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The verbs legen/liegen, setzen/sitzen, stellen/stehen, hängen, stecken |
-Nele legt das Buch auf den Tisch. Das Buch liegt jetzt auf dem Tisch. -Greta setzt das Kind auf den Stuhl. Das Kind sitzt jetzt auf dem Stuhl. -Paul stellt die Lampe in die Ecke. Die Lampe steht jetzt in der Ecke. -Julian hängt die Uhr an die Wand. Die Uhr hängt jetzt an der Wand. -Katharina steckt das Geld in die Tasche. Ihr Geld steckt in der Tasche.In English the all-purpose verb for movement to a position is to put: *Nele puts the book on the table. The all-purpose verb for the resulting positions is to be: *The book is on the table. German uses several verbs to express the meanings put and be. 1. To express put, German uses: legen (legte, gelegt) to laystellen (stellte, gestellt) to stand upright setzen (setzte, gesetzt) to sethängen (hängte, gehängt) to hang stecken (steckte, gesteckt) to stickThese verbs all take direct objects and are weak. With these verbs the case after the two-way preposition is accusative: Nele legt das Buch auf den Tisch.2. To express be as an indicator of position, German uses: liegen (lag, gelegen) to be lyingstehen (stand, gestanden) to be standing sitzen (saß, gesessen) to be sittinghängen (hing, gehangen) to be hanging stecken (steckte, gesteckt) to be insertedThese verbs do not take direct objects and, except for stecken, are strong. With these verbs the case after the two-way preposition is dative: Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch. |
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6-5 Verb and preposition combinations |
Many verbs in both German and English are combined with prepositions to express certain idiomatic meanings, e.g., warten + auf (wait + for). Each combi- nation should be learned as a unit, because it cannot be predicted which preposi- tion is used with a particular verb to convey a particular meaning. • The accusative and dative prepositions take the accusative and dativecases, respectively. • The case of the noun following two-way prepositions must be learned.• A few combinations are given below.
antworten auf (+ acc.) Antworte bitte auf meine Frage. arbeiten an (+ dat.) Tim arbeitet schon lange an seinem Paper. denken an (+ acc.) Pia denkt oft an ihren Freund Tim. erzählen von (+ dat.) Tim hat ihr von seiner Arbeit erzählt. lachen über (+ acc.) Wir sollen nicht über seine Probleme lachen. schreiben an (+ acc.) Pia schreibt eine E-Mail an Tim. warten auf (+ acc.) Tim musste auf diese Mail lange warten. sich freuen auf (+ acc.) Tim freut sich auf Pias Besuch. |
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6-6 Time expressions with the dative case |
Am Tag - during the day Am Montag - on Monday Am Abend - in the evenin In der Nacht - at night In einem Monat - in a month In ein paar Minuten - in a few minutes heute in einer Woche - a week ago today Vor einer Woche - a week ago Vor dem Essen - before dinner |
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6-7 Da- compounds |
-Spricht Ben oft von seinem Chef? Ja, er spricht oft von ihm. -Spricht er oft von seiner Arbeit? Ja, er spricht oft davon. -Freut er sich auf die Ferien? Ja, er freut sich darauf. In German, pronouns used after prepositions normally refer only to persons (e.g., von ihm). To refer to things and ideas, a da-compound consisting of da plus a preposition is generally used (e.g., davon). Da- expands to dar- when the preposition begins with a vowel: darauf, darin, darüber. |
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6-8 Wo Compounds |
Von wem spricht Mia? Mia spricht von ihrem Chef. Wovon spricht sie? Sie spricht von ihrer Arbeit. Worauf freut sie sich? Sie freut sich auf die Ferien. The interrogative pronouns wen and wem are used with a preposition to refer only to persons (e.g., von wem). The interrogative pronoun was refers to things and ideas. As an object of a preposition, was is generally replaced by a wo- compound consisting of wo plus a preposition (e.g., wovon). Wo- expands to wor- when the preposition begins with a vowel: worauf, worin, worüber. Seit wann arbeitet Daniel bei Siemens? Er arbeitet seit März bei Siemens. Wo-compounds are not used to inquire about time (e.g., seit März). To inquire about time seit wann, wie lange, or wann is used. |
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6-9 Forms of the Genitive Case |
The masculine and neuter forms end in -[e]s in the genitive, and feminine and plural forms in [e]r. |
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6-10 nouns in the genitive |
Masculine and neuter nouns of one syllable generally add -es in the genitive; masculine and neuter nouns of two or more syllables add -s. Feminine and plural nouns do not add a genitive ending. Note that in colloquial German the -s ending is often used in place of -es for one syllable nouns, e.g., der Name des Manns/des Mannes. |
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6-11 masculine N-nouns in the genitive |
Masculine N-nouns that add -n or -en in the accusative and dative singular also add -n or -en in the genitive. A few masculine nouns add -ns: der Name > des Namens, der Gedanke > des Gedankens, der Glaube > des Glaubens. |
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6-12 proper names in the genitive |
Ist das Luisas Schreibtisch? Nein, das ist Nils’ Arbeitsplatz. Und da drüben steht Moritz’ Computer. The genitive of proper names is formed by adding -s. In writing, no apostrophe is used. However if the name already ends in an s-sound (-s, -ss, -ß, -z, -tz), no -s is added and an apostrophe is used. Names ending in a sibilant are often replaced by a phrase with von, e.g., der Arbeitsplatz von Nils. |
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6-13 the interrogative pronoun wesson |
Wessen Rucksack ist das? Whose backpack is that? Wessen Jacke trägst du? Whose jacket are you wearing? Wessen is the genitive form of the interrogative wer; it is equivalent to whose. |
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6-14 uses of the genitive case |
Possession and other relationships: Die Firma meines Großvaters ist über 100 Jahre alt. Der Sitz der Firma ist in München. Object of prepositions: Wegen eines guten Produkts sind die Verkaufszahlen gut. Indefinite time expressions: Eines Tages werde ich die Chefin sein. The genitive case is used to show possession and other close relationships. It is also used for objects of certain prepositions and for expressions of indefinite time. |
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6-15 possession and other close relationships |
das Handy des Verkäufers - the salesperson’s cell phone die Marke des Handys - the make of the cell phone English shows possession or other close relationships by adding ’s to a noun or by using a phrase with of. English generally uses the ’s-form only for persons. For things and ideas, English uses an of-construction. German uses the genitive case to show possession or other close relationships. The genitive is used for things and ideas as well as for persons. The genitive expression generally follows the noun it modifies. Lauras iPod - Laura’s iPod Tobias’ Freund - Tobias’s friend Herrn Schneiders iPad Mr. Schneider’s iPad Proper names in the genitive generally precede the nouns they modify. Katharina ist die Freundin meines Bruders. Katharina is my brother’s girlfriend. Possessive adjectives take the case of the noun they modify. Even though a possessive adjective already shows possession (mein = my), it must itself be in the genitive case when the noun it goes with is in the genitive (meines Bruders = of my brother). |
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6-16 prepositions with the genitive case |
The prepositions (an)statt, trotz, während, and wegen are the most commonly used prepositions that are followed by the genitive case. Statt is the shortened form of anstatt and is less formal than anstatt . Statt Kaffee möchte ich gern Tee trinken. I’d like coffee instead of tea. When a genitive preposition is followed by a masculine or neuter noun without an article, the -s of the genitive is dropped (e.g., Kaffee not Kaffees). Special forms of the possessive pronoun are combined with wegen: mei- netwegen,deinetwegen, seinetwegen, unsertwegen/unseretwegen, euertwe- gen/euretwegen, ihretwegen, Ihretwegen. Examples of uses and translations are: 1. for my sake, because of me Er macht das nur meinetwegen. He’s doing that only for my sake. 2. as far as I’m concerned Meinetwegen kannst du es haben. As far as I’m concerned you can have it. Some other genitive prepositions you should recognize are: außerhalb- outside of innerhalb - inside of oberhalb - above unterhalb - under diesseits - on this side of jenseits - on that side of |
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6-17 expressions of indefinite time |
Eines Tages (Abends, Nachts) beschloss ich einen neuen Job zu suchen. One day (evening, night) I decided to look for a new job. Letzten Endes blieb ich aber doch bei meiner Firma. In the end, however, I stayed at my company. Indefinite time is in the genitive (e.g., eines Tages). Remember that definite time is expressed by the accusative Gehst du jeden Tag spazieren? Note that even though Nacht is feminine, it is eines Nachts by analogy with eines Tages and eines Abends. |
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6-18 special expressions |
-herr olsen: Ich fahre immer erster Klasse. Zweiter Klasse fahren ist mir zu unbequem. I always travel in first class. I find traveling in second class too uncomfortable. -frau zelle: Ja, da bin ich ganz Ihrer Meinung. Yes, I agree totally (I am of your opinion). -frau kolb: Nein, ich bin anderer Meinung. No, I don’t agree (I am of another opinion). The genitive is also used in a number of idiomatic expressions. |
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6-19 dative as substitute for the genitive |
a. Possession In spoken German the genitive of possession is frequently replaced by von + dative. die Ideen von Studenten die Mutter von vier Jungen Von + dative is regularly used if the noun of possession is not preceded by a word that shows genitive case (i.e., definite article, der-word, etc.). ein Freund von Thomas The genitive of proper names ending in a sibilant is often replaced by von + the name, e.g., ein Freund von Thomas instead of Thomas’ Freund. ein Freund von mir ein Freund von dir Von + dative is also used in phrases similar to the English of mine, of yours, etc. b. Prepositions Dative - wegen dem Wetter Genitive- wegen des Wetters Dative - trotz dem Regen Genitive - trotz des Regens In colloquial language many people use the prepositions statt, trotz, wegen, and sometimes während with the dative. trotz ihm wegen dir In colloquial language dative pronouns are frequently used with the prepositions: statt ihr, trotz ihm, wegen mir (compare meinetwegen). |
