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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Population distribution categories
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1. East Asia
2. Europe 3. South Asia 4. Eastern North America |
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Big Bag
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an explanation of the origin of the universe
happened 13.75 billion years ago all matter squished into a point |
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Red shift
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Doppler effect-- moving away from each other
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Fusion
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combining elements under high pressure and temperature
Gives off huge amounts of heat Our sun can fuse iron |
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Nova
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an exploding star where heavy elements are created
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origin of our solar system
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rotating nebula-cloud of gas and dust
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impact energy
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An energy source. meteorite (bolide) gravity. Earth has an atmosphere and weather as well as having less meteorite collisions, so earth has less bolide impact structures that the moon
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Gravitational energy
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An energy source. gravity is the attraction between solid bodies. Responsible for land slides and avalanches
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Gravitational energy formula
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G= mass of body 1 x mass of body 2
divided by (distance between bodies)squared |
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Radioactive decay
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An Energy Source. the spontaneous destruction of unstable atoms
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alpha particles
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type of radioactive decay. Two protons and two neutrons. Not very energetic. Protect yourself by clothing, barely penetrate skin! Danger-- inahle
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Beta Particles
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type of radioactive decay. High energy electrons. Suit of aluminum foil will protect
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Gamma Rays
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type of radioactive decay. Pure electromagnetic radiation. Can't shield yourself; very bad.
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Sun
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Energy source. fusion of hydrogen releases enormous amounts of energy
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Radioactive decay produces...
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earthquakes and volcanoes
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weather related natural disasters caused by
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sun energy
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Mineral
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Tend to be shinny and symmetrical; naturally occurring inorganic solid whose composition can be expressed through a chemical formula.
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Crystalline
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orderly and repetitive atomic arrangement found in minerals
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amorphous
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random structure not found in minerals
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is glass a mineral?
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no-atoms arranged in random pattern
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is wood a mineral?
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no--organic compounds
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is mercury a mineral?
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No--- liquid
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Is ice a mineral?
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yes-naturally occurring, solid, atoms arranged order, H2O
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Atoms
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the smallest particle that retain the character of an element
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proton number
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defines the element
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state of matter
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controlled by temperature and pressure and controls the arrangement of the atoms (gas, liquid, solid)
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what is always high pressure?
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diamond
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Crystal form
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property of minerals. Arrangment of flat growth faces
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Cleavage
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property of minerals. Flat faces that occur when the mineral is broken
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Hardness
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property of minerals. A minerals resistance to scratching
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Moh's Scaled hardness order
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Talc
Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond |
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Color
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Property of minerals. Caused by tiny impurities. Worst property to identify minerals with
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Streak
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Color of finely powdered mineral.
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Luster
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property of minerals. the way light reflects off a mineral
either metallic or glassy. |
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Origin of minerals
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atoms bond together to form a crystalline structure.
Grow from either a magmatic environment or aqueous environment. |
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Magmatic environment
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volcanos and magma cools and forms minerals
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aqueous environment
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water, water cools of calcium and makes minerals
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orthoclase
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(k-feldspar) Most common mineral in earths crust. Almost always pink. EnchantedRock and Texas Capital.
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KAISi3O8
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Orthoclase
Hardness of 6 2 cleavages Pink |
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SiO2
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Quartz
hardness 7 glassy no cleavage many colors 6 sided crystals |
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KAl(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
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Muscovite
aka Mica Hardness 2 1 perfect cleavage light color mineral we got in class |
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(MG, Fe) SiO4
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most common mineral in earth
Olivine green color glassy luster hardness 7 associated with diamonds |
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CaCO3
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Calcite
hardness 3 3 cleavages fizzes in weak acid--white stuff on shower head Most common mineral in waco |
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NaCL
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Halite
grows in water environments hardness 2.5 forms cubes tree cleavages at right angles salty taste |
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gems
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minerals which by cutting and polishing posses sufficient beauty to be used in jewelry. Typically rare and durable.
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How many gems are known
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of 3500 minerals, only 15 are considered minerals
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Diamond
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gem/mineral. South Africa is largest producer.
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Corundum
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Gem/mineral. Rubies and Sapphires. Hardness 9
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Turquoise
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gem/mineral. found in volcanic rocks. hardness of 6. rounded and very soft
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Quartz
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gem/mineral. Many varieties and colors. Amethyst is one.
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Rocks
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a lump or mass of consolidated mineral matter
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igneous rock
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rocks formed by the solidification of magma in a volcano
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magma
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melted rock capable of penetrating through other rocks
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basaltic magma
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flows easily. no explosive eruptions (hawaii)
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granitic magma
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viscous. Explosive. Doesn't flow. Clog up neck of volcanoes. Mt. St. Helens
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metamorphic
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rocks that form in the solid state in response to changes in temperature and pressure
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sedimentary
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rocks composed of fragments of preexisting rocks. Where oil and water is found.
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classifications of igneous rocks based on
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composition and texture
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aphanitic
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fine grained, extrusive, quick cooling. can't see crystals
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phaneritic
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course grained, intrusive, magma cooled slowly
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origin of magma
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30 to 120 miles below the earths surface
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batholith
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huge mass of parsley crystalline igneous rocks
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tephra
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any solid material thrown into the air by a volcano
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bomb
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large clast with tephra. tend to get smooth as they fly
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ash
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small particles of tephra
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pyroclastic flow
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a hot suspension of ash and gases that flows rapidly from a volcano. holy glowing gaseous body of tephra
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shield volcano
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braod, shield shaped, gently sloping sides, huge none explosive eruptions
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cinder cone
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steep sides, small
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date mt st helens erupted
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may 18 1980
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sediment
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material that has been transported by a current
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sedimentary process
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1. weathering
2. transportation via water, glaciers and wind 3. deposition- occurs in a standing boyd of water 4. cementation |
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detrital
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sediment. made up of broken particles of pre existing rocks and minerlas
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chemical
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sediment rocks precipitated from solution
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fossils
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the remains of living things
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beds
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layers of sedimentary rock
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ripple marks
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current moving over sediment
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mud cracks
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tell us that land was eposed
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cross beds
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inclined layers within beds. Form as ripples or dunes migrate. Wind.
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sedimentary rocks have porosity
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empty space that can be occupied by a fluid
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parent rock
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recrystallizes, changing shape and oreintation of crystals
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foliation
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planar feature. caused by parallel alignment of platy minerals or banding
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slate
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fine grained. excellent foliation. breaks along parallel planes. low grade. parent rock is shale
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schist
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coarse grained. higher temperature and pressure. parallel alingment. parent rock is slate
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gneiss
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course grained banded rock. high grade. parent rock is schist
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quartzite
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non foliated metamorphosed sandstone
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marble
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non foliated metamorphosed limestone
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Natural Disasters
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combination of natural phenomena and humans
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Relative age
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placing events in their proper chronological order
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Uniformitarianism
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the present is key to the past. Principle of relative time.
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original horizontality
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sed rocks and lava flows are deposited parallel to the Earth's surface. Principle of relative time.
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Stratigraphic superposition
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younger rocks overlap older rock layers. Principle of relative time.
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Cross cutting relationships
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anything that cuts something else is younger. Principle of relative time.
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Stratigraphy
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the study of stratified rocks. Relies on all the principles. Goal is correlation.
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Unconformity
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the bane of stratigraphers. Gaps in time in the stratigraphic record. When sedimentation is interrupted.
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The great unconformity
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the gap in the rock record between Cambrian Times (550 mya) and pre cambrian (anything earlier)
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Faunal Succession
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The observed changes in life forms occur in a definite and recognizable order through time. Principle of relative time.
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Relative Time Scale
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the process of correlation has allowed us to place all the worlds rocks into a relative time scale.
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Precambrian
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Low diversity of life. No hard parts. First single celled organisms, simple plants, and invertebrate animals.
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Paleozoic
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explosion of life. Huge amount of diversity developed.
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Mesozoic
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age of giant reptiles
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Kaibab formation
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sandy limestone--permian age
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Coconino Formation
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white sandstone cliffs-old sand dunes separated from the kaibab by the layer covered in trees
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Redwall formation
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mississippian age--abundant marine fossils
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Absolute Time
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putting numbers on rocks. Estimates the earths age
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Salinity of the oceans
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principle of absolute time. Assumes the oceans were fresh Na and Cl brought in by rivers. Age calculated to be 90 mill years ago
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Heat loss
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Lord Kelvin in 1897...24 to 30 million years ago. If the earth was originally molten, how long would it take to reach todays temperature?
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Thickness of sedimentary rocks
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1910--1.6 billion years old. Total thickness/sedimentation rate.
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Radioactive decay
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spontaneous destruction of atoms. Radiometric dating. Parent atom decays to stable daughter.
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Half life
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the amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the original parent atoms to decay to the daughter.
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Precambrian time scale
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4.6 billion years to 570 million years. Comprises 80% of Earth's time.
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4.03 billion years
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Oldest rock calculated to be this. Located in NW Canada
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Paleozoic Era time scale
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570 mill to 250 mill years. An explosion of life on earth
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Mesozoic era
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Age of dinosaurs. 250 mill to 65 million years ago.
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Cenozoic era
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age of mammals. 65 to present.
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Theory of Continental Drift
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Proposed by Alfred Wegener 1880-1930. German Meteorologist. Theory in 1912
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Evidence supporting continental drift
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1. continents match
2. identical fossils in geological strata that are now separated by oceans. 3. mountain belts match 4. the age of the rocks match 5. glaciated areas match ice flow directions match |
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Pangaea
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the super continent. Lateral movement of continents through the sea floor destroyed it.
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