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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did early theorists believe about women |
Women were inferior |
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Leta Hollingsworth's research |
She worked at a mental institution and saw there were more male patients there because women with mental issues can still get married. And there are not really any other options. Women don't need to be intelligent to fit into society. SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS = women dont' develop as much as men. (that is why not so much variablity for women as men)
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Dr. Ben Barres research |
He was a transexual whose research was valued much more when he was a man than when he was a woman. |
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greater male variability hypothesis and the contributing researchers |
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Gender differences in general intelligence |
There is no difference |
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Gender differences on perceptual speed |
Females are better from age 4 onward |
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gender differences in learning and memory |
No overall difference |
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gender differences in auditory thresholds |
Women are more sensitive to higher frequencies
React more strongly to sound intensity |
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gender differences in verbal performance |
Women better at anagrams and men are better at analogies boys are 3-4 times more likely to stutter and 5-10 times more likely to be dyslexic
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biological explanations for cognitive differences |
no major differences |
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social-affective explanation for gender differences in cognitive performances |
pg 253: Training and experience: the more experience the better they get at a task
Gender-role socialization: people reinforce stereotypes and roles and students then perform better at things related to their gender Self-confidence: more confidence in doing gender related tasks (stereotype threat) Motivation: toward areas the individual attached value. |
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Be able to define and understand "double standard" |
Women are sexual gatekeepers & men are driven by their sexual drive and can't control themselves. |
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Understand similarities between men and women regarding human sexuality, sexual drive and responsiveness |
Arousal, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution Vasocongestion (accumulation of blood in the blood vessels and of a particular region)Myotonia (muscle contraction) |
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Masters and Johnson’sresearch including biases and criticisms |
Willing to have sex on a table Women had to practice mastrobation Higher intelligence Coached through the whole process (emotional part is out) very formulaic. |
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what the research saysregarding vaginal and clitoral orgasms |
pretty much a myth (vagina is not sensitive) No difference between the two. |
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Anne Peplau’s (2003) fourdimensions in men’s and women’s sexuality |
1. Sexual desire: Men have more but other factors that influence (ie: danger) So... its actually the same. 2. Relationship context of sexuality (women watch 50 shades of gray (women = emotion) Men = porn = physical. 3. Aggression and sexuality: Men defined themselves as aggressive/dominant 4. Fluidity and changeability of sexuality: women are less strict/can like men & women (heterosexual) change every 5 years, men don't change as much b/c of the boxes (more dangerous for men to move toward female side.) |
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the reported frequency ofpremarital intercourse in heterosexual adults and age of first intercourse |
becoming sexual much younger (like 15) and more partners (but those who have over 20 = really not very many ... like 1%) |
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sexually violentpornography affects behavior and know about coercive sexuality |
violent porn desentizes - increases amount of rape, increases aggression toward women. |
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sexually violent pornography affects behavior and know about coercive sexuality KNOW THIS!! |
rape = most underreported time, Men's rape is done by stangers, women's rape is done by someone she knows. Rape = "caused" by drugs and alcohol. College campuses = highest rates of rape. Martital rape (read section) More submissive = more likely to be raped. |
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Know the four phases ofhuman sexual response according to Masters & Johnson, and the twophysiological processes associated with these phases |
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Know the differences inmen’s and women’s sexual fluidity |
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homophobia in our societyand who is most at risk for stigmatization FOCUS on this one~~~ |
stigma in our culture More issues amongst men than women should be replaced by sexual prejudice because homophobia is too limited sees homosexuality as an illness and is based on fear |
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Know how women’s physiologyand reproductive systems have been viewed |
Type of disease, unclean |
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Know the stages of themenstrual cycle |
1. Follicular phase 2. Ovulation (high estorgen) 3. Luteal phase (high progesterone) 4. Menstuation. Menstuation = Sending hormones to decrease others (negative feedback) |
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research says about menstrual cycles and criminal behavior |
There is not really a link between criminal behavior and menstrual cycles |
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women’s experiences withand attitudes toward menarche |
First onset of menturation (air of embarrassment (secrecy) Mothers are the main source of information for their daughters but don't share from their experiences. |
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onset of puberty for boys |
Spermarche = first ejaculation |
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physical and emotionalaspects of pregnancy |
Hormones go up Pregnant women = culturally seen as hysterical many mood swings increased happiness or excitement is not always because of hormones but more so due to the excitement of the baby Study: woman who was pregnant got more space in the elevator. |
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the medical model viewmenopause and what are the attitudes toward menopause? |
Seen as a disease (ie: medicated similarly to those who have diabeties) Negative attitudes/expectations |
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the research on malemenopause (read this) |
No specific age, Andropause (cyclic mood, thinning of the ejaculate, reduction of ejaculatory pressure and decrease in levels of FSH and LH) Link between male cylcle and week cycle... |
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hysteria, agoraphobia, tuberculosis, and eating disorders in gender differences |
hysteria and eating disorders are mostly womenagoraphobia - mostly women alcoholism - more men cause it is more socially acceptableantisocial - more men |
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Are men or women more vulnerable? Who has higher rates of depression? Which physical health symptoms are associated with which sex? Which mental illnesses are associated with which gender? |
women are higher rates of depression - because of rummative behaviorswomen more vulnerable for diabetesmen are more vulnerable and die more - more baby males die at higher ratesmore likely to suffer injury and deathsex linkedphysical healthmenkidney, heart disease, lung disease, prostatewomen - strokes, diabetes, kidney, breast |
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In regard to strength and weight training, know how it is different between the sexes and how it affects men and women |
women can have greater relative gains in strength in comparison to mensame increase of muscle size |
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gender differences in life expectancy and susceptibility to disease |
men have short life expectancy (at 100 1 man to every 4 women) and re more likely to succcumb to a variety of serious diseases metablic rate and fat % of women can be protectivemonk’s and nuns study - they live similar lifestyles yet still men died earlieronce a disease is contracted - death rate similar for both sexesmen die from risky behaviorwomen from older agewomen exercise less |
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health behaviors differ between men and women |
women go to doctor more and more interesting in health |
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do researchers explain the differences in male-female depression rates KNOW WELL |
5 reasons1. feminine role predisposes women to depression because encouraged to feel and act helplessness2. women face more stress than men and to be helpless and powerlessfamily and work3. women are particularly sensitive to stressors that relate to disruption of interpersonal relationships 4. differences are biologically based5. development model - fminine qualities occur in adolescence produce greater incidence of female depression |
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explain the gender differences in alcohol use |
men allowed to do this inpublic (drunk in bars)women intoxicated more at home - less acceptable and it is more dangerous to drink more in public |
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cancer information was presented (regarding gender) in the 19th and early 20th century (lecture slides; cancer reading); what accounted for women not getting their gynecological screenings |
women were more targetedfalse modestytold to be modest all of life and only husband can see you but! go to doctor to get screeningsdegrated women |
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What kinds of cancer kill men and what kinds of cancer kill women? Who is most likely to die from each kind (hint: look at ethnicities SEE SLIDES FOR CANCER |
Lung cancer for bothprostate for menbreast cancer for womenAfrican americans most likely to die |
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the results from the study by Baumgartner in 1983 |
when boys were told they would be girls - thought they could do lessgirls were told if you could be a boy - i can do mroe now! |
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how boys’ and girls’ environments (i.e., toys, rooms, etc.) differ |
boys - dressed in blue, strong boy, girls - |
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Understand the transactional model of parental socialization |
children’s characteristics of behavior |
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Read about cross-cultural socializations, including Bronstein’s 1984 study and Zern’s 1984 research from 100 societies |
parents pay more attnetion to boys than to girlsinteract more sociably with girlsemphasize achievemnt and autonomy with boys |
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gender differences in childhood friendships |
early childhood - mostly same sex friends reinforcement of gender roles |
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research say about the content of children’s television |
women shown as submissive, passive, need help from a male and under represented |
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relationship between gender and language |
we tend to use man words like mankind |
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studies about childhood friendship say about gender differences |
girls more ennabling and connection orientingboys- constricting and concerning with dominance |
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physically maturing early affect childhood/adolescent friendships |
when mature early boys are praised and girls are ostracizedboth forced into heterosexual relationships |
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sexual harassment can affect female students |
descrease self confidence |
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two relational styles (by gender) of friendship |
men all about activities and competitionwomen relationships and emotional |
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Study - math/high intelligence - bembow and stanley? STUDY pg 222 |
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