Functional Anatomy Of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells-Tortora, Funke, Case

Front 1

Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
List 5 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Back 1

1. Organization of genetic material
2. Organelles
3. Ribosomes
4. Cell Division
5. Size of cells

Front 2

Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Organization of genetic material)

Back 2

Eukaryotes have a nucleus--prokaryotes don't; eukaryotic chromosomes are linear (& will have more than 1)--prokaryotes have circular chromosomes.

Front 3

Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Organelles)

Back 3

specialized compartments found only in eukaryotes that carry out specific functions within the cell. This allows the cell to be more efficient.

Front 4

Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Ribosomes)

Back 4

(Protein-making machine)
Huge complexes of proteins and ribosomal RNA that synthesize proteins.
Prokaryotic ribosome = 70S (50S + 30S)
Eukaryotic ribosome = 80S (60S + 40S)

Front 5

Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Cell Division)

Back 5

Eukaryotes-cell replication through mitosis
Prokaryotes-cell division by binary fission (simpler process)

Front 6

Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
(Cell Size)

Back 6

MOST of the time eukaryotic cells will be larger.
Prokaryotic-0.2-2um x 2-8um
Eukaryotic-10-30um (micrometers)

Front 7

lipopolysaccharide

Back 7

a molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming an outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

Front 8

isotonic solution

Back 8

no net movement of water

Front 9

hypotonic solution

Back 9

water moves into cell & may cause it to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)

Front 10

hypertonic solution

Back 10

water moves out of the cell, causing cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

Front 11

What are four possible positions for bacterial flagella?

Back 11

1. Monotrichous--1
2. Amphitrichous--2 (one on each end)
3. Lophotrichous-1 or more on either end
4. Peritrichous--Many all over cell

Front 12

Endospores

Back 12

characteristic of Bacillus & Clostridium
-resting cells that are resistant to desiccation, heat, & chemicals thus can survive a very long time

Front 13

Mitochondrion structure

Back 13

1. Matrix
2. Cristae
3. Inner membrane
4. Outer membrane

Front 14

Mitochondrion characteristics

Back 14

-"Powerhouse of the cell"--ATP production
-membranes are lipid bilayers
-enzymes involved in cellular respiration
-have their own DNA, RNA, protein
-circular chromosome (70S ribosomes) reminiscent of a prokaryotic cell

Front 15

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 15

(eukaryotic cell structure)
smooth ER (SER) & rough ER (RER)
functions:
1. phospholipid synthesis & fatty acid metabolism
2. provides extra ingredients to proteins depending on role/function

Front 16

Golgi Complex

Back 16

(eukaryotic cell structure)
-involved in protein modification and sorting-->tells proteins where they are supposed to go

Front 17

lysosomes

Back 17

eukaryotic cell structure
-membrane-bound organelles
-they digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulf viruses or bacteria

Front 18

vacuoles

Back 18

eukaryotic cell structure
-found in plant & yeast cells (not all eukaryotic cells)
-storage of food/wastes/water (huge portion of the cell volume)
-uptake of water (important for turgor pressure-leaf/stem rigidity

Front 19

chloroplast

Back 19

eukaryotic cell structure
structure--stacks of membrane disks (thylakoids); circular chromosome (70S ribosomes & independent replication)
function--light reactions of photosynthesis occur in thylakoid membranes; light independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma

Front 20

What are 2 eukaryotic structures thought to have originated by the endosymbiotic theory?

Back 20

1. Chloroplast
2. Mitochondrion

Front 21

Gram-positive cell wall characteristics

Back 21

-contains teichoic acids
a. lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
b. wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
-has thicker peptidoglycan
-polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

Front 22

Gram-negative cell wall characteristics

Back 22

-contains lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids
-provides protection from phagocytes, complement, & antibiotics
-barrier to certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillin) & other antibacterial agents
-thinner peptidoglycan than gram-positive cell walls

Front 23

What are all possible shapes for bacteria and which cellular structure is responsible for its shape?

Back 23

1. cocci-sphere
2. bacillus-rod
3. spiral
4. coccobacillus
5. Stella (star-shaped)
6. Haloarcula (square)
Cell wall is responsible for shape.