Four Great Revolutions In Thought And Religion

Front 1

The three great ethical monotheistic faiths trace their origins to the small nation of the _________.

Back 1

Israelites

Front 2

Opposed to the Israelites, the Babylonians and Egyptians were able to generate traditions that more significantly affected later history.

Back 2

False

Front 3

In the contemporary sense, the Hebrew Bible was intended as a history of the Israelites.

Back 3

False. It was not intended as a history, but rather a complicated collection of historical narrative, wisdom literature, poetry, law, and religious witness.

Front 4

The Bible presents the Exodus as the key event in the history of the Israelites: the forging of the covenant between _________ and his people.

Back 4

Yahweh

Front 5

At Mount Sinai:

Moses was given the Commandments.
Saint Francis received the stigmata.
Noah found dry land while the flood waters were receding.
None of these answers.

Back 5

Moses was given the Commandments.

Front 6

The Chinese embraced a dualistic worldview which included a God who, however concerned with humankind, was not of this world.

Back 6

False. In the Christian or Islamic worldview, this dualistic approach most certainly applies. However, with regard to the Chinese, the two spheres are not separate. In the Chinese view, the cosmos is single, continuous, and nondualistic. It includes Heaven, Earth, and humanity.

Front 7

two “Second-Stage” revolutions were:

Chinese Philosophy and Indian Religion.
Judaic Monotheism and Greek Philosophy.
Christianity and Islam.
None of these answers.

Back 7

Christianity and Islam.

Front 8

The Ancient Near Eastern Civilization was responsible for the revolution in thought which spurred _________ Philosophy and Judaic Monotheism.

Back 8

Greek

Front 9

Many argue that ________ initiated the unreservedly rational investigation of the universe, and in doing so, initiated both Western philosophy and Western science.

Back 9

Thales of Miletus

Front 10

Aristotle was a student of Socrates.

Back 10

F

Front 11

Cynics:

had great disdain for worldly pleasures.

were concerned with worldly morality and one’s own soul.

encouraged the withdrawal from political life.

All of these answers.

Back 11

All of these answers.

Front 12

________ once said that ‘the end of the state is the good life,” the life lived “for the sake of noble actions,” a life of virtue and morality.

Back 12

Aristotle

Front 13

Greek thinkers were the first to try to explain the natural world without reference to supernatural powers.

Back 13

T

Front 14

Today, the two main strands of Greek thought have been reconciled, resulting in a unifying theory of our existence.

Back 14

F

Front 15

The word “Hindu”:

is a term for a uniform religious community.

refers to the distinctively Indian tradition of thought and culture.

lumps together an immense diversity of social, racial, linguistic, and religious groups.

All of these answers.

Back 15

lumps together an immense diversity of social, racial, linguistic, and religious groups.

Front 16

The ___________ emphasizes knowledge over ritual and immortality in terms of escape from existence itself.

Back 16

Upanishads

Front 17

To live life according to dharma is to question all action.

Back 17

False. To live life according to dharma is to accept action in the world of samsara as necessary and legitimate without question.

Front 18

Buddhism still plays an integral religious role in the country within which it was created.

Back 18

False. The Buddhist tradition, which was created in India, ultimately faded out in India to make way for Hindu and other traditions.

Front 19

Which of the following is not one of the Four Noble Truths?

The cessation of desiring is the way to end suffering.

Immortality is achieved through diligence.
The source of suffering is desiring.
All life is suffering.

Back 19

Immortality is achieved through diligence.

Front 20

Since no pleasure, however great, is permanent, one must recognize the essential fact of existence is __________.

Back 20

dukkha

Front 21

The three main schools of Chinese religious and philosophical thought were Confucianism, Daoism, and _______.

Back 21

Legalism

Front 22

Confucius is famous for his argument that humans tend toward the good just as water runs downward.

Back 22

False.
It was actually Mencius, a Confucian philosopher, who offered this idealistic extension of Confucian thought. He believed that humans were innately good and the role of education was to uncover and cultivate that innate goodness.

Front 23

As the Lao-tzu, from the ________ school, put it, “Heaven and Earth are ruthless, and treat the myriad creatures as straw dogs; the sage is ruthless, and treats the people as straw dogs.”

Back 23

Daoist

Front 24

Legalists believed that a competent law was one that:

rewarded service that strengthened the state

relied on the precedence set by previous civilizations.

recognized the inherent goodness of humankind.

supported the merchant class.

Back 24

rewarded service that strengthened the state

Front 25

The Confucian philosopher ___________ felt that Heaven was amoral and indifferent to whether China was ruled by a tyrant or a sage.

Back 25

Xunzi

Front 26

Identify the dates on this timeline of China:

Confucius:
Mencius:
Lao-Tzu:
Ch'in unifies China:

Back 26

Confucius: 551-479 bce
Mencius: 370-290 bce
Lao-Tzu: Fourth century bce
Ch'in unifies China: 221 bce

Front 27

True or False:

According to the Tao, knowledge is bad because it creates distinctions, and because it leads to the succession of ideas and images that interfere with participation in the Tao.

Back 27

This is true, according to the textbook Heritage of World Civilizations, 6th edition, 2003.

Front 28

Identify the dates on this timeline of India:

The Upanishads (newer Vedic texts which empasized knowledge over ritual and immortality as an escape from existence itself):

Mahavira, the Jina/Vardamana, The Jain founder/teacher:

Siddhartha Gautama, the Budha:

Back 28

Upanishads: ca. 800-500 BCE

Mahavira: 540-ca. 468 BCE

Buddha: ca. 566-ca. 486 BCE

Front 29

Identify the dates in this timeline of the history of the Israelites:

Hebrews first arrive in Palestine:

Enslavement in Egypt:

Canaanites are finally displaced:

Reign of King David:

Assyrian Conquest of Northern kingdom:

Babylonian Captivity:

Restoration of Temple, return of exiles:

Back 29

Hebrews first arrive in Palestine: probably between 1900 BCE and 1600 BCE

Enslavement in Egypt: about 1400 BCE

Canaanites are finally displaced: by about 1200 BCE

Reign of King David: ca. 1000-961 BCE

Assyrian Conquest of Northern kingdom: 722 BCE

Babylonian Captivity: 586 BCE

Restoration of Temple, return of exiles: 539 BCE

Front 30

Identify the timeline of major Greek Philosophers:

Socrates:
Plato:
Aristotle:

Back 30

Socrates: 469-399 BCE
Plato: 429-347 BCE
Aristotle: 384-322 BCE

Front 31

What were the cynics?

Back 31

Their philosophy was that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature. This meant rejecting all conventional desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, and by living a simple life free from all possessions. As reasoning creatures, people could gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for humans. They believed that the world belonged equally to everyone, and that suffering was caused by false judgments of what was valuable and by the worthless customs and conventions which surrounded society. Many of these thoughts were later absorbed into Stoicism.

Front 32

What were the sophists?

Back 32

a category of teachers who specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching aretê — excellence, or virtue — predominately to young statesmen and nobility. The practice of charging money for education, and providing wisdom only to those who can pay, led to the condemnations made by Plato's Socrates who also regarded their profession itself as being 'specious' or 'deceptive', hence the modern usage of the term.

Front 33

What were the stoics?

Back 33

a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions.[1] Stoics were concerned with the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how he behaved.[2] Later Stoics, such as Seneca and Epictetus, emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness," a sage was immune to misfortune.