Foundations Of Mental Health Care

Front 1

Catchment area

Back 1

Each center was to provide comprehensive mental health for all residents within a certain geographical region

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Deinstitutionalization

Back 2

The release of large numbers of mentally ill persons into the community

Front 3

demonical exorcisms

Back 3

religious ceremonies in which patients were physically punished to drive away the evil possessing spirit

Front 4

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 4

Passing electricity though the patient's head

Front 5

Health-illness continuum

Back 5

Behaviors relating to health exist over a broad spectrum.

Front 6

Humoral theory of disease

Back 6

An overabundance or lack of one or more humors resulted in illness

Front 7

Lobotomy

Back 7

a surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the thalamus

Front 8

lunacy

Back 8

literally means a disorder caused by a lunar body

Front 9

Mental health

Back 9

is the ability to "cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of living in an acceptable way"

Front 10

mental illness (disorder)

Back 10

is a disturbance in one's ability to cope effectively.

Front 11

Psychoanalysis

Back 11

Branch of psychiatry founded by Sigmund Freud devoted to the study of the psychology of human behavior; also a therapy for certain emotional disorders that investigates the workings of the mind.

Front 12

Psychotherapeutic drugs

Back 12

are chemicals that affect the mind. they alter emotions, perceptions and consciousness in several ways.

Front 13

Trephining

Back 13

cutting holes in the skull to encourage the evil spirits to leave.

Front 14

list three major factors believed to influence the development of mental illness

Back 14

1. inherited characteristic
2. childhood nurturing
3. life circumstances

Front 15

Describe the role of the church in the care of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages

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Priests cared for the sick and exorcised demons, but mentally troubled pwople wer treated with care by the Christian community during the Middle Ages

Front 16

The major contributions made by Philippe Pinel

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Liberated patients from their chains "and advocated acceptance of the mentally ill as human beings in need of medical assistance, nursing care, and social services."

Front 17

The major contributions made by Dorothea Dix

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Dorothea Dix crusaded for the humane care of the mentally ill people.

Front 18

The major contributions made by Clifford Beers

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A book written by Clifford Beers abut his experience as a mental patient set the mental hygiene movement of the early 1900s into motion

Front 19

Discuss the impact of World Wars I and II on American attitudes toward people with mental illnesses.

Back 19

The first and second world wars pointed out the need for comprehensive mental health care.

Front 20

State the major change in the care of people with mental illnesses that resulted form the discovery of psychotherapeutic drugs.

Back 20

As more patients were able to contro their behaviors with durg therapy, the demand for hospitalization decreased. Many people with mental disorders could now live and function outside the institutions.

Front 21

Describe the development of community mental health care centers during the 1960s and 1970s

Back 21

Passage of the Medicare/Medicaid Bill of 1965, combined with the Community Mental Health Centers Act, led to the release of more then 75% of institutionalized metally ill persons into the community. Unfortunately, most chronicall mentall ill people were "dumped" into their communities before realistic strategies, programs, and facilities were in place. Community mental health centers expanded throughout the 1970s, but funding was inadequate and sporadic. Demands for services overwhelmed the system and non-revenue-generating services were eliminated.

Front 22

Discuss the shift of mentally ill clients from institutional care to community-based care.

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As the population of people with mental illness shifted form the institution of the community, the demands for community mental health services expanded. To meet this demand, the federal government acted to establish a nationwide network of community mental health centers.

Front 23

Evaluate how congressional actions have affected mental health care in the United States.

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Community mental health centers were built during the 1970s, but a change in political climate left the project uncompleted and countless mentally ill people without treatment. Today, many legislative changes again challenge us to develop comprehensive, cost-efficient care for society's mentally ill members

Front 24

Community Mental Health Centers Act

Back 24

was passed by Congress in October 1963. This act was designed to support the construction of mental health centers in communities throughout the U.S.

Front 25

President's Commission on Mental Health

Back 25

was established in 1978 by President Jimmy Carter. Its task was to assess the mental health needs of the nation and recommend possible courses of action to strengthen and improve existing community mental health efforts. The commission's final report resulted in 117 specific recommendations grouped into four broad areas: coordination of services, high-risk populations, flexibility in planning services, and least restrictive care alternatives.

Front 26

Mental Health Systems Act

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addressed community mental health care and clients' right and established priorities for research and training. However, before the recommendations could be nationally implemented, the U.S. elected a new president and mental health reform changed dramatically.

Front 27

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA)

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essentially repealed the Mental Health Systems Act. This resulted in blocked grant funding whereby each state received a "block" or designated amount of federal money. The state then determined where and how the money was spent.

Front 28

National Mental Health Act

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Congress passed this act in 1946, which provided funding for programs in research, training of mental health professionals, and expansion of state mental health facilities

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National Institute of Mental Health

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was organized to provide research and training related to mental illness in 1949

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Committee for Mental Hygiene

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was formed in 1909, in addition to prevention, the group focused on removing the stigma attached to mental illness.

Front 31

Advocacy

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is providing the client with the information to make certain decisions

Front 32

Case management

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is designed to support the transition of mentally ill clients into the community.

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Community mental Health centers

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have forged strong links with community agencies, services, and government.

Front 34

Community support systems model (CSS)

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views clients holistically - as individuals with basic human needs, ambitions, and rights. the goal is to create a support system that fosters individual growth and movement toward independence through the use of coordinated social, medical, and psychiatric services.

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Consultation

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is defined as process in which the assistance of a specialist is sought to help identify ways to work effectively with client problems.

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Crisis intervention

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Describes a short-term, active therapy that focuses on solving the immediate problem and restoring the client's previous level of functioning.

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diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

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Medicare, the funded health plan for the elderly and disabled people , adopted these groups that classifies each illness

Front 38

health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

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deliver health care to enrolled clients who pay a fixed price. Health care cost are covered as long as clients receive care within the system, and referrals to specialists are required.

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homelessness

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as the lack of a regular and adequate nighttime dwelling

Front 40

inpatient psychiatric care

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clients who receive inpatient care remain at the institution for 24 hours per day.

Front 41

Multidisciplinary mental health care teams

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exist in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The number of team members may vary, but the core of the team is usually composed of psychiatrist, a psychologist, an nurse, and a social worker. Other team members, known as adjunct therapists, join the team as needed.

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outpatient mental health care

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setting is facility that provides services to people with mental problems within their home environments. Outpatient psychiatric clients are able to remain within their communities, associating with the real world.

Front 43

preferred provider organizations (PPOs)

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were established to help curtail the rapidly growing increases in health care costs. They consist of a network of physicians, hospitals, and clinics that agree to provide care for different organizations at a discount. The client may see any health care porvider without referrals, within the network, and 80% to 100% of the cost to the client is covered.

Front 44

psychosocial rehabilitation

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Use of multidisciplinary services to help clients gain the skills needed to carry out the activities of daily living as actively and independently as possible

Front 45

recidivism

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means a relapse of symptoms, disease, and behaviors. Unable to cope in the community setting, people with chronic psychiatric problems often return to institutions or use community services on a revolving-door basis

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resource linkage

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The process of matching clients' needs with the most appropriate community services.

Front 47

third-party payments

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medal costs were covered by a "third party" - usually an insurance company or the state or federal government.

Front 48

Describe the current mental health care system in Canada

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Canada's helath care system is administrate by each province under the guidance of the Department of National Health and Welfare and includes coverage for most medical, hospital, convalescent, and mental health services.

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Describe the current mental health care system in Norway

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Norway has a national insurance system that provides access to health care for everyone and covers all services, including mental health care.

Front 50

Describe the current mental health care system in the United Kindom

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All British citizens are provided health care through the government-managed national health care system

Front 51

Describe the current mental health care system in Australia

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Australians are provided a mix of health care plans that include public health plan, and private insurance plans

Front 52

Describe the current mental health care system in the United States

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Funds for health care in the united state are provided through federal (Medicare) and state (Medicaid) programs, private insurance coverage, and direct client payments.

Front 53

Explain the community support systems model of care

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The community support systems model for mental health care is an organized network of people committed to assisting those with mental illness within the community setting

Front 54

List four setting for community mental health delivery

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1. psychiatric clinics
2. general hospitals
3. residential care programs
4. psychiatric home care

Front 55

Identify five components of the case management method of mental health care.

Back 55

1. psychosocial rehabilitation
2. consultation
3. resource linkage (referral)
4. advocacy
5. therapy and crisis intervention

Front 56

discuss the roles and purpose of the multidisciplinary mental health care team

Back 56

Each team member holds a degree or certificate in a specialized area of mental health. this approach allows clients to be assessed and treated form various points of view. As data are compiled, a broad , hopefully holistic picture of the client emerges and individualized therapeutic plans are developed.

Front 57

Name four high-risk populations served by community mental health centers.

Back 57

Community mental heath services serve high-risk populations, such as children, people in crisis situations, homeless individuals, clients with HIV/AIDS, clients living in rural areas, and elderly people.

Front 58

List five community-based mental health services for people with HIV/AIDS.

Back 58

Treatment facilities that offer comprehensive services focus on persons with AIDS, their families and friends, and the general public. Clinicians accept referrals from other agencies, provide mental status and suicide risk assessments, offer crisis intervention services, and provide individual or group therapies.

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Assault

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is any act that threatens a client. No physical contact need occur, just a threatening action.

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attitudes

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are ideas that help shape our points of view.

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autonomy

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refers to the right or people to act for themselves and make personal choices, including refusal of treatment.

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battery

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is when touching occurs without the client's permission.

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belief

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is a conviction that is intellectually accepted as true whether or not it is based in fact.

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beneficence

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means to actively do good

Front 65

civil law

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also known as private law. Its function is t deal with relationships between individuals.

Front 66

codes of ethics

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Statements encompassing the set of rules by which practitioners of a profession are expected to conform.

Front 67

confidentiality

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Which is sharing of information about the client only with those persons who are directly involved in care.

Front 68

contract law

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deals with agreements between individuals or institutions.

Front 69

controlled substance

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currently include narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and some tranquilizers

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criminal law

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Its main function is to protect the members of society.

Front 71

defamation

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is defined as false communication that results in harm.

Front 72

duty to warn

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professionals have a duty to protect potential victims from possible harm

Front 73

elopement

Back 73

When clients run away or elope from the institution.

Front 74

ethical dilemmas

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(conflicts) exist when there is uncertainty or disagreement abut the moral principles that endorse different courses of action.

Front 75

ethics

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is a set of rules or values that govern right behavior. They reflect values, morals, and principles of right and wrong.

Front 76

false imprisonment

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detaining a competent person against his or her will

Front 77

felonies

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are punishable by death or imprisonment

Front 78

fraud

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is giving of false information with the knowledge that action will be taken based on the information.

Front 79

informed consent

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is an agreement between the client and caregivers that documents knowledge of and agreement of treatment

Front 80

invasion of privacy

Back 80

occurs when a client's space, body, or belongings are violated.

Front 81

involuntary admission

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as a process for institutionalization initiated by someone other then the client.

Front 82

laws

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are the controls by which a society governs itself.

Front 83

libel

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written defamation

Front 84

malpractice

Back 84

usually applies to professionals and is defined as a failure to exercise an accepted degree of professional skill that results in injury, loss, or damage.

Front 85

misdemeanors

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less serious crimes with punishments ranging from fines to prison terms of less than 1 year.

Front 86

morals

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reflects one's attitudes, beliefs, and values. Defines right or wrong behavior.

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negligence

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defined as the omission (or commission) of an act that a reasonable and prudent person would (or would not) do.

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nonmaleficence

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DO NO HARM

Front 89

parity

Back 89

laws that require insurance companies to include coverage for mental illness that is equal to the coverage for physical illness

Front 90

The Patient Care Partnership: Understanding Expectations, Rights and Responsibilities

Back 90

was adopted in 2003. Statements of rights now exist for the old, young, disabled, pregnant, dying, developmentally disabled, and mentally ill - the most vulnerable people in society.

Front 91

State the difference among values, rights, and ethics.

Back 91

Societies share common values, morals, and rights that serve as foundations for making decisions. Values clarification is a three-step process to identify one's significant values. Rights are defined as powers or privileges to which one has a just claim.

Front 92

List six steps for making ethical decisions

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1. Identify all elements of the situation.
2. Assume good will.
3. Gather relevant information.
4. List and order values.
5. Take action
6 Evaluate

Front 93

Identify the legal importance of practice acts

Back 93

Legal concepts that govern health care providers are found in state practice acts; standards of practice and institutional policies, procedures, and job descriptions.

Front 94

Describe the process of involuntary psychiatric commitment

Back 94

the involuntary psychiatric commitment process consists of petitioning, examination, and a determination to either release or hospitalize.

Front 95

Name four areas of potential legal liability for mental health providers.

Back 95

Areas of potential legal liability for mental health care porviders include crimes, fraud, libel, slander, assault and battery, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, negligence, and malpractice.

Front 96

Discuss three legal responsibilities that relate to nursing and health care providers

Back 96

Health care practitioners have a legal responsibility to practice
1. in a safe, competent manner
2. accurate and objective record keeping.
3. within one's legal limitations
Nurses have the added responsibility to dispense controlled substances according to procedures.

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Cultural competence

Back 97

is the process of continually learning about the cultures with which we work and developing cross-cultural therapeutic health care skills.

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culture

Back 98

is a total way of life. It is the learned pattern of behavior that shapes our thinking and serves as the basis for social, religious, and family structure. It is a shared system of values that provides a framework for who we are.

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disease

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is a condition in which a physical dysfunction exists.

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environmental control

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focuses on the individual's ability to perceive and control the environment.

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ethnicity

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is a social term associated with the customs, cultural habits, and socialization patterns of a particular group.

Front 102

extended family

Back 102

in many cultures aunt, uncles, grandparents, cousins, and/or godparents.

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gender roles

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are expected behavioral pattens based on gender

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illness

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includes social, emotional and intellectual dysfunction.

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norms

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are the established rules of conduct that define which behaviors are encouraged, accepted, tolerated, and forbidden within a culture.

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nuclear family

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unit consisting of parents and one or more children

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prejudice

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an extreme form of negative stereotyping

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race

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is a biological term that describes a group of people who share distinct physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and hair textures.

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refugee

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is a person who, because of war or persecution, flees from his or her home or country and seeks refuge elsewhere

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religion

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relates to a defined,organized, and practiced system of worship

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role

Back 111

is an expected pattern of behaviors associated with a certain position, status, or gender

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spirituality

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refers to a belief in a power greater than any human being.

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stereotype

Back 113

is an oversimplified mental picture of a cultural group

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territoriality

Back 114

is the need to gain control over an area of space and claim it for oneself.

Front 115

Compare the concepts of culture, ethnicity, and religion

Back 115

Culture is a learned pattern of behaviors, values, beliefs, and customs shared bya group of people.
Ethnicity is a social term associated with the customs, cultural habits and socialization patterns of a particular (ethnic)group.
Religion relates to a defined, organized, and practiced system of worship.

Front 116

Explain the consequences of stereotyping mental health clients.

Back 116

Stereotyping is basing one's behavior on an oversimplified mental picture of a cultural group. Clients who sense such biases during treatment will resist receiving care.

Front 117

Identify three ways in which culture influences health and illness behavior

Back 117

1. Culture is learned, transmitted, shared, integrated, dynamic, and satisfying.
2. Culture influences people's health beliefs and practices, including clients' definitions of health and illness, attitudes about mental illness, stress and coping behaviors, and illness behaviors
3. Each area needs to be assessed

Front 118

List the six components of cultural assessment

Back 118

1. Communication
2. environmental control
3. space and territory
4. time
5. social orientation
6. biological factors

Front 119

Explain the importance of recognizing clients' spiritual or religious practices

Back 119

Religious beliefs and practices function to bind people together in a common belief system, help explain the unexplainable, and provide meaning and guidance for living.
Religious beliefs and practices vary widely. attitudes toward health, illness, death, burials, procreation, food, and stress all have religious components and implications for health care providers

Front 120

Identify four topics to be included in the assessment of a client who is a refugee

Back 120

Working with refugees requires extra sensitivity because of their frequently traumatic experiences and losses. In addition to the routine cultural assessment,
1. obtain information about immigration history,
2. a history of the flight and arrival in the new country,
3. time in the new country, and 4. who and what was lost.

Front 121

Integrate cultural factors into a holistic plan of care

Back 121

Culturally competent health care seeks to deliver the diverse therapeutic actions necessary for appropriate effective client care. When caregivers are able to consistently view each client as a unique, dynamic individual functioning with a sociocultural context, then culturally appropriate health care will become a reality.

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Affective

Back 122

pertaining to emotion, mood, or feeling

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closed system

Back 123

has rigid, impermeable boundaries that shut out information and energy. If the system remains closed, the organism eventually will die.

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cognition

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Activities of the mind characterized by knowing, learning, judging, reasoning, and memory

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cognitive

Back 125

Pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reasoning.

Front 126

defense mechanisms

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Unconscious, intrapsychic reaction that offers protection to the self from a stressful situation

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ego

Back 127

is the part of the mind in active awareness , the conscious mind.

Front 128

equilibrium

Back 128

states that each system attempts to maintain a balance or steady state, within itself and among other systems.

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homeostasis

Back 129

is the tendency of the body to achieve and maintain a steady internal state.

Front 130

id

Back 130

is a storage site for early childhood experiences and the instinctual drives for self-preservation, reproduction, and association with others. It seeks out immediate pleasure or avoidance of pain without regard to outcome.

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inferiority

Back 131

of being inadequate or less than others.

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libidinal energy

Back 132

as the need to seek sexual pleasure.

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life space

Back 133

The psychological field or space in which one moves.

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model

Back 134

is an example or pattern that helps explain a theory.

Front 135

neuropeptides

Back 135

neurotransmitters composed of amino acid strings.

Front 136

neurotransmitters

Back 136

The body's chemical messenger system

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open system

Back 137

having boundaries that are permeable, passable, and accessible.

Front 138

personifications

Back 138

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, distorted images of certain relationships that spill over or transfer into other relationships.

Front 139

phototherapy

Back 139

Exposure of clients to full-spectrum light for certain periods during the day for the relief of depressive symptoms that occur during the winter months

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psyche

Back 140

was borrowed from Plato and used to define the mental or spiritual part of an individual.

Front 141

psychoanalysis

Back 141

Explore the unconscious.

Front 142

psychobiology

Back 142

is the study of the biochemical foundations of thought, mood, emotion, and behavior.

Front 143

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Back 143

the study of interactions among the body's central nervous system, its immune system, and aspects of the personality.

Front 144

psychotherapy

Back 144

any of a large number of related methods of treating mental-emotional disorders by psychological techniques rather than by physical means.

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soma

Back 145

relates to the body

Front 146

somatic therapies

Back 146

Physical interventions that affect behavioral changes (e.g., Electroconvulsive therapy)

Front 147

stressor

Back 147

as a nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it.

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superego

Back 148

is the last to develop. Attitudes, values, role expectations, taboos, rules, ideals, and standards help form the superego

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Theory

Back 149

is defined as a statement that explains or describes a relationship among events, concepts,or ideas.

Front 150

Explain how theories can be applied to mental health care

Back 150

Theories and models help to explain human development and behavior. Charles Darwin's theories led to the belief that mental illness was the result of inferior genetic makeup and a lower place on the evolutionary scale.

Front 151

Discuss three psychoanalytical therapies that resulted from Freud's work

Back 151

Sigmund Freud's study of the unconscious processes of the mind evolved into theories about the structure, development, defenses, and dynamics of the personality.

Front 152

Identify how developmental, humanistic, and behavioral theories differ in their viewpoints.

Back 152

Behavioral therapies today assist clients in learning how to change their dysfunctional thoughts and behavioral patterns. Examples include behavior modification techniques, assertiveness training, and training in the social skills
Humanistic theories view the individual as a multidimensional person who adapts to stress within a dynamic environment while striving for self - fulfillment.

Front 153

Discuss how Maslow's human needs theory can be used in the care of clients with emotional problems.

Back 153

Maslow's hierarchy of needs categorizes physical and psychological requirements for functioning and describes the characteristics of successful, highly self - actualized people.

Front 154

Compare and contrast the main concepts of systems, cognitive, and sociocultural theories.

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Cognitive theories focus on the importance of intellectual factors in human development and function. System theories view humans as functioning within a set of interacting and related units called systems. Sociocultural theories focus on the impact of a society on its people's behaviors and view mental illness as the result of social conditions.

Front 155

Describe the concept of homeostasis

Back 155

The concept of homeostasis was developed during the 1920s by Cannon,who found that the body has tendency to achieve and maintain a steady internal state.

Front 156

Explain how Selye's theories of stress and adaptation influence the delivery of health care

Back 156

The general adaptation syndrome, described by Hans Selye, consists of the stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion.

Front 157

Analyze how psychobiology is adding to our knowledge about mental health care.

Back 157

Psychobiology is the study of the biochemical bases of thought, mood, emotion, and behavior

Front 158

Examine how nursing theories apply to mental health care

Back 158

Nursing theories view people as biopsychosocial beings who respond to stress in uniquely individual ways.

Front 159

Describe three kinds of psychotherapy used in the treatment of mental disorders.

Back 159

1. Individual therapies -work one-on-one with a therapist
2. Group Therapies work with a group of people with the same problems.
3. Online therapies working with a therapist online to answer questions.

Front 160

Explain the difference between psychotherapies an somatic therapies for treating mental illness.

Back 160

Current treatments for mental health problems include various individuals and group psychotherapies and somatic therapies, such as medications, biofeedback, phototherapy, and acupuncture.

Front 161

acupuncture

Back 161

is defined as the inserting of fine needles into the sink along specific sites on the body.

Front 162

allopathic

Back 162

use medical and surgical methods to treat disease and injury by finding what is "wrong" and "fixing" it.

Front 163

Alternative medicine

Back 163

refers to practices and treatment that are used instead of conventional medicine.

Front 164

aromatherapy

Back 164

which means treatment using scents, is the use of essential oils to promote health and well-being.

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Ayurveda

Back 165

is a healing system that was developed in India and literally means "the science of life." is described as "knowledge of how to live." Focus is on the innate harmony of the body, mind and spiriit.

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Biofeedback

Back 166

teaches clients to control their physical responses by providing visual or auditory information and autonomic body functions.

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Chelation

Back 167

Treatment using the chemical EDTA to bind with heavy metals and remove them from the body.

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Chiropractic

Back 168

a therapy called manipulation to help improve the relationship and help the body heal.

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Complementary medicine

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includes practics and treatments that agree or "work with" allopathic therapies. They are used along with common medical treatments.

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dietary supplements

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A "dietary ingredient: supplement to the diet

Front 171

electromagnetic fields (EMF)

Back 171

magnetic therapy uses magnets placed over painful areas to relieve pain.

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expressive therapy

Back 172

The use of creative activities to decrease stress

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Back 173

uses controlled eye movements to help reprocess traumatic memories.

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homeopathy

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is "a therapeutic method that uses natural substances in micro-doses to relieve symptoms".

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Hypnosis

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is the induction of a relaxed, trancelike state in which the individual is receptive to appropriate suggestions.

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integrative medicine

Back 176

attempts to blend the most effective practices and treatments from both conventional and alternative treatment system.

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massage

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is the manipulation of muscles and connective tissue to relax the body and enhances well-being.

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meditation

Back 178

Techniques that share four common elements: concentration, retraining the attention of one item while excluding all other thoughts, mindfulness, and an altered state of consciousness.

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naturopathy

Back 179

A whole medical system that views disease as an alteration in the process by which the body heals itself

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Prayer

Back 180

as an active process of appealing to a higher spiritual power, specifically for health reasons.

Front 181

Qi Gong

Back 181

is a system of movement, regulation of breathing, and meditation designed to enhance the flow of qi throughout the body.

Front 182

Reiki

Back 182

is a life force energy that flows through one's body

Front 183

Spirituality

Back 183

has a broader meaning that includes an individual's sense of meaning and purpose in life.

Front 184

therapeutic touch

Back 184

is based upon the practice of laying on of the hands

Front 185

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

Back 185

is based on the view that the body is a delicate balance of opposing forces: yin and yang. Yin is cold, slow, and passive, whereas yang is hot, fast, and active.

Front 186

Whole medical systems

Back 186

are build on complete systems of theory and practice. They include modern, Western medicine as well as osteopathy, homeopathy, naturopathy, and culturally based systems such as ayurveda and Oriental medicine.

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affective disorders

Back 187

Emotional states, ranging form deep depression to excited eleation

Front 188

akathisia

Back 188

The inability to sit still

Front 189

Akinesia

Back 189

Absence of physical and mental movement

Front 190

antipsychotics

Back 190

are also called major tranquilizers or neuroleptics.

Front 191

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 191

is responsible for regulating the vital functions of the body.

Front 192

Central Nervous system (CNS)

Back 192

is composed of the brain and spinal cord Together they control all the motor and sensory functions of the body

Front 193

Drug induced parkinsonism

Back 193

Term used to describe a group of symptoms that mimic Parkinson's disease

Front 194

Dyskinesia

Back 194

The inability to execute voluntary movements

Front 195

Dystonia

Back 195

impaired muscle tone (rigidity in the muscles that control gait, posture, and eye movements)

Front 196

extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs)

Back 196

are defined as abnormal movements produced by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

Front 197

Hypertensive crisis

Back 197

a sudden, severe elevation in blood pressure

Front 198

informed consent

Back 198

is the process of presenting clients with information about the benefits, risks, and side effects of specific treatments, thus enabling them to make voluntary and knowledgeable decisions about their care.

Front 199

Lithium

Back 199

is a naturally occurring salt. It was found to be effective in the treatment of mania. Is the mainstay treatment of the manic phase of bipolar depression.

Front 200

Mania

Back 200

is a state characterized by excitement, great elation, over-talkativeness, increased motor activity, fleeting grandiose ideas,and agitated behaviors.

Front 201

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Back 201

antidepressant drug that can produce serious drug and food interactions, such as cardiovascular and blood pressure reactions and central nervous system depression.

Front 202

mood disorder

Back 202

are ineffective emotional states, ranging from deep depression to excited elation

Front 203

neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

Back 203

a serious and potentially fatal side effect with unstable vital signs, fever, confusion, muscle rigidity, tremor, incontinence

Front 204

neuron

Back 204

basic unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell. Its function is to transmit electrical information to other neurons

Front 205

neurotransmitter

Back 205

Chemicals found in the nervous system that facilitate the transmission of energy and act as the body's chemical messenger system

Front 206

noncompliance

Back 206

An informed decision made by a client not to follow a prescribed treatment program.

Front 207

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 207

is designed to conserve energy and provide the balance for the sympathetic system's excitability.

Front 208

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 208

is composed of the 31 spinal cord nerves plus the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. is further divided into a "motor" system and an "autonomic" system

Front 209

Psychotherapeutic drugs

Back 209

are powerful chemicals that produce profound effects on the mind, emotions, and body.

Front 210

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 210

prepares the body for immediate adaptation through fight or flight mechanism

Front 211

Tardive dyskinesia

Back 211

irreversible side effects of long term treatment that produces involuntary, repeated movements of muscles in the face, trunk, arms and legs.

Front 212

Acceptance

Back 212

means the receiving of the entire person and the world in which he or she functions.

Front 213

advocacy

Back 213

is the process of providing a client with the information, support, and feedback needed to make a decision.

Front 214

behavior

Back 214

consists of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Front 215

caring

Back 215

is the energy on which the health care professions are built

Front 216

Commitment

Back 216

is apersonal bond to some course of action or cause.

Front 217

consistency

Back 217

which is behaviors that imply being steady and regular, dependable.

Front 218

coping mechanisms

Back 218

are defined as any thought or action aimed at reducing stress.

Front 219

crisis

Back 219

is an upset in the homeostasis of an individual.

Front 220

crisis intervention

Back 220

is to help individuals and families manage their crisis situations by offering immediate emotional support

Front 221

empathy

Back 221

is the ability to recognize and share the emotions of another person without actually experiencing them.

Front 222

failure

Back 222

implies defeat and a lack of success.

Front 223

holistic health care

Back 223

is based on the concepts of "whole." Understanding clintis in relation to their work famil, and social environments encourages caregivers to consider their many needs and tailor individualized interventions.

Front 224

insight

Back 224

is the ability to clearly see and understand the nature of things. Insight relies on common sense, good judgement, and prudence.

Front 225

introspection

Back 225

which is the process of looking into one's own mind. Analysis of self - one's feelings, reactions, attitudes, opinions, values and behaviors.

Front 226

mentally healthy adult

Back 226

is aperson who can cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of daily living in an acceptable way.

Front 227

nurture

Back 227

is to encourage their development.

Front 228

principle

Back 228

is a code or standard that helps govern conduct.

Front 229

responsibility

Back 229

infers that a person is able to exercise capability and accountability.

Front 230

self-awareness

Back 230

is a consciousness of one's personality. It is the act of loking at oneself; of considering one's personal and social behaviors and their impact on others.

Front 231

stigma

Back 231

is defined as a sign or mark of shame, disapproval,or disgrace,of being shinned or rejected.

Front 232

affect

Back 232

is the client's emotional display of the mood being experienced.

Front 233

assessment

Back 233

includes the gathering, verifying,and communicating of information relative to the client.

Front 234

calculation

Back 234

tests the ability to do simple math problems

Front 235

data collection

Back 235

refers to a variety of activities designed to gather information about a certain subject

Front 236

insight

Back 236

refers to the client's understanding of the situation

Front 237

interview

Back 237

is a meeting of people with the purpose of obtaining or exchanging information.

Front 238

judgment

Back 238

refers to the to evaluate choices and make appropriate decisions.

Front 239

Memory

Back 239

is the ability to recall past events, experience, and perceptions.

Front 240

mood

Back 240

is defined as an individual's overall feelings.

Front 241

nursing (therapeutic) process

Back 241

is designed to support goal-directed care for clients. The process serves as an organizational framework for effective care

Front 242

perceptions

Back 242

the way in which he or she experiences the world

Front 243

risk factor assessment

Back 243

helps "formulate a nursing diagnosis based on the identification of risk factors that potentially present an immediate threat to the patient" or others in the vicinity.

Front 244

sensorium

Back 244

is that part of the consciousness that perceives, sorts, and combines information. People with a clear sensorium are oriented to time, place, and person.

Front 245

thought content

Back 245

relates to what an individual is thinking.

Front 246

thought processes

Back 246

relate to how a person thinks - how he or she analyzes the world and connects and organizes information.

Front 247

aphasia

Back 247

inability to speak

Front 248

communication

Back 248

is the reciprocla exchange of information, ideas, beliefs, feelings, and attitudes between two persons or among a group of persons.

Front 249

communication style

Back 249

refers to the rituals connected with greeting and departure, the lines of conversations, and the directness of communication.

Front 250

dyslexia

Back 250

impaired ability to read sometimes accompanied by a mixing of letters of syllables in a word when speaking.

Front 251

incongruent communications

Back 251

in which the verbal messages do not match the nonverbal communication.

Front 252

interpersonal communications

Back 252

are interactions that occur between two or more persons - the verbal and nonverbal messages that are sent and received during every interaction

Front 253

intrapersonal communications

Back 253

takes place within oneself and are commonly referred to our self-talk or self dialogue.

Front 254

nontherapeutic communications

Back 254

messages that hinder effective communication because they are interactions that slow or halt the development of a helping relationship.

Front 255

perception

Back 255

is the use of the senses to gain information. Vision, hearing, and touch are used to sense the meaning of the communication.

Front 256

responding strategies

Back 256

Therapeutic techniques that relate to the care provider's actions while communicating.

Front 257

speech cluttering

Back 257

rapid, confused delivery of unrhythmic speech patterns.

Front 258

therapeutic communications

Back 258

are to focus on the client and foster the therapeutic relationship.

Front 259

verbal communication

Back 259

relates to anything associated with the spoken word

Front 260

autonomy

Back 260

relates to the ability to direct and control one's activities and destiny.

Front 261

countertransference

Back 261

is a barrier in the therapeutic relationship based on the caregiver's inappropriate emotional responses to the client..

Front 262

dynamics

Back 262

refers to the interactions that occur among various forces

Front 263

empathy

Back 263

is the ability to understand the emotions, viewpoints, and situations of another.

Front 264

genuineness

Back 264

Implies that the nurse is an open, honest, sincere person who is actively involved in the relationship.

Front 265

hope

Back 265

is " a multidimensional dynamic life force characterized by a confident yet uncertain expectation of achieving a future good.

Front 266

limit setting

Back 266

is an intervention designed to prevent clients form harming themselves or others

Front 267

mutuality

Back 267

relates to the process of sharing with another person

Front 268

noncompliance

Back 268

is not following the prescribed treatment regimen

Front 269

rapport

Back 269

the ability to establish a meaningful connection with clients

Front 270

resistance

Back 270

was first defined by Freud as a client's attempts to avoid recognizing or exploring anxiety-provoking material

Front 271

secondary gain

Back 271

occurs when clients profit or avoid unpleasant situation by remaining ill

Front 272

therapeutic relationship

Back 272

is a directed energy exchange between tow people, a flow that moves clients toward more constructive ways of thinking and effective ways of coping.

Front 273

transference

Back 273

is a client's emotional response, based on earlier relationships, to the caregiver.

Front 274

trust

Back 274

is defined as "a risk-taking process whereby an individual's situation depends on the future behavior of another person".

Front 275

acceptance

Back 275

in the mental health context, means that caregivers acknowledge clients as human beings worthy of respect and dignity.

Front 276

chronicity

Back 276

with problems that tend to persist for a long time.

Front 277

involvement

Back 277

is the process of actively interacting with the environment and those persons within it.

Front 278

limit setting

Back 278

allows the therapeutic environment to be consistent and predictable.

Front 279

noncompliance

Back 279

refers to not cooperating with the treatment plan

Front 280

recidivism

Back 280

repeated impatient admissions

Front 281

therapeutic environment (milieu)

Back 281

describes certain settings or environments degned to help clients replace inappropriate behaviors with more effective personal and psychosocial skills.

Front 282

Abuse

Back 282

is causing harm to or maltreating another.

Front 283

anxiety

Back 283

is a vague, uneasy feeling that occurs in response to a threat.

Front 284

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Back 284

commonly called ADHD which is now the most commonly diagnosed mental health problem in childhood.

Front 285

autism

Back 285

is characterized by few social interactions,lack of communication, no use of imagination,and a restricted scope of activities and interests.

Front 286

bullying

Back 286

which is the repeated use of aggressive behaviors to intentionally intimidate another.

Front 287

cephalocaudal

Back 287

where growth occurs form head to tail.

Front 288

communication disorder

Back 288

are problems with expression, receiving messages, the pronunciation of words, and stuttering.

Front 289

conduct disorder

Back 289

Children are defiant of authority. They engage in aggressive actions toward other people, refuse to follow society's rules and norms and violate the rights of others.

Front 290

development

Back 290

refers to the increased ability to skills or functions.

Front 291

dyslexia

Back 291

have problems with reading because although they can see and recognize letters, they have difficulty integrating visual information and thus tend to twist,substitute,distort or omit many words.

Front 292

encopresis

Back 292

is defined as the repeated,usually voluntary, passage of feces in inappropriate places in a child over 4 years of age with no physical abnormalities

Front 293

enuresis

Back 293

is the involuntary urinary incontinence of a child 5 years or older.

Front 294

growth

Back 294

is the increase in physical size

Front 295

homelessness

Back 295

the lack of a permanent residence

Front 296

learning disorder

Back 296

is idagnosed when a child with normal intelligence routinely falls below the results of other children in the same age and grade groups on standard reading, mathematics,or written tests.

Front 297

mental retardation

Back 297

is a powerful label and too often applied in haste. for a child to be considered retarded,he or she must have problems in general intellectual and adaptive functioning.

Front 298

neglect

Back 298

is not meeting a child's basic nees for food, clothing, shelter,love, and belonging.

Front 299

pervasive developmental disorder

Back 299

have difficulty with social interaction skills, communications skills,and learning.

Front 300

pica

Back 300

is the term used to describe persistent eating of nonfood items for more than 1 month.

Front 301

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 301

usually develops following an extremely traumatic event that involves injury or threat to the child.

Front 302

proximal distal

Back 302

the pattern of growth and development in which growth occurs from near to far, midline to distal.

Front 303

schizophrenia

Back 303

is a condition associated with disturbing thought patterns and a distorted reality.

Front 304

somatoform disorder

Back 304

is one in which the child (or adult) has the signs or symptoms of illness without a traceable physical cause.

Front 305

victimization

Back 305

is the process of causing harm.

Front 306

adolescence

Back 306

begins at age 11 to 12 and ends between ages 18 and 21.

Front 307

adolescent suicide

Back 307

Act of intentionally taking one's own life by a person between 11 and 21 years of age

Front 308

anorexia nervosa

Back 308

is a prolonged refusal to eat to keep body weight at a minimum.

Front 309

bulimia

Back 309

is a cycle of binge eating followed by purging.

Front 310

Chemical dependency

Back 310

is a state in which one physically and psychologically requires a drug.

Front 311

gangs

Back 311

are usually associated with negative behaviors or destructive actions.

Front 312

maturation

Back 312

is the process of attaining complete development.

Front 313

obesity

Back 313

is defined as a body weight that is 20% or more above the average weight for a person of the same height and build.

Front 314

peer groups

Back 314

group of people of similar age, interests, and developmental levels.

Front 315

personality disorder

Back 315

is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that
1. Deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture.
2. is universal and inflexible
3. has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood.
4. is stable over time.
5. leads to distress or impairment.

Front 316

puberty

Back 316

is defined as the stage during which an individual becomes physically capable of reproduction.

Front 317

sexual disorders

Back 317

is characterized by significant distress and impaired ability to function.

Front 318

surveillance

Back 318

is the process of watching over clients to determine if they are safe, are following their rules, are making good decisions, or need adult intervention.

Front 319

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Back 319

prevents the body form fighting off infectious diseases, and its signs and symptoms are not apparent for many years in some cases.

Front 320

adulthood

Back 320

includes ages (approximately) 18 to 65 years.

Front 321

marriage

Back 321

is a legal state that bonds two people as a family unit.

Front 322

maturity

Back 322

is the ability to accept responsibility for one's actions, delay gratifications, and make priorities.

Front 323

poverty

Back 323

is the lack of resources necessary for reasonable and comfortable living

Front 324

social isolation

Back 324

a lack of meaningful interactions with others.

Front 325

spiritual dimension

Back 325

focuses on defining one's value system and belief system.

Front 326

ageism

Back 326

a practice of stereotyping older persons as feeble, dependent, and nonproductive.

Front 327

aging

Back 327

is the process of growing older

Front 328

elder abuse

Back 328

is defined as any action that takes advantage of an older person, his or her emotional well-being, or property.

Front 329

functional assessment

Back 329

Which is an analysis of the client's ability to perform the activities of daily living.

Front 330

gerontophobia

Back 330

The fear of aging and refusal to accept the elderly into the mainstream of society.

Front 331

hoarding

Back 331

the act of collecting and saving assorted, seemingly useless items.

Front 332

integrity

Back 332

state of wholeness

Front 333

memory loss

Back 333

is a natural part of the aging process relating to the inability to recall certain details or events.

Front 334

affective loss

Back 334

in dementia, the loss of mood, emotion, and personality.

Front 335

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Back 335

is a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects brain cells and result in impaired memory, thinking, and behavior.

Front 336

catastrophic reactions

Back 336

in which a person becomes increasingly confused, agitated, and fearful.

Front 337

cognition

Back 337

described activities of the mind involved in thinking and thought processes.

Front 338

conative loss

Back 338

loss of the ability to make and carry out plans

Front 339

confusion

Back 339

a disruption in higher brain functions resulting in inaccurate interpretation of stimuli

Front 340

delirium

Back 340

is a change in consciousness that occurs quickly.

Front 341

dementia

Back 341

is a loss of multiple abilities, including memory, language, and the ability to think and understand judgment and abstract thought.

Front 342

functional assessment

Back 342

an analysis of each client's abilities to perform the activities of daily living.

Front 343

memory loss

Back 343

is the inability to recall a certain detail or event

Front 344

sundown syndrome

Back 344

describes a group of behaviors characterized by confusion, agitation,and disruptive actions that occur in the late afternoon or evening.

Front 345

addictive behaviors

Back 345

such as gambling, shopping, working, or engage in excessive sexual activity.

Front 346

agoraphobia

Back 346

is anxiety about possible situations in which a panic attack may occur. People avoid people, places, or events from which escape would be difficult or embarrassing.

Front 347

anxiety

Back 347

is a feeling of uneasiness,uncertainty, and helplessness.

Front 348

anxiety disorder

Back 348

exists when anxiety is expressed in ineffective or maladaptive ways and one's coping mechanisms do not successfully relieve the distress.

Front 349

anxiety state

Back 349

occurs when an individual's coping abilities become overwhelmed and emotional control is lost.

Front 350

anxiety trait

Back 350

which is a learned component of the personality.

Front 351

avoidance behaviors

Back 351

in which the child refuses to cope with the anxiety-producing situation by ignoring it.

Front 352

compulsion

Back 352

is a distressing recurring behavior.

Front 353

coping mechanisms

Back 353

a number of behaviors to help decrease discomfort

Front 354

defense mechanisms

Back 354

these psychological self-preserving behaviors reduce or avoid negative states such as conflict, frustration, anxiety, and stress

Front 355

flashbacks

Back 355

which are vivid recollections of the event where the individual relives the frightening experience.

Front 356

obsession

Back 356

is a distressing persistent thought.

Front 357

panic attack

Back 357

is a brief period of intense fear or discomfort.

Front 358

phobia

Back 358

is an internal fear reaction

Front 359

signal anxiety

Back 359

is a learned response to an anticipated event.

Front 360

traumatic stress reaction

Back 360

is a series of behavioral and emotional responses following an overwhelming stressful event.

Front 361

Body image

Back 361

one's concept of his or her body

Front 362

denial

Back 362

is psychological defense mechanism used to ward off the painful feelings associated with problems.

Front 363

discharge planning

Back 363

process whereby nurses help clients cope with the hurdles of illness or surgery through early identification of and intervention for potential problems following discharge from a health care facility.

Front 364

health

Back 364

is a dynamic state of physical, mental, and social well-being, as well as the absence of disease or abnormal conditions.

Front 365

illness

Back 365

is a state of imbalance

Front 366

pain management

Back 366

an essential step in helping clients control their pain.

Front 367

sick role

Back 367

actions and behaviors of a person who is ill

Front 368

situational crisis

Back 368

is one that relates to external or environmental problems.

Front 369

anticipatory grief

Back 369

the process of grieving before the actual event occurs

Front 370

bereavement

Back 370

is the behavioral state of thoughts, feelings, and activities that follow a loss

Front 371

bereavement-related depression

Back 371

the grieving person fells the loss so intensely that feelings of despair and worthlessness overwhelm everything in life

Front 372

complicated grief

Back 372

is a persistent yearning for a deceased person tht often occurs without signs of depression.

Front 373

dying process

Back 373

individuals and loved ones progress through several psychological stages. These stages allow people to cope with the overwhelming emotional reactions associated with dying and losing loved ones.

Front 374

external losses

Back 374

include those losses outside the individual.

Front 375

grief

Back 375

is the set of emotional reactions that accompany a loss

Front 376

grieving process

Back 376

a method for resolving losses and healing or recovering.

Front 377

hospice

Back 377

symbolizes a philosophy of care for people with terminal illnesses or conditions and their loved ones.

Front 378

internal losses

Back 378

are more personal and include the losses that involve some part of oneself.

Front 379

loss

Back 379

has several meanings. It is a form of the verb lose, which means to bring about the destruction of; to become unable to find, to misplace; a failure to keep, win, or gain;or to have taken from one by accident, separation, or death.

Front 380

mourning

Back 380

is the process of working through or resolving one's grief.

Front 381

terminal illness

Back 381

is condition in which the outcome is death.

Front 382

affect

Back 382

is the outward expression of one's emotions. it can be described as blunted (restricted), flat, inappropriate, or labile (rapidly changing)

Front 383

bipolar disorders

Back 383

is suddent and dramatic shifts in emotional extremes.

Front 384

cyclothymic disorder

Back 384

is a pattern that involves repeated mood swings alternating between hypomania and depressive symptoms.

Front 385

depression

Back 385

the opposite of mania, is characterized by feelings of sadness, disappointment, and despair.

Front 386

dysthymia

Back 386

moderate depression that persists over time.

Front 387

emotion

Back 387

is a feeling - nonintellectual response

Front 388

hypomania

Back 388

an exaggerated sense of cheerfulness,

Front 389

mania

Back 389

refers to an emotional state in which a person has an elevated, expansive, and irritable mood accompanied by a loss of identity, increased activity, and grandiose thoughts and actions.

Front 390

manic depression

Back 390

also called bipolar disorder. Behavioral problems caused by sudden dramatic shifts in emotional extremes.

Front 391

mood disorder

Back 391

is defined as a disturbance in the emotional dimension of human functioning.

Front 392

postpartum depression

Back 392

A connection between hormonal balance and emotions. Tearfulness, irritability, hypochondria, sleeplessness, impairment of concentration, and headache in the days and weeks following childbirth.

Front 393

religiosity

Back 393

believing they have powers to communicate with God or become a spirit.

Front 394

seasonal affective disorder

Back 394

also known as winter depression, occurs in many people form October to April. Mild to moderate depression are experienced during the winter days.

Front 395

situational depression

Back 395

Most depressive responses in children are tied to a specific event or situation. Also called acute depression

Front 396

Body dysmorphic disorder

Back 396

is characterized by a preoccupation with a physical difference or defect in one's body

Front 397

conversion disorder

Back 397

is considered to be a somatoform disorder in which the individual presents problems related to the sensory or motor functions.

Front 398

factitious disorder

Back 398

intentionally produce signs and symptoms of illness or disablity in order to assume the sick role.

Front 399

hypochondriasis

Back 399

is a somatoform disorder in which one has an intense fear of or preoccupation with having a serious disease or medical condition based in a misinterpretation of body signs and symptoms.

Front 400

La belle indifference

Back 400

which is a lack of concern or indifference about the signs or symptoms.

Front 401

malingering

Back 401

an individual produces symptoms to meet a recognizable goal.

Front 402

physiological stress response

Back 402

this biochemical fight-or-flight system is a biological survival tool designed to provide the energy for fighting opponents or running to save one's skin.

Front 403

primary gain

Back 403

an anxiety-reducing benefit

Front 404

psychophysical disorders

Back 404

was coined to refer to stress-related physical problems

Front 405

psychosomatic illnesses

Back 405

meaning emotionally related physical disorders, also has become to mean an imaginary illness.

Front 406

secondary gains

Back 406

to assuming the sick role, being relieved of responsibility, receiving the special attentions of others, and having dependency needs met.

Front 407

somatization

Back 407

is a term for feeling physical symptoms in the absence of disease or out of proportion to an ailment

Front 408

somatoform disorder

Back 408

is condition in which a person's symptoms suggest the presence of a medical illness

Front 409

anorexia nervosa

Back 409

a condition in which an individual does not maintain a normal body weight because of an intese fear of becoming fat.

Front 410

binge eating

Back 410

is defined as consuming an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat in similar circumstances.

Front 411

body image

Back 411

the collection of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that relate to one's body size and appearance.

Front 412

bulimia

Back 412

is disorder of binge eating and the use of inappropriate methods of prevent weight gain.

Front 413

cataplexy

Back 413

is sudden episode of muscle weakness or loss of muscle tone that lasts for seconds to minutes

Front 414

compulsive overeating

Back 414

this pattern of lessening emotion pain by eating. Food becomes like a drug, with a "fix" that temporarily lessens the psychological discomforts of an ever growing desire for more food

Front 415

dyssomnias

Back 415

are characterized "by abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep".

Front 416

eating disorders

Back 416

is an ongoing disturbance in behaviors associated with the ingestion of food.

Front 417

insomnia

Back 417

is a disorder of falling asleep or maintaining a sound sleep.

Front 418

narcolepsy

Back 418

is an uncommon condition in which an individual has repeated attacks of sleep

Front 419

obesity

Back 419

is defined as an excess of body weight.

Front 420

parasomnias

Back 420

sleep disorder characterized by abnormal behavioral or physical events during sleep. It is believed that the caused by the inappropriate activation of that certain brain center that govern physical and emotional functions

Front 421

pica

Back 421

is the persistent eating of nonfood items that lasts for more than 1 month.

Front 422

polysomnogram

Back 422

monitors the client's electrophysical responses during sleep.

Front 423

purging

Back 423

is an attempt to rid the gastrointestinal tract and body of unwanted food.

Front 424

rumination disorder

Back 424

is an uncommon problem most often seen in childhood. It is defined as the regurgitation and re chewing of food.

Front 425

sleep disorder

Back 425

is a condition or problem that repeatedly disrupts an individual's pattern of sleep.

Front 426

amnesia

Back 426

is a loss of memory

Front 427

depersonalization

Back 427

is a response to severe anxiety associated with a blocking of awareness and fading of reality.

Front 428

dissociation

Back 428

is an attempt to cope with deep-seated emotional anxiety or distress.

Front 429

dissociative disorder

Back 429

is a disturbance in the normally interacting functions of consciousness: identity, memory and perception.

Front 430

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Back 430

is defined as the presence of two or more identites or personalities that repeatedly take control of the individual's behaviors.

Front 431

fugue

Back 431

inability to remember important personal events or travels.

Front 432

indentity diffusion

Back 432

is the failure to bring various childhood identifications into an effective adult personality.

Front 433

personal identity

Back 433

composite of behavioral traits and characteristics by which one is recognized as an individual.

Front 434

self-concept

Back 434

is defined as all the attitudes, notions, beliefs, and convictions that make up a person's self-knowledge.

Front 435

self-esteem

Back 435

an individual's judgment of his or her own worth

Front 436

self-ideal

Back 436

personal standards of how one should behave

Front 437

trance

Back 437

is defined as a state resembling sleep in which consciousness remains but voluntary movement is lost.

Front 438

acting out

Back 438

is the use of inappropriate or destructive behaviors to express emotions

Front 439

aggression

Back 439

is a forceful attitude or action that is expressed physically, symbolically, or verbally.

Front 440

anger

Back 440

is a normal emotional response to a perceived threat, frustration, or distressing event.

Front 441

assault

Back 441

is legal term that describes any behavior that presents an immediate threat to another person.

Front 442

assertiveness

Back 442

defines the quality for which we strive

Front 443

battery

Back 443

is the unlawful use of force on a person without his or her consent

Front 444

impulse control

Back 444

the ability to express one's emotions in appropriate or effective ways

Front 445

intermittent explosive disorder

Back 445

is a failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in the destruction of property or assault of another individual.

Front 446

passive aggression

Back 446

involves indirect expressions of anger through subtle, evasive, or manipulative behaviors

Front 447

violance

Back 447

is behavior tht threatens or harms other people or their property. A violent act is actions of force that result in abuse or harm

Front 448

abuse

Back 448

is the intentional misuse of someone or something that results in harm, injury, or trauma

Front 449

aggression

Back 449

is a forceful attitude or action that is expressed physically, symbolically, or verbally

Front 450

agitation

Back 450

describes behavior that is verbally or physically offensive

Front 451

battering

Back 451

is a term that describes repeated physical abuse of someone, usually a woman, child, or elder.

Front 452

domestic violence

Back 452

describes abuse and battering within a family

Front 453

emotional abuse

Back 453

involves rejection, criticism, terrorizing, and isolation

Front 454

exploitation

Back 454

refers to the use of an individual for selfish purposes, profit, or gain.

Front 455

forensic evidence

Back 455

is information that is gathered for legal purposes

Front 456

homicide

Back 456

taking the life of another person

Front 457

incest

Back 457

when sexual activities or intercourse occurs between members of the same family (other then the parents).

Front 458

machismo

Back 458

is defined as compulsive masculinity

Front 459

neglect

Back 459

is harm to another's health or welfare through a failure to provide for basic needs or by placing the individual's health or welfare at unreasonable risk

Front 460

physical abuse

Back 460

is inflicted injury to a child, ranging from minor bruises and lacerations to severe trauma and death.

Front 461

pornography

Back 461

writings, pictures, or other messages pertaining to children that are intended to sexually arouse.

Front 462

prostitution

Back 462

selling of sexual favors by children

Front 463

rape

Back 463

is an act of sexual violence by one person against another

Front 464

sexual abuse

Back 464

is the intentional engaging of children in sexual acts.

Front 465

shaken baby syndrome

Back 465

is defined as vigorous shaking of an infant that leads to whiplash induced bleeding within the brain with no external signs of head trauma.

Front 466

violence

Back 466

is defined as an outburst of physical force that abuses, injures, or harms another person or object.

Front 467

ambivalence

Back 467

is a state in which an individual experiences conflicting feelings, attitudes, or drives.

Front 468

direct self-destructive behaviors

Back 468

are any form of active suicidal behavior, such as threats, gestures, or attempts to end one's life.

Front 469

indirect self-destructive behaviors

Back 469

are described as any behavior or action that results in harm to the individual's well-being or death.

Front 470

parasuicidal behaviors

Back 470

are unsuccessful attempts and gestures associated with a low likelihood of success

Front 471

passive suicide

Back 471

refusing to eat, drink, or cooperate with care. Usually by older adults.

Front 472

rational suicide

Back 472

because the choice to end one's life was made freely and rationally with a sound mind.

Front 473

self-injuries

Back 473

reaffirm to individuals that they are still alive

Front 474

suicidal attempts

Back 474

are serious self-directed actions that are intended to do harm or end life

Front 475

suicidal gestures

Back 475

are suicidal actions that result in little or no injury but communicate a message of suicidal intent.

Front 476

suicidal ideation

Back 476

is described as thoughts or fantasies that are expressed but have no definite intent.

Front 477

suicidal threats

Back 477

are verbal or written expressions of the intent to take one's life, but they are without action.

Front 478

suicide

Back 478

is the action of intentionally taking one's own life.

Front 479

suicide precautions

Back 479

are standard interventions to prevent a suicide attempt from occurring.

Front 480

suicidology

Back 480

the study of the nature of suicide

Front 481

abstinence

Back 481

occurs when an addicted individual is not using an addictive substance

Front 482

abused substances

Back 482

are those chemicals that alter the individual's perception by affecting the central nervous system.

Front 483

addiction

Back 483

when the dependence on the substance is physical

Front 484

alcohol

Back 484

is caused by the presence of ethanol (ETOH), is a chemical that results form the fermentation of yeast and grains, malts, or fruits

Front 485

alcoholism

Back 485

describes an addiction to alcohol

Front 486

amphetamines

Back 486

were originally pharmaceutically manufactured medicines to treat depression, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children, and obesity. Were initially sold without a prescription in inhalers and diet pills. They are available only by prescription but many are illegally manufactured. They are strong stimulants with addictive properties.

Front 487

caffeine

Back 487

is found in every supermarket. it is the main active ingredient in coffee, black teas, most cola drinks, and other bottled beverages. Caffeine stimulates the nervous system, relieving fatigue and increasing alertness and the body's metabolic rate.

Front 488

cannabis

Back 488

(marijuana) is term applied to the hemp plant.

Front 489

cocaine

Back 489

is potent natural stimulant.

Front 490

crack

Back 490

is a type of processed cocaine.

Front 491

designer drugs

Back 491

are substances "created by underground chemists who alter the molecular structures of existing drugs".

Front 492

detoxification

Back 492

the process of withdrawing from a substance under medical supervision.

Front 493

disulfiram (Antabuse)

Back 493

is a medication taken daily by nonpracticing alcoholics

Front 494

dual diagnoses

Back 494

People with serious mental illness who also are addicted to or use chemicals.

Front 495

habituation

Back 495

occures when an individual depends on a substance to provide pleasure or relief.

Front 496

hallucinogens

Back 496

are natural and synthetic substances that alter one's perception of reality.

Front 497

heroin

Back 497

is a white, bitter-tasting powder that is usually put into solution and injected.

Front 498

inhalants

Back 498

the breathing in of volatile substances or chemical gases.

Front 499

intoxication

Back 499

is defined as a state of maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes resulting form exposure to certain chemicals

Front 500

methadone

Back 500

drug used to treat herion addiction

Front 501

narcotics

Back 501

are central nervous system depressants

Front 502

nicotine

Back 502

is currently a legal inhalant it is present in all forms of tobacco (cigaretts, chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars, snuff) and certain medications (nicotine patch, nicotine gum).

Front 503

phencyclidine (PCP)

Back 503

was originally developed for use as an animal tranquilizer. When taken by humans, it produces mild depression with low doses and a schizophrenic-like reaction with higher amounts.

Front 504

relapse

Back 504

is the recurrence of substance-abusing behaviors after a significant period of abstinence.

Front 505

substance

Back 505

is defined as a "drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin"

Front 506

substance (drug) abuse

Back 506

is the "excessive use of a substance that differs from societal norms"

Front 507

substance (chemical) dependancy

Back 507

occurs when a user must take his or her usual dose of the durg to prevent the onset of withdrawal signs and symptoms.

Front 508

substance use

Back 508

is the ingesting (eating, drinking, injecting, or inhaling) of any chmical that affects the body

Front 509

tolerance

Back 509

develops as increased amounts of the chemical are needed to produce the same effects that one dose once produced

Front 510

bisexual

Back 510

Persons who are attracted to and engage in sexual activities with members of both genders

Front 511

dyspareunia

Back 511

pain associated with sexual intercourse; may occur in both females and males

Front 512

erotic

Back 512

sexual desiring needs of husbands were filled by other men, especially adolescent boys.

Front 513

exhibitionism

Back 513

is exposure of one'e genitals to unsuspecting person(s) followed by sexual arousal

Front 514

gay

Back 514

people who prefer homosexuality and applies to both genders

Front 515

gender identity

Back 515

the physical makeup of an individual

Front 516

gender perception

Back 516

a view of one's maleness or femaleness

Front 517

gender role

Back 517

cultural and social obligations relating to one's gender

Front 518

heterosexual

Back 518

persons who express their sexuality with members of the opposite gender

Front 519

homosexuality

Back 519

The sexual desireof preference for members of one's own gender

Front 520

lesbian

Back 520

applies to female homosexuals

Front 521

paraphilias

Back 521

are groups of sexual varieations that depart from society's traditional and acceptable modes of seeking sexual gratification.

Front 522

pedophilia

Back 522

is fondling and/or other types of sexual activities with prepubescent child (usually under age 13 years and having not yet developed secondary sec characteristics)

Front 523

prostitution

Back 523

the selling of sexual services in exchange for (spiritual gain)

Front 524

sexual addiction

Back 524

is a progressive and chronic addiction characterized by patterns of compulsive sexual behavior despite negative consequences.

Front 525

sexual disorder

Back 525

are those problems that cause distress and impaired functioning in an individual or others who are exposed to the sexual behavior.

Front 526

sexual dysfunction

Back 526

is a disturbance anywhere during these four stage of the sexual response cycle.

Front 527

sexual masochism

Back 527

is sexual arousal achieved by being receiver of pain (either physical or emotional), humiliation, or being made to suffer

Front 528

sexual orientation

Back 528

gender to which one is romantically attracted.

Front 529

sexual sadism

Back 529

is sexual arousal achieved by infliction of pain (either physical or emotional) or humiliation into another person

Front 530

sexuality

Back 530

is the combination of physical, chemical, psychological, and functional characteristics that are expressed by one's gender identity and sexual behaviors.

Front 531

transsexualism

Back 531

is the persistent desire to become a member of the opposite gender

Front 532

transvestism

Back 532

is commonly referred to as cross-dressing.

Front 533

vaginismus

Back 533

Persistent involuntary contractions of muscles around vagina when penetration is attempted.

Front 534

voyeurism

Back 534

is sexual arousal achieved by observing unsuspecting persons who are naked, in act of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity (peeping tom)

Front 535

antisocial personality

Back 535

disorder is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Front 536

avoidant personality

Back 536

disorder, anxiety is related to a fear of rejection, individuals narrow their interest to a small range of activities.

Front 537

borderline personality

Back 537

disorder can be summarized as a pattern of instability in mood, thinking, self-image, behavior, and personal relationships.

Front 538

deceit

Back 538

is lying.

Front 539

dependent personality

Back 539

disorder is associated with separation and abandonment.

Front 540

dual diagnosis

Back 540

many individuals with personality disorders also suffer from substance abuse or other mental health problems

Front 541

gregarious

Back 541

sociable and in need of the company of others

Front 542

histrionic personality

Back 542

disorder is a pattern of excessive emotional expression accompanied by attention-seeking behaviors.

Front 543

ideas of reference

Back 543

incorrect perceptions of causal events as having great or significant meaning.

Front 544

impulsivity

Back 544

acting out forethought or regard to the consequences, is a feature of personality disorders.

Front 545

manipulation

Back 545

is controlling others for one's own purposes by influencing them in unfair or false ways.

Front 546

narcissistic personality

Back 546

disorderis characterized by a pattern of grandiosity and the need to be admired.

Front 547

object constancy

Back 547

which is the knowledge that a loved person or object continues to exit, even though it is out of sight.

Front 548

obsessive-compulsive personality

Back 548

disorder focus their anxiety on uncertainty about the future

Front 549

paranoia

Back 549

is a suspicious system of thinking that includes delusions of persecution and grandeur.

Front 550

antimetabolites

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)

Back 550

purine (thiol) analog: decreases de novo purine synthesis. activated by HGPRTase. (PRPP synthase inhibitor)

use: leukemias, lymphomas (not CLL or Hodgkin's)

toxicity: BM, GI, liver. metabolized by xanthine oxidase, thus increased toxicity with allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor).

prodrug is azathioprine.

Front 551

personality disorders

Back 551

are defined as long-standing, maladaptive patterns of behaving and relating.

Front 552

psychopath

Back 552

a gross disturbance in social behavior with no impairment mental state.

Front 553

schizoid personality

Back 553

disorder lack the desire or willingness to become involved in close relationships.

Front 554

schizotypal personality

Back 554

disorder have the same interaction pattern of avoiding people as schizoid personalities, but behaviors here are characterized by distortions and eccentricities (odd, strange, or peculiar action)

Front 555

splitting

Back 555

emotionally dividing the staff by complimenting one group and degrading another

Front 556

temperament

Back 556

the biological bases that underlie moods, energy, levels, and attitudes.

Front 557

agnosia

Back 557

an inability to recognize familiar objects or people.

Front 558

akatheisia

Back 558

is an inability to sit still.

Front 559

akinesia

Back 559

means the absence of movement, both physically and mentally.

Front 560

alexithymia

Back 560

a difficulty in identifying and describing emotions.

Front 561

anhedonia

Back 561

the inability (or decrease ability) to experience pleasure in life

Front 562

apathy

Back 562

a lack of concern, interest, or feelings

Front 563

bradykinesia

Back 563

slowing of body movements and a diminished mental state.

Front 564

delusions

Back 564

fixed false ideas that are not based in reality

Front 565

derealization

Back 565

a loss of ego boundaries with an inability to tell where one's body ends and the environment begins.

Front 566

dyskinesia

Back 566

is characterized by involuntary abnormal skeletal muscle movements.

Front 567

dystonia

Back 567

is impaired muscle tone.

Front 568

extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs)

Back 568

best described as "abnormal involuntary movement disorders (that) develop because of a drug-induced imbalance between two major neurotransmitters, dopamine and acetylcholine.

Front 569

hallucinations

Back 569

which are false sensory inputs with no external stimuli.

Front 570

ideas of reference

Back 570

the idea that people or the media are talking about oneself.

Front 571

illusions

Back 571

false perceptions of real stimuli

Front 572

laryngeal-pharyngeal dystonia

Back 572

When the muscles of the throat become rigid, the client begins to gag, choke, and become cyanotic.

Front 573

negative symptoms

Back 573

relate to the lack of adaptive mechanisms.

Front 574

neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

Back 574

is a potentially fatal extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic medication

Front 575

oculogyric crisis

Back 575

When dystonia involves the muscles that control eye movements , the eyes involuntarily roll to the back of the head.

Front 576

perseveration

Back 576

the repeating of the same idea in response to different questions.

Front 577

positive symptoms

Back 577

relate to maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

Front 578

poverty of thought

Back 578

a lack of ability to produce new thoughts or follow a train of thought.

Front 579

psychosis

Back 579

the inability to recognize reality, relate to others, or cope with life's demands.

Front 580

ideas of reference

Back 580

the idea that people or the media are talking about oneself.

Front 581

illusions

Back 581

false perceptions of real stimuli

Front 582

laryngeal-pharyngeal dystonia

Back 582

When the muscles of the throat become rigid, the client begins to gag, choke, and become cyanotic.

Front 583

negative symptoms

Back 583

relate to the lack of adaptive mechanisms.

Front 584

neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

Back 584

is a potentially fatal extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic medication

Front 585

oculogyric crisis

Back 585

When dystonia involves the muscles that control eye movements , the eyes involuntarily roll to the back of the head.

Front 586

perseveration

Back 586

the repeating of the same idea in response to different questions.

Front 587

positive symptoms

Back 587

relate to maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

Front 588

poverty of thought

Back 588

a lack of ability to produce new thoughts or follow a train of thought.

Front 589

psychosis

Back 589

the inability to recognize reality, relate to others, or cope with life's demands.

Front 590

schizophrenia

Back 590

a group of related disorders characterized by disordered thinking, perceptions, and behaviors.

Front 591

tardive dyskinesia

Back 591

is a drug-induced condition that produces involuntary, repeated movements of the muscles of the face, truck, arms,and legs.

Front 592

torticollis

Back 592

in which contracted cervical muscles force the neck into a twisted position.

Front 593

Chemical restraint

Back 593

is medication that reduces psychotic symptoms and quiets behavior.

Front 594

chronic mental illness

Back 594

is the presence of one or more recurring psychiatric disorders that result in significantly impaired functional abilities.

Front 595

co-morbidity (co-occurring)

Back 595

refers to the presence of two or more mental health disorders.

Front 596

exacerbation

Back 596

are periods of dysfunction accompanied by an increase in the signs, symptoms, and seriousness of the problem.

Front 597

psychiatric rehabilitation

Back 597

focuses on assisting individuals with serious mental illness to effectively cope with their life situations

Front 598

remissions

Back 598

are times of partial or complete disappearance of symptoms.

Front 599

Change process

Back 599

is defined as the series of steps that result in a difference.

Front 600

competent

Back 600

an individual must be able to
1. make a choice
2. understand important information
3. appreciate one's own situation and
4. apply reasoning.

Front 601

entrepreneur

Back 601

self-employed nurses

Front 602

homelessness

Back 602

means to be without a permanent residence, a place to live.

Front 603

information overload

Back 603

is a state of mind in which so many facts have been absorbed that they all become an unrelated jumble of stored information

Front 604

mental health care team

Back 604

is a group of professionally trained specialists who develop and implement comprehensive treatment plans for clients with mental and emotional problems.

Front 605

nurse case managers

Back 605

work with psychiatrists to develop treatment plans tailored to each client's special needs.

Front 606

psychosocial (psychiatric) rehabilitation.

Back 606

is a way of assisting people with mental health problems in readjusting and adapting to life in the community.