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144 Cards in this Set
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What are the two definitions for Forensic Pyschology? |
Narrow Definition: highlights certain aspects of the profession while ignoring other aspects. "A fieldof psychology that includes “theprimarily clinical aspects of forensic assessment, treatment, and consultation” Broad Definition: are more inclusive. A research endeavor and/or a professional practice that examineshuman behaviour in relation to the legal system |
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What is are the three types of forensic psychologists? |
1. Clinical: Role is on research and practice. Focus on mental health and the law. Have an M.A. or Ph.D. 2. Experimental: role in research. Focus on human behaviour and the law. Have a Ph.D in psychology. 3. Legal Scholar: Role in Research and analysis. Focus on mental health and policy. Have a Ph.D in psych and training with Law. |
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What are some other disciplines in forensics? |
Forensic psychiatry: medical and legal.
Forensic anthropology: study of people, culture, dead thiggs. Forensic linguistics: language, speach, death notes, etc. Forensic chemistry: chem, toxology, etc. fragments, residue. Forensic ondontology: teeth Forensic pathology: cause of death Forensic entomology: insects, decomp. |
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What are the three different relationships between psychology and the law? |
Psych AND the law: the use of psych to study the operation the operation of the legal system Psych IN the law: the use of psych within the legal system as it currently operates. Psych OF the law: the use of psych to study the law itself. |
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Describe the history of Forensic psych in the US. |
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Describe the history of forensic psych in Europe. |
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Describe the history of forensic psych in north america. |
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Describe Landmark court cases in the US. |
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What are the three biological theories of crime? |
1: Sheldon's constitutional theory: crime committed depending on body type, which is linked to temperment. Endomorphes (obese) are jolly, ectomorphes (thin) are introverted, and mesomorphes (muscle) are bold, and therefore commit more crime. 2: Jacob et. als Chromosomal theory: chromosomal irregulatiry is linked to criminal behaviour. X, Y. more Y chromosomes, lead to aggression = crime. 3: Mark and Ervin's Dyscontrol theory: lesions to the temporal lobe and limbic system result in messy brain. leads to dyscontrol syndrome = outburts, violence, impluses, traffic violations. |
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What are the three sociological theories of crime? |
1. Merton's Strain theory: crime is commited due to strain felt between self and society. want to achieve goals so they commit crime. 2: Sutherland's Differential Association theory: criminal behaviour is learned through social interactions. Learn more favourable values you will commit it. 3: Becker's Labelling theory: a criminal is labelled which promotes deviant behaviour through self-fulfilling prophecy. |
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What are the four psychological theories of crime? |
1. Eysenck's biosocial theory: some are born with systems that influence their ability to learn consequences. Thus, extroverts and neurotics are more likely criminals becuase of antisocial behaviours. 2. Aker's social learning theory: crime is learned through observation of models. and get rewards for this. 3. Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation: early seperation from mother prevents effective social teaching. leads to antisocial behaviour. 4. Gottfredson and Hirshis general theory of crime: low self control, interalized before, will become evident when in the presence of crime opportunity. |
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Why has Canada been slower in terms of allowing psychologists into the court room to testify as an expert? |
Canada only requires a masters to be a psychologist, so this is not seen as expert. |
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Who was Dr. Paul Gendreau? |
"what works": assessment and treatment of offenders. get tough strategies dont work and they often repeat crimes. Correctional Program Assessment Inventory: evaluating the quality of offender treatment programs. |
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What are the 5 things that make forensic psychology a legitimate field? |
1. high quality textbooks are being made. 2. academic journals dedicated to the field 3. Professional associations have been developed to represent interests (AP-LS). 4. new training opportunities at the under and grad level. 5. APA has formally recognized it as a discipline. |
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What are the functions of an expert witness? |
1: Aidin understanding a particular issue relevant to the case 2: Provide an opinion This is very different from a regular witness, who an only testify on what they have observed.Experts can only act as educators, can't pick a side. |
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Why are there challenges in providing an expert psychology testimony? |
Providingeffective testimony to the courts is difficult because of differences thatexist between the fields of psychology and law
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What are the 7 differences between Psychology and Law? |
1. Knowledge: gain in psych comes from cumulative research, whereas for law it comes from legal precedent, logical thinking, and case law. 2: Methodology: experiments and stats for psych to see broad patterns. Law is idiographic which means it operates on a case by case basis. 3: Epistemology: psych says that you can find hidden truth if appropriate experiements are conducted. Truth in law is based off of the most convincing story of what happened. 4: Criteria: psych is cautious to acccept truth. law decides what is true based on a single case criteria that are often more lenient. 5: Nature of law: goal of psych is to describe how people behave. law is how they should behave. 6: Principles: psych always considers alternatives. lawyers convince that they are correct. 7. Latitude: psych is limited in court. law has fewer restrictions. |
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Picture of 7 differences. |
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What are admissibility criteria? |
Standards that must be met in order for something to be used in a court case.
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Describe the Frye vs. US case. |
Frye was tried for murder. passed a polygraph test and wanted to use this in court but they would not let him. They also didn't let the one who administered it to be an expert witness. |
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What did the Frye vs. US case lead to ? |
General acceptanace test: a standard for accepting expert testimony. were the testimony will be admissible in court if the basis of the testimony is generally accepted whithin the scientific community. This is why they could not accept the polygraph in court, because science did not accept it. |
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Describe the Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals case. |
Sued a company for their drug that he believed gave him defects form his mother ingesting. Court rejected his side because the results were determined using criteria that were not accepted by the scientific community . |
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What are the Daubert criteria? |
This is a standard for accepting expert testimony which states that scientific evidence is valid if the research which it is based has been peer reviewed, is testable, recognized rate of error, and adheres to professional standards. |
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Describe the R vs. Mohan case. |
Mohan was a paediatrician accused of sexual assault. Wanted to have an expert testimony saying that he wasn't a pedophile but this was not accepted because it was based on past experience. |
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What are the Mohan criteria? |
In addition to the testimony having to be reliable, the testimony must also be: 1: evidence must be relevant, in terms of making the case more or less likely. 2: evidence must assist the trier of fact, meaning the testimony must go beyond the common understanding of the court. 3: evidence must not voilate any rules of exclusion meaning they cant be convicted of what they did in the past, as this is bias. 4: must be provided by a qualified expert. determined by type and amount of training. |
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Describe the R. vs. McIntosh and McCarthy case. |
attempted murder, robbery, and firearm offences. Judge said that the assist trier of fact was violated, but this was wrong as it was said that the jury made not have had sufficient evidence. |
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What are police interrogations? |
A process whereby the police interview a suspect for the purpose of gathering evidence and obtaining a confession. Sometimes use untruths to get truth. coercion. |
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What is the Reid Model of Interrogation? |
Most common method used in Canada. There are 3 stages. 1: gather evidence 2: conduct non-accusatorial interview 3: conduct accusatorial interview. The goalis to make the consequences of confessing more desirable than the anxietyassociated with the deception |
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What are the 9 steps in the Reid Model? |
1.Confront suspectwith guilt (can pretend evidence exists)
2.Give suspect reason to justify,rationalize, or excuse the crime 3.Interrupt anystatements of denial – don’t give suspect upper hand 4.Overcome suspect’sobjections untilhe becomesquiet &withdrawn 5.Once withdrawn, keep suspect in theinterrogation by moving closer 6.Interrogator thenshows sympathy and understanding and urges the suspect tocome clean (appeal to sense of decency) 7.Offer face-saving explanations forthe crime. "You didnt do this becuase you're a bad guy." 8.Once suspect accepts responsibility(by agreeing with one of the face-saving explanations), develop the admissioninto a full confession 9.Get the suspect to write-up andsign the confession ALSO: plain room, evidence folder, alone before entering. can lie about "evidence: |
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What are some confrontation techniques of the Reid Model? |
1. failed the polygraph 2. DNA was found 3. Witness identified you 4. co-suspect said you did it. |
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What are minimization techniques? What are maximization techniques? |
Min: soft sell tactics used by police interrogators that are designed to lull the suspect into a false sense of security. Max: scare tactics used by police investigators that are designed to intimidate a suspect believed to be guilty. |
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What Reid techniques are most often used? |
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What are some problems with the Reid model? |
1. ability to detect deception 2. Investigator bias: begin interrogation with a belief, causing them to interrogate in a certain way. Assumption of guilt, ask more quilt-presumptive questions, more coersive, persistant and pressure. this made suspects get defensive which makes them look quilty. 3. coersive tactics 4. Many suspects don't understand their rights which can affect what they say and do. 5. suspect vulnerabilities: drunk, pshych, sleep, anxiety, etc. |
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What are the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? |
You need not say anything. You have nothing to hope from any promise or favour, and you have nothing to fear from any threat. |
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What is the Mr. Big technique? |
Not missable in court. get person to confess to big gang guy but getting police secretly involved. |
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What affects whether interrogation confessions are admitted in court? |
1. did the suspect given the confession voluntarily? 2. Were they given by a competent person? |
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Describe the R. vs Oickle case and the R. vs. Hoilett case |
Waterville, NS. Guy admitted to 7 counts of arson. He confessed, but said that it was no admissible. Supreme court did not agree. Assault. was drunk and on crack, along with many other things. confessed, but it was not admissible because he was treated so poorly. |
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What is an alternative model to the Reid Model? |
the PEACE model used in England and whales. uses investigative interviewing rather than interrogating. Preparation and planning Engage and explain Account Closure Evaluation This model gets just as many confessions as the Reid model. |
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Who is Dr.Bent Snook? |
Professor at MUN, wants to bring the PEACE model to Canada. |
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What is a false confession? |
A confession that is either intentionally fabricated or is not based on actual knowledge of the facts that form its content. |
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What are two other types of confessions that are NOT false confessions? |
Retracted confession: a confession that the confessor later declares to be false. Disputed confession: a confession that is later disputed at trial because of legal technicalities or because the confessor disputes it was ever made. |
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What are the three types of false confessions proposed by Kassin and Wrightsman? |
1: Voluntary false confession: occurs without being prompted by the police. May do this because; protect the real offender or family, notoriety, cannot seperate fact from fantasy, need for punishment. Lindbergs son. 2: Coerced compliant: the confessor knows they did not do the crime. occurs in response to 1) escaping further investigation, 2) gain promised benefit, 3) avoid threatened punishment 3: Coerced interalized: a confession that results from suggestive interrogation techniques, whereby the confessor actually comes to believe he or she committed the crime. usually happens with people who 1) have a history of drug abuse 2) no ability to differentiate between was is a true memory and was has been suggested 3) mental state problems such as severe anxiety, confusion or guilt |
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Describe the Paul Ingram case. |
Accused of rape of his daughters. Initially he said he never did it, but later was able to recall the crimes in great detail. in jail, he said he never did anything and was released. He may have done this due to suggestion. Ofshe proved this by doing an experiement that used a false event, which he later beleived he committed. |
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What is challenging about studying false confessions in the lab? |
Cannot allow research that goes against ethics, as intense studies such as Ofshe's would put participants at risk. |
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Describe Kassin and Kiechels study. |
Had participants take part in what they though was a reaction time study. A co-conspirator read them letters, and the participants had to type the letters into the computer. Participants were warned that if they touched the ALT key, all data would be deleted. 60 seconds later, computer automatically crashed, which brought the head researcher in. Had two factors: vulnerability and evidence. Participants had to sign confession to measure compliance. To measure internalization, recorded comments given to another co-conspirator. To measure confabulation, participants were asked to come back in and describe where things went wrong. |
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What is compliance? |
a tendency to go along with demands made by people perceived to be in authority, even though the person many not agree with them. |
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What is Internalization? |
The acceptance of guilt for an act, even if the person did not actually commit the act. |
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What is confabulation? |
The reporting of events that never actually occurred. |
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What elements does Kassin and Kiechels study fail to have compared to the real world? |
1) participants had nothing to lose whereas real suspects have much to lose if found guilty 2) while all participants were actually innocent, real life people are not. 3) participants could be easily confused by their guilt, real suspects typically aren't confused about their involvement in the crime. |
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Describe Russano et al's study. |
Participants were asked to do a task individually with another "participant" in the room. in one condition, the confederate asked for help which made the participant guilty. Were then presented with minimization techniques or none. A deal was also offered if confessed. Results were as expected. |
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What are the consequences of falsely confessing? |
1) Jury could convict a suspect for a crime they did not commit because a) cant believe someone would convict themselves for something they didn't do. b) people cannot easily detect deception. c) they are similar to real confessions. 2) affect the police. cause them to waste resources when they could be catching the real guy, keeping more people safe. Howwitt |
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Describe Kassin and Sukel's transcript study. |
Participants either recieved a transcipt where the suspect confessed immediately, after being coerced, or did not confess at all. Those in high pressure recognized the confession as involuntary. |
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What is criminal profiling? |
An investigative technique for identifying the major personality and behavioural characteristics of an individual based on analysis of the crimes they have committed. |
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What does criminal profiling do? The goals? |
1.narrows down a list of suspects, 2.providing new lines of investigation. 3. to help set traps 4. whether a threatening note should be taken seriously 5. how to best interrogate 6. break down defendents. |
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What were the origins of profiling? |
•1888– Whitechapel murders of women: letter signed by Jack the Ripper. Policesurgeon involved in the investigation used a form of criminal profiling (Woodworthand Porter, 2001)••1940s- First recorded use by psychiatrist Walter Langer duringWWII commissioned to construct a psychodynamic profile of Hitler.•
•1957- psychiatrist James Brussels workedwith NYPD to construct a profile of the Mad Bomber.••1970s-1980s- FBI (HowardTeten,John Douglas, Robert Ressler, RoyHazelwood,andothers)became involved in psychological profiling and popularized the technique.• •1990s– 2003 - attempt (by David Canter, Maurice Godwin, Ron Holmes, Robert Keppel, Brent Turvey, Kim Rossmo andothers) to scientizeprofiling and move the practice beyond the purview of the FBI. |
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How is a criminal profile constructed? |
- differently by different profilers. - What + Why = Who - what: criminal material is found at the start - why: motivation for the crime - who did it this is too vague, some say it is an art, not a science. it doesnt not explain how criminals get from what to why, or why to who. |
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What is Deductive criminal profiling? |
Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left at the crime scenes by that particular offender. |
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What is Inductive criminal profiling? |
Profiling the background characteristics of an unknown offfender based on what we know about other similar solved cases. |
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What is the ViCLAS? |
The Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System., which was developed by RCMP to collect and analyze information on serious crimes from across canada. |
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What is Linkage Blindness? |
An inability on the part of the police to link geographically dispersed serial crimes committed by the same offender because of lack of information sharing among police agencies. |
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What is the organized-disorganized model? |
A profilling model used by the FBI that assumes the crime scenes and backgrounds of serial killers can be categorized as organized or disorganized, and that this relates to their background and personality, and why the crime was committed. critiqued for relying too much on intuition. |
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What is an M.O.? What is a signature? |
M.O: modus operandi: methods used. Howthe offender committed the crime. Tells about the experience of the offenderand situational/contextual factors involved in the crime. Signature: something consistent among crimes or criminals.The behaviour expression of fantasy the killer mustleaveat the scene to satisfy emotional/psychological needs. Goes beyond what’snecessary to commit crime and tells about the offender’spsychological needs and motivation. |
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What are some characteristics of an organized crime scene? |
•Offenseplanned•Victima targeted stranger•Victimpersonalized•Controlledconversation•Crimescene reflects overall control•Demandssubmissive victim•Restraintsused•Aggressiveacts prior to death•Bodyhidden•Weapon/evidenceabsent•Victimtransported from scene•Associatedwith psychopathy•
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What are some characteristics of a disorganized crime scene? |
•Spontaneousoffense•Victimor location known•Depersonalizesvictim•Minimalconversation•Crimescene random and sloppy•Suddenviolence to victim. Minimaluse of restraints•Sexualacts after death•Bodyleft in view•Evidence/weaponoften present•Bodyleft at death scene•Associatedwith Psychosis
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What are some personality traits associated with each time of category? |
organized: high IQ, skilled, sexually adequate, lives with partner, mobile, lives and works far away from crimes, follows media, has home and vehicle. disorganized: low IQ, unskilled, sexually inadequate, lives alone, stable geo, lives and works close to crimes, little interest in media, no home or car. |
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What is the classic trait model? |
A model of personality that assumes the primary determinants of behaviour are stable, internal traits. |
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Is profiling a science of profession? |
•Profilinghas not yet achieved the status of a profession. Factorshindering professionalization:
–Lack of consensus (onterms, approaches, training, appropriate experience/educational background,etc.). –Practical issues (sensitivityand confidentiality of cases). –Ego/territorial issues. –Absence of uniform standards,practices, peer review, and ethics. –Small number (if any) of profilingpositions whereprofiling is the primary job description. –Thenotion (and acknowledgement among many profilers) that profiling is more art thanscience. |
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What are the assumptions made in the profiling process? |
•Crimescene reflects the personality ofthe offender.•M.O. remainssimilar.•Signature willremain the same.•Offender’spersonality will notchange.
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What are some factors that shape M.O? |
–Trade/ProfessionalExperience
–Criminalexperience and confidence –Contactwith the criminal justice system –Mediaand pop culture –OffenderMood/Mental state –X-Factors(unknown/unplanned influences) |
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What are some factors that affect signature? |
–Personality/Psychopathology
–Evolutionof Fantasy |
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What is important to remember when distinguishing M.O from signature? |
•Signatureand M.O. needs may be satisfied by the same behavior. Important to remember the “two most important axioms of criminal profiling”:
–Different offenders do similar things fordifferent reasons. –Offender behaviors can be the result ofmultiple motivations and/or external influences. |
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What is the difference between psychopathy and psychosis? |
•PSYCHOPATHY –Personalitydisorder made up of a particular constellation of characteristics)–Lackof attachment, defect in affect, absence of anxiety–In touch with reality
•PSYCHOSIS –Clinicalmental illness – Schizophrenia (psychosis for atleast 6 months) –Maymeet legal definition of insanity–Out of touch withreality |
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What are some interrogation techniques for each type of crime scene? |
•ORGANIZED–Directconfrontation–Respectscompetency–One-personinterview–Don’texpect “free information”–Nouse of “false evidence”(are too sharp for this)–Conductwhen suspect has no time to gather thoughts
•DISORGANIZED–Relationshipmotivated–Empathy–Constantstream of conversation–Usepositive personal relationship–Conductat night–– |
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What are some criticisms about the organized/disorganized typology? |
•Developed/oversimplifiedfor use by law enforcement professionals with little academic training incriminology, psychology, and forensic science and encouragesunsophisticated profiling.
•Isa FALSE DICHOTOMY -- few offenders/crime scenes fit neatlyinto either type. many could fit into all. professionals may be no more skilled than people with no training. |
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What is geographical profiling? |
refersto the analysis of geographical locations associated with the spatial movementsof a singleserialoffender
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What is geographical mapping? |
concernedwith analyzing the spatial patterns of crimes committed by numerous offendersover a period of time. Geographical mapping focuses on identifying the “hotspots” of certain types of crime.
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What are Heuristics? |
Simple, general rules that can be used to make decisions and solve problems. in some instances, a reliance on heuristics can result in biased decisions. In other cases, they result in reasonably accurate decisions. |
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What is a polygraph? |
device that records an individuals autonomic nervous system. uses a blood pressure cuff, Pneumographs, and galvanometers. Measures respiration, heart rate, and sweating. |
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What are the uses of the polygraph? |
•Helps in criminal investigations(suspect is asked to take a polygraph test)•Verify a crime has occurred (victimis asked to take a polygraph test)•Monitoring sexual offenders onprobation (United States)•Pre-employment screening forsecurity agencies and police
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What are the two types of polygraph tests? |
The comparison question tests and the concealed information test. |
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Describe the comparison questions test. |
Includes irrelevant, relevant, and control questions. compare the physiological responses between relevant and comparison questions. This type is used in north america. |
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What are some examples of some questions used in the CQT? |
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What are the 4 phases of the CQT? |
•Pre-testinterview: Interview with suspect to develop the comparison/controlquestions; Examiner stresses polygraph is accurate
•Polygraphexam: Questionsare asked while suspect’s physiological responses are measured•Scoring:Polygraphexaminer scores the physiological responses to determine if the suspect istruthful, deceptive, or inconclusive •Post-testinterview: If a suspect is judged deceptive he ispressured to confess |
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What does the CQT assume? |
•Assumesguilty people react more to relevant questions and innocent people react moreto comparison questions
•Suspectfalsely accused of a crime might react more strongly to questions about thecrime than to vague questions concerning past behaviour |
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What is the Concealed information test. |
•Assesses if suspect has informationthat only the criminal would know
•Asks suspects multiple-choicequestions, one option is correct •Assumes if the suspect is guiltythey will react strongly to correct information •Rarely used in Canada or UnitedStates |
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Where can polygraphs be administered? |
•Laboratory studies– Ground truth is known– Limited application to real-lifesituations
•Field studies– Real-life situations and actualsuspects– Ground truth is not known |
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What is the accuracy of the CQT? |
•Majority of guilty suspectscorrectly identified
84%to 92% guilty correctly identified •Relatively large number of innocentsuspects falsely identified as guilty 9% to24% false positive errors •Accuracy of original examinershigher than blind scorers |
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What is the accuracy of the CIT? |
•No field studies have beenconducted in North America
•Very accurate at identifyinginnocent participants Around95%correctly identified •Less accurate at identifying guiltyparticipants Around85%correctly identified |
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What are countermeasures? |
As applied to polygraph research, techniques used to try to conceal guilt. |
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How do countermeasures impact the CQT and CIT? |
CQT: dramatically reduce effectiveness CIT: not affected by anti-anxiety meds. |
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Is the polygraph admissible in courts in Canada? |
no |
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What are some other measures of deception? |
thermal measuring: detects facial warming due to blood flow. ERPs: Electrodes measure brain activityin response to a significant stimulus–P300 used to detect guiltyknowledge fMRI: Measures differences in brainactivity when people are being honest versus deceptive. Different parts of the brain areactivated when person is deceptive versus when they are telling the truth |
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What are some verbal cues for detecting deception? |
Verbal cues most consistentlyrelated to deception include:
– Higher voice pitch – Increased speech disturbance (ah,umm) – Slower speech - speech errors - speech pauses •Pattern of verbal cues may dependon how cognitively complex the lie is |
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What are some non-verbal behaviours characteristic of deception? |
•Gazeaversion•Smiling•Blinking•Fidgeting•Handor finger movements•Legor foot movements•Bodymovements•Shrugs•Headmovements•Shiftingpositions
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Which verbal cues are indicative of honesty? of deception? |
•Verbal cues that are indicative ofhonesty:– Make corrections in account– Admit to lack of memory
•Verbal cues that are indicative ofdeception:– Little detail – Less compelling accounts– More nervous and tense |
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What is a truth bias?
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the tendency of people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive. |
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What is Factitious disorder? |
A disorder in which the persons physical and psychological symptoms are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external rewards faking sick. |
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What is Munchausen syndrome by proxy? |
a rare factitious disorder in which a person intentionally produces an illness in his or her child. do this to get attention. |
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What is Somatoform disorder? |
Physical symptoms that cannot be explained by organic impairment. symptoms are not intentionally produced. Often occur with depression and anxiety. They are psychologically generated. pay attention to the little things, but make them bigger in the mind. |
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What is Malingering? |
Intentionally faking psychological symptoms or physical symptoms for some type of external gain. Ex: say they have a mental illness in court to avoid punishment. |
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Describe what Kenneth Bianchi did. |
Him and his cousin were known as thehillside strangers. They murdered 11 women, and probably a lot more. They wouldpose as police officers. Told women they had to get in the car, and then takethem to carry out the murder. Bianchi being a really cocky guy. During thistime, he applied to be a police officer. Took him on many ride alongs asthey were looking for the hillside sranglers. Cousin flipped out when he foundout. Guy moved to wahington, murdered two more people. Sincehe didn’thave his cousin to help, bianchi left a lot of evidence and thecops caught him the next day. He tried to plee insanity and tried to pretend he hadmultiple personalities. “Dissociative Identity disorder”. Claimed that he had apersonality, steve walker. Fooled some forensicpsychologists. But there was one that didn’t believe his plee. Totest this, he said that “you know, most people that have MPD have 3 personalitites” andbianchirandomly generated another one at that point. Calimed lossof memory for all sorts of things that he was suppose to remember. Not justthings about the crime scene. He had previously remembered, but now does not.
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What is defensiveness? |
Conscious denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms. –Might wish to appear highfunctioning to be seen as a fit parent – Some patients may not want toadmit they certain symptoms |
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What research can be done to assess malingering? |
•Case study–Useful for generating a widevariety of hypotheses–Only way to study rare syndromes
• Simulation–Most frequently used–Participants are told to malinger aspecific disorder & compared to •Control group•Clinical comparison group–High experimental rigour–Limited generalizability to thereal world |
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What are known group designs? |
As applied to malingering research, involves comparing genuine patients and malingerers attempting to fake the disorder the patients have. Involves two stages: Establishing thecriterion groups (e.g., Genuine patients andmalingers) AND Analysis ofthe similarities and differences between criterion groups Has good generalizability to real life. |
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How can one detect malingering? |
–Report rare,atypical symptoms, or absurdsymptoms –Report atypicaldelusions or hallucinations–Absence ofsubtle symptoms –Continuous hallucinationsrather thanintermittent –Accuseclinician of not believing them – Presence of accomplice– Crime fits pattern of criminalhistory –No psychotic history prior to thecrime.
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What are the SIRS and M-FAST |
•The Structured Interview of ReportedSymptoms (SIRS; Rogers et al., 1992)– Uses a structured interview – 172 items organized into 8 scales– Research indicates goodvalidity
•The M-FAST test (Miller,2000)–Interview-based method–25 items organized into 9 scales–Useful and reliable screening testfor malingering |
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What is the MMPI? |
self report personality test. consist of the Lie scale, frequency, and k (defensiveness. good at detecting malingereres. liers will have high F scale because they are saying yes to more things than a true patient would. |
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What are the stages of memory? |
Perception, encoding, short term, long term, retrieval. |
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What are the two types of memory retreival? |
Recall memory: Reporting details of previouslywitnessed event/person Recognition memory: Reporting whether currentinformation (viewed or heard) is thesame as previous information (e.g., lineups) |
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What are some ways of research eye witness testimony? |
Naturalistic observation
Archival data Laboratorysimulations |
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What are two types of IV? |
Estimator variables: variables that cannot be changed. (quasi) system variables: things that can change ( questions being asked) |
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What are three DV? |
Recall of the event:how well does the person remember what happened.
Recall of the perpetrator:who commited thecrime. How well do they remember them. Recognition of the culprit:picking out the culprit in a line-up |
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What is open ended recall? |
Witnesses are asked to either write or orally state all they remember about the event without the officer asking questions. also known as free narrative. |
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What is direct question recall? |
Witnesses are asked a series of specific questions about the crime or the perpetrator. |
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What should be analyzed when examining recall information? |
amount of information, type of information, and accuracy of information. need to look for omission errors which are failures to report things that were there or commision errors which is when a false claim is made. |
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What is a lineup? |
A set of people presented to the witness, who in turn must state whether the perpetrator is present and if so, which one. |
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What usually happens when police interview people interview witnesses? |
There is a limited abilility to collect information. Interrupted witnesses during free recall Asked short, specific questions Asked off-topic questions Asked leading questions These all have potential to alter memory. |
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What is memory conformity? |
When what one witness reports influences what another witness reports |
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What is the misinformation affect? |
Phenomenon where a witness who is presented with inaccurate information after an event will incorporate that misinformation into a subsequent recall task. also known as post event information affect. |
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What are three hypotheses explaining the misinformation effect? |
acceptance: inccorect info is provided because the witness guesses what the officer wants the response to be. Source misattribution: witness has two memories, the original and misinformation one, the witness cannot remember where each memory originated or the source of each. Memory impairment: original memory is replaced with the new, incorrect information. |
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What things can be done to help the police with interviews? |
Hypnosis
Cognitive Interview Enhanced Cognitive Interview |
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Describe hypnosis. |
can refresh memory so more details are given. not necessarily more accurate. not admissible in court in canada. people become more suggestible. |
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What is a cognitive interview? |
Interview procedure for use with eye witnesses based on principles of memory storage and retrieval. |
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What are the four different aspects to the cognitive interview? |
Cognitive reinstatement: put yourself back there
Report everything Recall event in different orders Change perspectives |
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What is the enhanced cognitive interview? |
Interview procedure that includes various principles of social dynamics in addition to the memory retrieval principles used in the original cognitive interview. Includes: Rapportbuilding Supportiveinterviewer behaviour Transferof Control Focusedretrieval Witnesscompatible questioning |
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Is cognitive interviewing beneficial?
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yes both are better than the standard. increase accurate information and do not increase inaccurate information. no dramatic difference between CIs |
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What are the different types of recognition? |
live line ups or photo arrays. video surveillance records voice |
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What is the difference between a suspect and a culprit? |
suspect - may me guilty or innocent culprit - the guilty person who commited the crime. |
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What are foils? |
lineup members who are known to be innocent of the crime in question. also called distractors. |
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What are the different line-up procedures? |
Similarity to suspect: Matches lineup members to the suspect’sappearance Match to description: Matches detailsthatwitness provided in description Fair line up: suspect does not stand out in any way Target present: a lineup that contains the perpetrator (Correctidentification, Foilidentification, Falserejection) Target absent: does not contain perpetrator (Correctrejection,Foilidentification,Falseidentification) |
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What is beneficial about the photo lineup vs. a live lineup? |
Easier to construct, Portable, No right to legal counsel, No suspect behaviour, Less stress
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What is a simultaneous lineup? |
A common lineup procedure that presents all lineup members at one time to the witness. Use relative judgement: which is where witness compares lineup members to eachother and the person who looks most like perpetrator is identified. |
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What is a sequential lineup? |
lineup member presented serially. has to make the decision at that time. cant go back. uses absolute judgement: compares to a memory |
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What is a showup? what is a walk by? |
showup - identification procedure that shows one person to the witness: the suspect. Walk by - occurs in a naturalistic environment where the suspect is likely to be. when they are in view, asked if they see them or not. |
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What is a biased lineup? |
A lineup that suggests whom the police suspect and thereby whom the witness should identify. |
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What are the three types of bias? |
Foil bias: make suspect stand out instruction bias: dont tell witness that they may not be in the lineup clothing bias: the suspect is the one wearing clothes like described. |
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When does accuracy increase/decrease for voice identification? |
Increase - longer voice sample and no accent. decrease - whispering or emotion, more foils, target voice is later in lineup. |
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CONFIDENCE DOES NOT INDICATE ACCURACY |
hhh |
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How does the age of a witness impact accuracy ? |
older adults make fewer correct rejections. |
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What is the cross- race affecT? |
Phenomenon of witnesses remembering own race faces with greater accuracy then faces from other races. due to attitudes, homogeneity and interracial contact. |
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What is weapon focus ? |
Term used to describe the phenomenon of a witneses attention being focused on the perpetrators weapon rather than on the perpetrator. could be due to two things. 1) cue-utlization hypotheses: when emotional arousal increases, attentional capacity decreases. 2) unusualness - we are not use to seeing guns so we are attracted to it, focus on it more because it stands out. |
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Eye witness |
experiments cannot be generalized. §Samples used§Reliability of results§Viewing time of culprit |
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How do the public feel about eye witness? |
Overestimateidentification accuracy
Don’tunderstand situational factors Noaware of system variables |
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What are some guidelines for improvement or eye witness testimony? |
§The officer should not know whichperson is the suspect§Witnesses told the culprit may notbe present in the lineup§The suspect should not differ fromfoils based on witnesses description §Witness’confidence should be assessed prior to feedback§Kassinadded: “lineupprocedures should be videotaped”
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