Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define Psychopathy |
Personality disorder defined by a collection of interpersonal, affective, and behavioural characteristics |
|
|
Define Antisocial Personality Disorder |
History of behaviour in which rights of others are violated |
|
|
Define Sociopathy |
A person whose psychopathic traits are assumed to be due to environmental factors |
|
|
How do you assess Psychopathy? |
Psychopathy Checklist (Revised) 20 item rating scale. Score: 30+ = Psychopath 20-29 = Psychopathic Tendencies Less than 20 = Normal bitch |
|
|
What common behaviours do Psychopaths demonstrate during interrogations? |
Try to outwit interrogator Like being the focus of attention Like to control the interrogation Not fooled by bluffs Attempt to shock the interrogator |
|
|
What are some interrogation suggestions for psychopaths? |
Be familiar with the case Convey experience and confidence Show liking or admiration Avoid criticism Avoid conveying emotion |
|
|
What is an expert witness? |
Witness who provides the court with information that assists the court in understanding an issue of relevance to the case. |
|
|
What must an expert witness be knowledgeable about? |
The functions of an expert witness Difference between their field of expertise and the law The criteria for accepting expert testimony
|
|
|
What dimensions do Psychology and The Law differ on? (7) |
Knowledge, Methodology, Epistemology, Criteria, Nature of Law, Principles, and Latitude |
|
|
Psychology Vs Law Dimensions: Knowledge |
Psych: Research Law: Case Laws, Legel Precedent, Logical Thinking |
|
|
Psychology Vs Law Dimensions: Methodology |
Psych: Nomothetic (Goal to uncover general trends) Law: Idiographic (Case-by-Case) |
|
|
Psychology Vs Law Dimensions: Epistemology |
Psych: Uncovering Hidden Truth (Objective) Law: Persuasion (Subjective) |
|
|
Psychology Vs Law Dimensions: Criteria |
Psych: Replication (Conservative) Law: Single Case (More Lenient) |
|
|
Psychology Vs Law Dimensions: Nature of Law |
Psych: Descriptive, How People Behave Law: Prescriptive, How People Should Behave |
|
|
Psychology Vs Law Dimensions: Principles |
Psych: Alternative explanations Law: Only one correct explanation |
|
|
Psychology Vs Law Dimensions: Latitude |
Psych: Limited by the court (Psychologists) Law: Fewer Restrictions (Lawyer) |
|
|
Explain the General Acceptance Test for Expert Testimony |
Expert testimony is accepted in court if the basis of the testimony is generally accepted within the relevant scientific community |
|
|
Define The Mohan Criteria for accepting expert testimony |
Evidence must be relevant Evidence must be nessecary for assisting trier of fact Evidence must not violate any other rule of exclusion |
|
|
What are the main factors that make eyewitness testimony unreliable? |
Anxiety/Stress Presence of a weapon Suggestive questioning Misinformation Effect |
|
|
List the Stages of Memory |
Perception/Attention Encoding Short-Term Long-Term Retrieval |
|
|
What is an Estimator variable? |
A variable that is present at the time of the crime, can't be changed. |
|
|
What is a System Variable? |
A variable that can be manipulated for effectiveness of a procedure |
|
|
What are 3 general defendant variables on recall simulations done in a laboratory? |
Recall of the Event/Crime: Open-ended recall, free narrative, direct question recall, type of info/nature of details, etc. Recall of Target/Culprit: Open-ended recall, free narrative, direct question recall. Recognition of the Target/Cuplrit: Line-Up, rate of correctly pointing out culprit in lineup, rate of incorrectly pointing out the culprit, rate of correctly state the target/culprit is not present in the lineup |
|
|
Define the Misinformation Effect |
Phenomenon where a witness who is presented with inaccurate info after an event will incorporate that misinformation in a subsequent recall task. |
|
|
Explaining the Misinformation Effect: Misinformation Acceptance Hypothesis |
Incorrect info is provided because the witness guessed what the officer or experimenter wanted to hear (Social Desirability). |
|
|
Explaining the Misinformation Effect: Source Misattribution Hypothesis |
The witness has 2 memories; original and misinformation. The witness then cannot remember where each memory originated or the source of each. |
|
|
Explaining the Misinformation Effect: Memory Impairment Hypothesis |
The original memory is replaced with the new, incorrect information. Everytime the information is recalled with misinformation, it becomes incorporated. |
|
|
Explain the 3 ways in which the Misinformation Effect can occur in real life |
Detective may make assumption of what occured, and phrase the question with their assumption.
There may be more than one witness, and they hear each others statements (Changes statement to be consistent with other witnesses).
Detective may use info from one witness to question another. |
|
|
What two procedures can be uses to interview eyewitnesses? |
Hypnosis and The Cognitive Interview |
|
|
What 4 factors influence whether or not hypnosis can be induced? |
Trust between witness and hypnotist Witness's willingness to be hypnotized Witnesses belief in hypnotism Seriousness of the context for being hypnotized |
|
|
The Cognitive Interview: Original Interview Steps |
Reinstating the context (Focusing on events surrounding the crime) Reporting everything (Relevant or not) Reversing Order (From end to beginning) Changing Perspective (Recall events from different perspective) |
|
|
The Cognitive Interview: Enhanced Cognitive Interview (Behaviour of Interviewer) |
Rapport Building (Comfortable, Supportive) Supportive Interviewer Behavior (No interruptions) Transfer of Control (Witness controls the interview) |
|
|
Define the False-Memory Syndrome |
Clients false beliefs that they were sexually abused as children, having no memories of this abuse until they enter therapy to deal with some other psychological problem. |
|
|
According to Lindsay & Read (1995), what suggested criteria needs to be considered when trying to determine the veracity of a recovered memory of child abuse? |
Age of the compliant at the time of the alleged abuse
Techniques used to recover memory
Similarity of reports across interview sessions
Motivation for recall
Time elapsed since the alleged abuse |
|
|
List the different ways a person can Identify during a line-up |
Line up with target present: - Correct identification - Foil Identification (Error) - False Rejection (Error) Lineup with target absent: - Correct Rejection - Foil Identification (Error) |
|
|
Why are photo arrays preferable to live lineups? |
Less time consuming, portable, no right to council, photos are static, and reduced anxiety for the witness |
|
|
What are the 2 types of lineup presentation formats? |
Simultaneous (Relative Judgement) and Sequential (Absolute Judgement) |
|
|
What are other identification procedures used? |
Show Up (Showing one person to the witness, in the case of the eyewitness dying or an arrest is quickly made after the crime) Walk-By: Taking the witness to a public place where the suspect is likely to be |
|
|
3 Types of Offenses: Summary Offenses |
Tried by judge alone, and small crimes. |
|
|
3 Types of Offenses: Indictable Offense, Less Serious |
Theft, fraud, failure to comply with a probation officer, and tried by judge alone. |
|
|
3 Types of Offenses: Indictable Offense (Highly Serious) |
Treason, murder, and piracy. Must be tried by judge and jury. |
|
|
3 Types of Offenses: Indictable Offense (Other) |
Robbery, Arson, Sexual Assault with a Weapon, etc. The accused can choose to be tried by a judge and jury, or by judge alone (with or without a preliminary hearing). |
|
|
3 Types of Offenses: Hybrid Offenses |
Cross between indictable and summary offenses (I.e. Sexual assault). Crown attorney decides whether to proceed with the case as an Indictable offense or a summary offense. |
|
|
What is the Jury Act? |
Provincial and territorial legislation that outlines the eligibility criteria for jury service and how prospective jurors must be selected. |
|
|
List off the basics of a Jury Summon |
The court orders a stated time and place to go for jury duty (Does not guarantee you will be selected as a juror). Jury summons are then randomly sent to individuals from a voter's list. Ignoring a jury summon constitutes a legal penalty. 12 Jurors are needed (20 for murder trials). The crown and defence are allowed peremptory challenges, and challenges for cause (reason for rejecting a prospective juror) |
|
|
Explain the Scientific Jury Selection, and the two approaches |
Rejecting prospective jurors who would be unsympathetic to one's case and accepting those who would be sympathetic based on predetermined characteristics.
Broad-Based Approach: Traits or attitudes
Case-Specific Approach: Issues and facts of the case |
|
|
What are the two fundamental characteristics of juries? (R. v. Sherrat, 1991) |
Representativeness: A jury composition that represents the community where the crime occured.
Impariality: Jurors who are unbiased. Must judge the case based solely on admissible evidence, must ignore any information that is not part of the admissible evidence, and must not have any connection to the defendant. |
|
|
What are some ways to keep the jurors impartial? |
Change of Venue, Adjournment (Delay trial with no limit in order for the trial info/bias to disappear), or Challenge for cause (Ask potential jurors questions during the selection process) |
|
|
What is the main function of a jury? |
Apply law, as provided by judge, to the admissible evidence in the case and render a verdict of guilt or innocence. |
|
|
What are other functions of a jury? |
Use wisdom of 12 to reach a verdict, act as the conscience of the community, protect against out-of-date laws, and increase knowledge about the justice system. |
|
|
Can the jury ignore the law? If so, give examples. |
Yes.
Dr.Henry Morgentaler (Found not guilty even though abortions were illegal)
Robert Latimer (Found guilty, but with a lenient sentence. Later overturned by the CoA and he was sentenced to life) |
|
|
What are the 4 different techniques to research Juror behaviour? |
Post-Trial Interview (Asking jurors about decision; Not allowed in Canada)
Archives (Reviewing records of trials and police interviews or witnesses)
Simulations (Simulating a trial to study the effect of independent variables) Field Study (Using actual jurors while they are on jury duty; Not allowed in Canada) |
|
|
What 6 variables have been identified as having a relation to the verdict? |
Demographic Variables, Personality Traits, Attitudes, Defendant Characteristics, Victim Characteristics, and Expert Testimony. |
|
|
Variables of Predicting Verdicts: Demographic Variables |
Gender, Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Education of Jurors. |
|
|
Variables of Predicting Verdicts: Personality Traits |
Authoritarianism and Dogmatism (Pro-Prosecution Bias) |
|
|
Variables of Predicting Verdicts: Attitudes |
Attitudes of the jurors towards capital punishment. |
|
|
Variables of Predicting Verdicts: Defendant Characteristics |
Attractiveness of the defendant, along with the nature of their crime and the deliberation. |
|
|
Variables of Predicting Verdicts: Victim Characteristics |
Things like sexual history of a person who has been sexually assaulted. |
|
|
Variables of Predicting Verdicts: Expert Testimony |
Race and Gender of the expert. |
|
|
What are the 4 main categories of child maltreatment? |
Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Neglect/Failure to Provide, and Emotional Maltreatment. |
|
|
Child Maltreatment: Physical Abuse |
Deliberate application of force to any part of a child's body that result in or may result in a non-accidental injury. |
|
|
Child Maltreatment: Sexual Abuse |
When an adult or youth uses a child for sexual purposes. |
|
|
Child Maltreatment: Neglect/Failure to Provide |
When a child's caregivers do not provide the requisite attention to the child's emotional, psychological, or physical development. |
|
|
Child Maltreatment: Emotional Maltreatment |
Acts of omissions by caregivers that cause or could cause serious behavioural, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders. |
|
|
List the 4 rulings created by the Supreme Court of Canada on Child Maltreatment |
1. Corporate punishment is prohibited in schools; Physical force may be used to remove a student or prevent immediate threats of harm to person or property. 2. Parents aren't permitted to use any corporal punishment on children younger than 2 and older than 12. 3. Parents may use physical force on children between 3 and 12 without objects. 4. Parents can't hit kids between 3 and 12 on the head/face under any circumstances. |
|
|
What are some short term and long term effects of physical abuse on children? |
Short term: Low academic scores, aggression, greater perceptual deficits.
Long Term: Family violence, abuse own children, PTSD, Sleep/Eating Disorders. |
|
|
What are some short term and long term effects of sexual abuse on children? |
Short Term: Dysfunctional behaviour, Inappropriate Sexualized Behaviour Long Term: Neurobiological Disfiguration, Increase risk of being sexually abused as adults. |
|
|
List the 4 kinds of interview techniques used with children |
Anatomically Detailed Dolls, Criterion-Based Content Analysis, Step-Wise Interview, and Narrative Elaboration |
|
|
Interview Techniques with Children: Anatomically Detailed Dolls |
Used when children may have difficulty verbalizing what happened. |
|
|
Interview Techniques with Children: Criterion-Based Content Analysis |
Analysis using criteria to distinguish truthful from false statements made by children. This is a component of a protocol called Statement Validity Analysis. |
|
|
Interview Techniques with Children: Step-Wise Interview |
Interview protocol with a series of steps designed to start the interview with the least leading and directive type of questioning, then proceeding to more specific forms of questioning as nessecary. |
|
|
Interview Techniques with Children: Narrative Elaboration |
Interview procedure whereby children learn to organize their story into relevant categories - Participants, settings, actions, conversations/affective stats, and consequences. |
|
|
List some courtroom accommodations for children that testify in court. |
Shield/Screen, testimony via a closed circuit tv monitor, a support person, video recording of the child being interviewed, and courtroom can be closed to the public and/or the media. |
|
|
Define Stalking |
Conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated physical or visual proximity, non-consensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person. Considered a crime of intimidation. |
|
|
List off some general findings of Stalking. |
Victims: 8% Women, 2% Men Duration: Mostly less than 1 year Stalkers: Male, White, Aged 18-35 50% of females stalked by current or former partners, and 80% of those women had been physically assaulted by that partner during the relationship, during stalking episodes, or during both. |
|
|
What are the 4 categories of stalking? |
Simple Obsession Stalkers, Love Obsession Stalkers, Erotomania Stalking, and Vengeance Stalkers. |
|
|
Stalking: Simple Obsession Stalkers |
Continuation of previous pattern of domestic violence and psychological abuse in an intimate relationship. Stalker is usually a former spouse (mostly male). |
|
|
Stalking: Love Obsession Stalkers |
Primary motivation is to establish a personal relationship with the victim. Also includes celebrity stalking. |
|
|
Stalking: Erotomania Stalking |
Offender is often plagued by serious mental disorders, most often schizophrenia; highly delusional. Offender often believes that the relationship with their victim already exists. |
|
|
Stalking: Vengeance Stalkers |
They do not seek a personal relationship with their target, but rather try to elicit a particular response from them. Vengeance is their primary motive |
|
|
How does stalking end? |
Victim finds new love interest, Law enforcement intervention (NOT an arrest), and relocation of the victim. |
|
|
Define Domestic Violence |
Any violence occurring between family members. |
|
|
Define Intimate Partner Violence |
Violence occurring between intimate partners who are living together or separated. Includes physical, sexual, emotional, and financial violence. |
|
|
List off some common myths regarding domestic violence, as well as their corrections |
Not common; It is common, but mainly happens in a private setting. Only heterosexual women; Men are also victims. Women are also as violent, just smaller instances. Men only get charged; Men 91%, Women 60% When a woman leaves a violent relationship, she is safe; It actually increases the chance of her being killed Alcohol/Drugs cause people to act aggresively; NOPE Women provoke men; Nope. Men take things more intentionally Things will get better; Things will get worse without intervention |
|
|
What is BWS? |
Battered Women Syndrome |
|
|
What symptoms does a women suffer after long-term abuse? |
Intrusive recollections of the traumatic events hyperarousal high levels of anxiety avoidance behaviour emotional numbing disrupted interpersonal relationships due to batterer's power/control measures body image distortion sexual intimacy issues |
|
|
What is the Three Phase Cycle of Abuse? |
Tension Building: Increase tension, anger, blaming, and arguing.
Acute Battering: Battering, Slapping, Kicking, Choking, etc.
Contrition: Calm Stage (Regret, being kind and friendly) that lulls the victim into a false sense of security until the cycle begins again. |
|
|
Characteristics of Batterers: Duttons Typologies |
Male Batterer with borderline personality disorders
Male Batterer who is predisposed to violence |
|
|
Characteristics of Batterers: Holtzworth-Monroe & Stuart's Typology |
Men who are violent only within the family
Men who are generally violent and antisocial
Men who exhibit borderline-dysphoric personality problems |
|
|
Define Sexual Assault |
Any non-consensual sexual act by either a male or female person to either a male or female person, regardless of the relationship between the people involved. |
|
|
List the three levels of severity in regards to sexual assault |
Simple sexual assault Sexual assault with a weapon or causing non-permanent bodily harm (includes gang rape or threat to comply) Aggravated Sexual Assault (Life in danger) |
|
|
What are the consequences for the victim of a sexual assault? |
Acute Phase (Days to Months) - Fear - Anxiety - Depression - Self-Blame - Heightened level of distrust and self doubt
Long-Term Reaction (Months to Years) - Does not significantly recover - Phobias (Left alone, leaving house) - Depression - Sexual Issues |
|
|
List the 5 kinds of Sexual Offenders |
Voyeur, Exhibitionist, Rapist, Pedophile, and Child Molester |
|
|
Sexual Offenders: Voyeur |
Sexual gratification by observing unexpected people who are either naked, undressing, or having sex. |
|
|
Sexual Offenders: Exhibitionist |
Sexual gratification by exposing their genitals to strangers |
|
|
Sexual Offenders: Rapist |
Person who sexually assaults victims over the age of 16. |
|
|
Sexual Offenders: Pedophile |
Person who's primary sexual orientation is toward children. Considered a mental illness in the DSM-V. |
|
|
Sexual Offenders: Child Molester |
Someone who has actually sexually molested a child.
Intra-Familial Child Molester or Insest Offender: A person who sexually abused their own biological children or children for whom they assume a parental role.
Extra-Familial Child Molester: A person who sexually abused children not related to him or her. |
|
|
What are the common characteristics of rapists? |
Younger than 25 Antisocial behaviours across their life High recidivism rate 80%+ Sexual assaults are interracial Weapons used in 18% of cases Victims are usually strangers |
|
|
What are the 6 variables for classifying rapists? |
Agression, Impulsivity, Social Competence, Sexual Fantasies, Sadism, and Naive Beliefs. |
|
|
Variables for Classifying Rapists: Agression |
Instrumental vs. Expressive Physical aggression |
|
|
Variables for Classifying Rapists: Impulsivity |
Strong predictor of recidivism and frequency of offending |
|
|
Variables for Classifying Rapists: Social Competence |
Mostly poor social interpersonal skills, but individual differences do apply. |
|
|
Variables for Classifying Rapists: Sexual Fantasies |
Precursor for deviant sexual behavior. |
|
|
Variables for Classifying Rapists: Sadism |
Pattern of extreme violence focusing on erogenous areas of the body |
|
|
Variables for Classifying Rapists: Naive Beliefs |
Justify attitudes for the offense. |
|
|
What are the 4 primary motivations for rapists? |
Opportunistic Rapist, Pervasively Angry Rapist, Sexually Motivated Rapist, and Vindictive Rapist. |
|
|
Primary Motivations for Rape: Opportunistic Rapist |
Subtypes 1 and 2 Engages in sexual assault because the opportunity presents itself; importance of contextual factors.
Demonstrates impulsivity, instrumental aggression, and social competence. |
|
|
Primary Motivations for Rape: Pervasively Angry Rapist |
Subtype 3 Predominance of global and undifferentiated anger that premades all areas of the offenders life.
Demonstrates expressive agression, and has a history of antisocial behaviour. |
|
|
Primary Motivations for Rape: Sexually Motivated Rapist |
Sadistic (Subtypes 4 and 5) Overt or muted, sexual fantasies, and expressive agression.
Non-Sadistic (Subtypes 6 and 7) Social Competence, and Sexual Fantasies |
|
|
Primary Motivations for Rape: Vindictive Rapist |
Subtypes 8 and 9 Uses rape to harm, humiliate, and degrade women.
Demonstrates sadism, expressive agression, naive beliefs, and social competence. |
|
|
Define Pedophilia |
Psychological condition in which over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviours involving sexual activities with a prepubescent child or children (13 or younger) are present. |
|
|
Classifying Child Moldesters: Degree of Fixation. List the 4 types. |
Type 0: High Fixation, Low Social Competence Type 1: High Fixation, High Social Competence Type 2: Low Fixation, Low Social Competence Type 3 Low Fixation, High Social Competence |
|
|
Classifying Child Molesters: Contact with Children. List the 6 types. |
Interpersonal, Narcissistic, Exploitative, Symbolic, Agressive, and Sadistic |
|
|
Classifying Child Molesters: Contact with Children - Interpersonal |
Type 1 High Contact, Interpersonal Interests. Enjoys working with children and interacting with children. |
|
|
Classifying Child Molesters: Contact with Children - Narcissistic |
Type 2 High Contact, Sexual Interests. Sexually interested in children, in high contact with them in their daily lives. |
|
|
Classifying Child Molesters: Contact with Children - Exploitative |
Type 3 Low Contact, Low Physical Injury Threatens the child for sexual acts, but does not harm them. |
|
|
Classifying Child Molesters: Contact with Children - Symbolic |
Type 4 Low Contact, Low Physical Injury Attempts to scare the child into doing sexual acts. |
|
|
Classifying Child Molesters: Contact with Children - Agressive |
Type 5 Low Contact, High Physical Injury Aggressive towards the children, and for sexual reasons. |
|
|
Classifying Child Molesters: Contact with Children - Sadistic |
Type 6 Low Contact, High Physical Injury Sadistic rituals are done, and the victims are mostly male. This classification also often ends with the murder of the child. |
|
|
Name the 4 kinds of Homocide |
First Degree Murder, Second Degree Murder, Manslaughter, and Infanticide |
|
|
Homocide: First Degree Murder |
Planned and deliberate, murdering a law enforcement officer, and murder occurring during the commission of another violent offense. |
|
|
Homocide: Second Degree Murder |
Not planned, but deliberate. |
|
|
Homicide: Manslaughter |
Unintentional murder that occurs during the "heat of passion" I.e. anger, or criminal negligence |
|
|
Homocide: Infanticide |
Woman who kills her new born due to a mental disorder arising from the effect of childbirth. |
|
|
Explain the Bimodal Classification of Homocide |
Reactive Homocide: Often occurs with people you know, and is unplanned, immediate, driven by negative emotions, and occurring in response to some percieved provocation.
Instrumental Homocide: Often occurs with strangers, and is premeditated, calculated, and motivated by some goal. |
|
|
Define Uxoricide |
Killing of a wife |
|
|
Define Matricide |
Killing of a husband |
|
|
Define Neonaticide |
Killing an infant within the first 24 hours of life |
|
|
Define Filicide |
Parent (or anyone in parental role) killing one or more of their children. |
|
|
Define Parricide |
Killing ones parents |
|
|
Define Fratricide/Sororicide |
Killing a brother/sister |
|
|
List the 3 kinds of multiple homicides |
Serial Murderer, Mass Murderer, and Spree Murderer |
|
|
Multiple Homocides: Serial Murderer |
Cooling off period between murders, subsequent murders at different times and locations with no relation, and multiple victims. |
|
|
Multiple Homocides: Mass Murderer |
3 or More victims at a single location during one event, plans crimes with display of warning signs, triggered by an event, and usually ends in suicide or suicide by cop. |
|
|
Multiple Homicide: Spree Murderer |
3 or more victims in 2 or more locations without a cooling period, killing specific victims, and normally ends in suicide. Rarely arrested or killed by police. |
|
|
List off some differences between Male and Female Murderers |
Males: Criminal history Rarely have accomplices Use guns, stabbing, and strangling For sexual gratification or control Targets strangers Geographically Mobile Females: No criminal history Often have an accomplice Often use poison For money Targets family members (50%) Place specific with crimes |
|
|
What are the 4 main categories of Serial Murderers? |
Visionary, Mission-Oriented, Hedonistic, and Power/Control Serial Murderers |
|
|
Serial Murderers: Visionary Serial Murderer |
Kills in response to voices or visions, often psychotic or delusional. |
|
|
Serial Murderers: Mission-Oriented Serial Murderer |
Targets individuals from a group that are undesirable in their eyes (Homeless, Prostitutes, Minorities) |
|
|
Serial Murderers: Hedonistic Serial Murderer |
Kills for self gratification, and for either Lust (Sexual Gratification), Thrill (Excitement associated with the act of killing), or Comfort (Motivated by material or financial gain) |
|
|
Serial Murderers: Power/Control Serial Murderer |
Wanting to have absolute dominance over the victim. |
