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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does forensic psychology mean? |
'of the courts' |
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What age are the victims of robbery? |
15-24 years old |
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What are sources to measure the extent of crime? |
Police reports, victim surveys, court statistics, prison statistics, offender surveys |
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What are the limitations of police statistics? |
Not all crime is recorded, changes in laws, biases |
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How are victims surveys useful? |
More accurate, identifying the dark figure |
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What are the limitations of victim surveys? |
Memory issues, reluctance to disclose |
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What is a moral panic? |
When the media creates an overreaction to an event where the perceived threat of crime is greater than the actual likelihood |
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Who is most at risk from crime? |
Young adult males |
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What is the cultivation theory? |
The more time spent watching television = higher view of high crime |
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What is the availability heuristic theory? |
When the media makes a crime image accessible in the mind |
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What is cognitive theory? |
The risk and seriousness of the crime is assessed |
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What is the neuropsychology theory? |
People commit crimes due to physiological, anatomical or genetic defects. Inherited genetically, peri/pre-natal or environmental factors |
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What are the limitations of the neuropsychology theory? |
Understanding incomplete, not popular theory and difficult to isolate biological V envrionmental |
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What is the intelligence theory? |
Offending is related to low intelligence |
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What are the limitations of the intelligence theory? |
Not a popular theory, low intelligence not the norm in criminal populations, minor support, many offenders are of high intelligence |
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What is the rational choice theory? |
People weigh up the benefits and costs and choose to commit crime |
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What are the limitations of the rational choice theory? |
Decision making does not appear to be a matter of rational evaluation as the benefits are only assessed |
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What is the attachment theory? |
Children form secure or insecure attachments to their parents. Insecure attachments are associated with deviant behaviours |
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What is Eysenck's biosocial theory of crime? |
Genetic factors contribute to behaviour but influenced by environmental factors. Includes genetics, body types, personality and environmental influences |
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What are the genetic studies in the biosocial theory of crime? |
XYY chromosomes, twin studies |
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What are Sheldons 3 body types? |
Mesomorphs, endomorphs and ectomorphs |
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Which is the most violent body type? |
Mesomorphs |
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Which body type is most likely to be delinquent? |
Endomorphs |
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What are the three personality types in the biosocial theory of crime? |
Extraversion, psychoticism and neuroticism |
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What is the social learning theory? |
Observational learning e.g. Bobo Doll. Includes external, vicarious and self reinforcement |
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What are the limitations of the social learning thoery? |
Simplistic, same event can be experienced differently, can't explain circumstances |
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What is the social construction of crime? |
Crime is not static and varies across countries, time and circumstances |
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When does most adolescent offending occur? |
16-17 years old |
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What is a life-course persistent offender? |
Wide range of offences, start at an early age and persist beyond 20s, small group of offender account for most crime |
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What is an adolescent-limited offender? |
Short criminal career, commit mostly non-violent crimes |
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What are antecedents to adolescent offending? |
Punitive child rearing practices, absence of love, poor supervision, family disruption and deviant parental characteristics |
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What are individual risk factors? |
Low IQ, hyper, risky, history of ASPD |
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What are individual protective factors? |
Social skills, attachment to family, morals and values, good coping style |
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What are family risk factors? |
Poor supervision, harsh or inconsistent discipline, parental conflict, criminal parents or siblings, parental substance abuse |
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What are family protective factors? |
Caring parents, small family size |
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What are social risk factors? |
Poverty, large family size, parental unemployment, low popularity, bullying, poor community |
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What are social protective factors? |
Positive school and peers, school norms |
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What are neighbourhood risk factors? |
Poverty, high crime, socially disorganised |
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What are neighbourhood protective factors? |
Support services, networking, norms against violence, high SE |
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What are precursors to delinquency? |
Low family income, poor housing, large family size, convicted parent, harsh discipline, low intelligence, early school leaving |
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What are adolescent-limited offenders? |
Short criminal career, commit non-violent crimes |
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What is a youth justice conference? |
A meeting between the youth and the people who were affected by the offence committed |
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Within two years of leaving prison approximately what percentage of young offenders are thought to reoffend? |
75% |
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According to Farrington how many males with a family member who had not been convicted had a conviction themselves? |
24% |
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In Farrington's study what percentage of males had a conviction if their wife did? |
83% |
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In the study by Haapsalo which fighters (children) had the most socially disadvantaged home environments? |
High fighters in kindergarten and continued to be in at least 2 subsequent years |
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According to Welsh what were the estimated economic costs of young US males in the 7 to 17 year range? |
Between $90 and $110 million for 500 boys |
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Which intervention produced the most promising outcomes? |
Direct family support and early childhood education |
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UK Crime Stats suggest that ___ of rapes of woman are carried out by offenders under 18 and ___ of all sexual offences against children? |
30%; half |
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What were the predictors of sexual delinquency found by Langstrom? |
Early onset of sexually abusive behaviour, male victims, multiple victims and poor social skills |
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What is isomorphism hypothesis? |
Physically abused children commit physically violent offences and sexually abused children commit sexually violent crimes |
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What is an adolescent-limited offender? |
Reached max offending by 20s then decreased, early offending associated with peers |
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What is a persistent serious offender? |
In prison a lot and recidivates quickly, serious violent crimes, many childhood risk factors |
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What is a limited serious offender? |
Violence escalated in 20s, stopped by 30, intelligence but failed school, suicide common |
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What are occasional offenders? |
Few risk factors, little adolescent involvement in crime, limited repertoire of crimes |
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What are late-starting offenders? |
Limited repertoire of crimes, usually fraud or burglary, professional criminals, rational choice to offend |
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What percentage of males had a conviction if a relative did? |
53% |
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What is it called when the witness has seen the suspect before but not at the crime scene? |
Unconscious transference |
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What age group is the most likely to fall victim to robbery? |
15-24 years old |
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The British Crime Survey found __ of the male population and __ of the female population committed at least one common offence? |
50%; 30% |
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Monozygotic twins have similar criminality, what might have enhanced this? |
Treated similarly by parents |
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According to 2001 ABS most homicides in Australia occurred in? |
Residential premises |
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The following factors: lack of love, lax supervision and family disruption are found to be correlates of delinquency? |
True |
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It is less likely that __ will operate in the sequential line up? |
Relative similarity |
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According to Biro what proportion of killers appeared to have a normal personality? |
28% |
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According to Walmsley how many prisoners in the UK also had a family member in prison? |
33% |
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Crime is not randomly distributed. It tends to committed fairly close to an offenders home. What type of theory is this? |
Community or locality theory |
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Which theory stresses the relationship between a criminal's general, daily activities and the crimes committed? |
Routine activity |
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There have been attempts to improve the validity of jury research by using? |
Shadow juries |
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___ described the commonest type of rapist? |
Power-assurance |
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What are the patterns associated with rape? |
Control, theft, involvement and hostility |
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What is a power-assurance rapist? |
Commonest, insecurities about masculinity, planned event, trophies taken |
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What is a power-assertive rapist? |
Expresses sexuality and power over women, victims often found in clubs/pubs |
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What is an anger-retaliatory rapist? |
High levels of anger towards women, degrading activities |
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What is an anger-excitement rapist? |
Gains pleasure and excitement from distress of victim |
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What is the socio-cultural theory of rape? |
Culture encourages men to rape. E.g. individualist-collectivist, gender inequality and social disorganisation |
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What are the feminist theories of rape? |
Social structure, social status and power, rape motivated by desire for power and dominance |
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What is the social learning theory of rape? |
Learn pro-rape beliefs from social networks, however not all men with pro-rape attitudes actually commit rape |
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What is the evolutionary theory of rape? |
Transmission of one's genetic material, says that rape is partly sexually not only violent |
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What is expressive violence? |
Acts that vent rage, anger or frustration |
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What is instrumental violence? |
Designed to improve the financial or social position of the offender |
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What is the personal traits theory of violence? |
Major neurological impairment such as depression, psychopathy, aggression linked to violence |
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What is the evolutionary theory of violence? |
Violent responses are instinctual |
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What is the substance abuse theory of violence? |
Drugs cause violence, addicts commit crimes to support habits and drug turf wars |
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What is the socialisation and upbringing theory of violence? |
Absent/deviant parents, inconsistent discipline, physical abuse, lack of supervision |
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What is the exposure to violence theory of violence? |
Exposure to violence in environment e.g. media and television. No evidence of causality |
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What is the cultural theory of violence? |
Violence is product of beliefs, values and behaviours that develop in the poorest/disorganised areas |
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What is first degree murder? |
Felony murder, premeditation and deliberation required |
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What is second degree murder? |
Malice aforethough but no premeditation or deliberation |
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What is manslaughter |
Homicide without malice. Voluntary or involuntary |
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How many murders are committed by someone known to the victim? |
80% |
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Who are women more likely to kill? |
Husbands or intimates |
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What are Fox and Levin's typology of serial killers? |
Thrill, mission and expedience killers |
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What are Fox and Levin's typology of mass murderers? |
Revenge, love, profit and terrorist killers |
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What percentage of women who die from homicide are killed by current or former husband/boyfriend? |
Approx 50% |
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What are the two types of emerging interpersonal violence? |
Hate crimes and stalking |
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Stalking is argued by some as a variant of which type of other violent behaviour? |
Domestic violence |
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On average how long did stalking last for women? |
1.8 years on average |
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Who are the biggest victims and offenders of homicide? |
Males |
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What are the 4 types of applied forensic psychology? |
Police, investigative, clinical and prison |
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What are the 4 types of academic forensic psychology? |
Biological, developmental, cognitive and social |
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How many cases did eyewitness testimony play part in a wrongful conviction? |
2/3 |
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What is the reconstructive theory of memory? |
Memories can change based on understanding of what happened and new experiences |
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What is the misinformation effect? |
Memories can be unconsciously distorted especially when exposed to new or misleading information e.g. Loftus barn study |
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What is relative similarity? |
When an eyewitness picks the most similar person to the offender from the line-up |
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What is crime scene profiling? |
Uses information from the crime scene to generate a picture of the offender |
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What is offender profiling? |
Collates empirical data in order to collate a picture of the characteristics of those involved in a certain type of crime |
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What is an incorrect main feature of FBI style profiling? |
Little contact with the investigating team and simply providing a profile |
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Torres found that ___ of psychologists and psychiatrists believed profiling was useful, ___ of the same groups thought it needed empirical research |
85% and 95%; but over 97% |
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Snook said ___ arguments were used in preference to ___ evidence on ___% of occasions? |
commonsense; empirical; 58% |
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Gudjonsson and Copson found what about profilers? |
3% of detections were attributed to the profiler's work |
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Goodwill found what factor was able to predict the offenders age in stranger rapes? |
Where there is evidence of both planning and gratuitous violence |
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What does Investigative psychology focus on? |
Quantitative analysis to look at similarities in crime characteristics e.g. geographical profiling |
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What is the maximisation police interview technique? |
Scare tactics employed to intimidate the suspect, overstate seriousness of crime and charges |
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What is the minimisation police interview technique? |
Soft techniques designed to encourage sense of security, offering sympathy, moral justification, seriousness and extent of charges minimised |
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What is a stress-compliant false confession? |
Confess to escape the situation of stressful and endless questioning |
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What is a coerced-compliant false confession? |
Threats or promises to coerce suspect into confessing |
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What is a persuaded/coerced-internalised false confession? |
When they become convinced that they did commit the offence |
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What is actus reus? |
That the defendant committed the illegal act |
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What is mens rea? |
That the defendant committed the act with the requisite intent |
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How many Australian's will suffer from a mental illness? |
1/5, 45% lifetime history |
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How many criminal cases are tried in a magistrates court and how many are tried in a higher court with the possibility of a trial by jury? |
95% and 5% respectively |
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Scientific jury selection was most accurate for what types of cases? |
Drug and court martial cases |
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In QLD how many jurors are there for criminal and civil trials? |
12 and 4 jurors |
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How many peremptory challenges are there allowed in a trial? |
8 challenges |
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What factors affected jury deliberation? |
Weapon recovered, large number of witnesses, statements, previous convictions, unemployment, young victim, less serious crime |
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What factors do not affect jury deliberation? |
Eyewitness, expert testimony, stolen property, victims criminal history and relationship |
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What is a verdict driven deliberation style? |
Reach a verdict as soon as possible. Majority decision juries tend to be verdict driven |
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What is an evidence driven deliberation style? |
Focus on discussion and evaluation before taking a vote, deliberate longer, consider evidence. Unanimous decision juries tend to be evidence driven |
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What are heuristics? |
Expectations about how people are supposed to act |
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What is a functional assessment? |
Based on interviews with the offender to identify acute dynamic risk factors |
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What is an actuarial assessment? |
Explores the statistical relationship between the characteristics of the offender |
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What is a dynamic risk assessment? |
Use risk factors which can change as a result of therapy or the experience of prison |
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What is the preconditions theory of paedophilia? |
Factors such as emotional congruence, sexual arousal are preconditions for offending. Old model with no empirical research |
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What is the cognitive theory of paedophilia? |
Have distorted views, use grooming, have fantasies, justify actions and are manipulative |
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What is the sexualisation theory of paedophilia? |
Sexual abuse leads to sexual offending, isomorphic behaviour, however not all who are abused become offenders |
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What is the pathways theory of paedophilia? |
Factors divert them from a path of normal sexual interest in adults, can be genetics or environmental |
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What body type has the personality traits of relaxed, sociable and tolerant? |
Endomorphs |
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What body type has the personality traits of non sociable, sensitive to pain, over-reactive and like privacy? |
Ectomorphs |
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What body type has the personality traits of being assertive, adventurous, risk-taking, craving power and dominance? |
Mesomorphs |
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What personality type is assertive, creative, carefree, lively and dominant? |
Extraversion |
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What personality type is aggressive, cold, creative, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial and lacks empathy? |
Psychoticism |
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What personality type is depressed, emotional, irrational, moody, tense, anxious, shy and has low self-esteem? |
Neuroticism |
