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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NEOPLASM
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an abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue, and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of stimuli
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NEOPLASIA
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process of abnormal, autonomous proliferation of cells
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CANCER
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a malignant neoplasm
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MALIGNANT
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denotes a neoplasm that can invade or metastasize
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INVASION
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growth into surrounding tissues, bv, or lymphatics
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METASTASIS
What does it involve? Where are frequent sites of metastatic cancer? |
growth of cancer cells at a second, separate site (secondary neoplasm or metastatic neoplasm)
called metastasis, and the spread involves detachment and movement of cancer cells and usually moves through lymphatic channels of bv lymph nodes, liver, and lungs are frequent sites of metastatic cancer |
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PRIMARY
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original neoplasm
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SECONDARY
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mestasis or metastases
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CARCINOMA
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a malignant neopalsm of epithelial origin
arising in glandular tissue- - ADENOCARCINOMA term may be modified by adjectives indicating cell type and degree of differentiation |
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SARCOMA
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malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal cell origin
ex) connective tissue, bone, fat, msucle FIBROSARCOMA is a malignant neoplasm of fibroblasts |
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DIFFERENTIATION
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the extent to which cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally
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ANAPLASIA
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failure of cells to differentiate to normal adult phenotype
ANAPLASIA is characteristic of malignant transformation important histologic criterion for recognition of malignant neoplasm |
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PLEOMORPHISM
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varying size and shape
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ATYPIA
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irregular, not conforming to type
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APOPTOSIS
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programmed- cell death, cell death which occurs as a normal part of development and continuing function of an organ or tissue
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APOPTOSIS
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programmed cell death- - death which occurs as a normal part of development and continuing function of an organ or tissue
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ACINAR
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glandular
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PAPILLARY
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forming finger- like growths with central stalk and an epithelial surface
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DYSPLASIA
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some degree of loss of normal differentiation of cells and tissues
a premalignant chance, dysplasia leads to abnormalities in size, shape, and organization of cells |
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CARCINOMA IN SITU
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a lesion which is histologically malignant, but has not yet invaded
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TERATOMA
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a benign neoplasm with components representing all three germ layers
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HAMARTOMA
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a benign but disorderly mass of tissues normally present at the site
not considered a neoplasm |
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STROMA
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the vascular connective tissue supporting the parenchyma of an organ or supporting the proliferating cells of a neoplasm
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FIBROMA, FIBROSARCOMA
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tumors of fibroblasts
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LEIOMYOMA, LEIOMYOSARCOMA
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tumors of smooth muscle cells
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RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
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malignant tumor of striated muscle cells
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***NON- NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES
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***
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TUMOR
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swelling; a very general term that encompasses neoplasms as well as non- neoplastic lesions
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NEOPLASM
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an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change
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What are 5 types of NON NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES? (MHHCH)
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1) METAPLASIA
2) HYPERPLASIA 3) HYPERTROPHY 4) CHORISTOMA 5) HAMARTOMA |
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What are the 2 main types of NEOPLASMS?
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BENIGN and MALIGNANT
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METAPLASIA
Example? |
adaptive change from the fully differentiated cell type to anotehr fully differentiated cell type in adult tissue
ex) glandular to squamous epitheliumin uterine cervix gastric to intestinal epithelium in chronic gastritis (intestinal metaplasia) squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium (barretts espohagus) |
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2) HYPERPLASIA
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an increase in the number of cells
ex) hyperplastic polyp of colon ex) benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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3) HYPERTROPHY
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increase in the SIZE of the cells
ex) cardiac hypertrophy |
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4) CHORISTOMA
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"separated"
normal cells in an abnormal location separated from their intended site during embryological migration ex) ectopic focus of pancreatic tissue in the esophagus |
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5) HAMARTOMA
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"defect"
a mass, the cells of which are normally present in that particaular organ, but are in an abnormal arrangement, often with on cell type predominating ex) pulmonary hamartoma which often consists primarily of cartilage, but may also have respiratory epithelium, fat, fibrous tissue, and bv |
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What is a BENIGN NEOPLASM?
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does not invade/metastasize; may cause morbidity
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What is a MALIGNANT NEOPLASM?
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different ways of defining it
one def refers to ability of neoplasm to metastasize another def refers to ability to invade normal tissue and kill the patient (ex brain neoplasms don't metastasize, but they are malignant as they invade and compress normal brain parenchyma) |
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What is CARCINOMA?
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an epithelial malignancy
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What is SARCOMA?
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a mesenchymal malignancy
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What is the likelihood of METASTASIS?
What does the likelihood of metastasis vary with? |
All carcinoid tumors are potentially malignant
The likelihood of metastasis varies with anatomic location, size, and depth of invasion |
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In what tissue types can MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS be found? (5)
What are the MALIGNANT CATEGORIES? What is the IMMUNOPEROXIDASE MARKER? |
1) Epithelium - carcinoma
2) Mesenchyme - sarcoma 3) Hematolymphoid - leukemia/ lymphoma 4) Melanocytes - melanoma 5) Neuroglial cells - astrocytoma |
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What is DYSPLASIA? (specifically)
What's the difference between LOW- GRADE and HIGH- GRADE dysplasia? |
It is an INTERMEDIATE step between "normal" and "carcinoma."
LOW- GRADE dysplasia is morphologically closer to normal, and HIGH- GRADE dysplasia is closer to being cancer. Classic ex) UTERINE CERVIX as result of HPV infection There is possibility of LOW-GRADE dysplasia reverting back to normal |
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DIFFERENTIATION?
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the degree to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells (both morphologically and functionally)
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ATYPIA
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morphologically different from the normal cell
nuclei may be larger, darker, and have irregular nuclear contours |
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PLEOMORPHISM
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variation in cellular appearance WITHIN a tumor
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PARENCHYMA
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in a purely epithelial neoplasm, the parenchyma is the neoplastic epithelial component
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STROMA
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it is the connective tissue component (bv, fibrous tissue)
usually consider stroma to be "reactive" (non-neoplastic) mesenchymal tissue associated with an epithelial neoplasm stromal changes are in response to the neoplastic cells, without the stromal cells having the genetic alterations of the neoplastic/ parenchymal component in some neoplasms, both the epithelial and stromal components are neoplastic |
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What are some problems that may cause problems with BENIGN NEOPLASMS?
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1) strategic location
2) hormone production 3) cosmetics 4) malignant transformation |
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What are two ways you can get MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS?
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1) Invasion
2) Metastasis |
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What are 3 overlapping processes related to invasion?
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1) Adhesion of malignant cells to endothelium
2) Expression of collagenase and other proteolytic enzymes, making holes in the capillary basement membrane 3) Movement of malignant cells through the holes into the interstitium |
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A) What is the role of METASTASIS in MALIGNANT NEOPLASM?
B) Which distant sites are colonized? C) What are the rates of invasion and metastasis? |
A)First of all METASTASIS IS the passive and active motion of cells in tissue fluids, leading to lymphatics in the bloodstream
Vascular invasion enhanced by new vessel formation (angio- genesis) by host tissue, partly in response ot growth factors produced by tumor cells B) The distant sites that are colonized depends on properties of the malignant cells C) Rates of invasion and metastasis vary widely, with differences between the types of neoplasm and between individual examples of anyone type of neoplasm. The biologic behavior of a given neoplasm is not predictable with certainty. |
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NEOPLASTIC CELL PHENOTYPE:
What are the two ways you can define AUTNOMOUS GROWTH? |
1) in vivo
2) in vitro |
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Describe IN VIVO autonomous growth.
What are the characteristics of metastasis? |
Invivo autonomous growth is characterized by uncontrolled growth of a clone of cells to become a "mass," or "tumor" or "spot". The following growth characteristics are:
1) invasion 2) metastasis 3) transplantability |
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Describe IN VITRO autonomous growth.
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!) loss of contact inhibition (densitiy- dependent inhibition of growth)
2) ability to grow without attachment 3) immortality, the ability to grow indefinitely in cell culture |
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What characteristics may be noted in ALTERED DIFFERENTIATION?
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1) loss of normal products
2) new products, cd metaplasia, transdifferentiation 3) expression of fetal genes |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MALIGNANT CELLS:
1) FUNCTIONAL |
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC characterized by transformation. There's a lesser degree of differentiation and lack of response to normal growth control.
IN VITRO: immortality, lossof contact inhibition and frequent loss of programmed cell death |
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2) MORPHOLOGIC
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There's a lesser degree of differentiation (greater with anaplasia)
Pleomorphic Increased mitotic activity iwth central necrosis |
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3) HETEROGENIC
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Features vary from one area to another
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What are characteristics of NEOPLASMS that may help us predict behavior?
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1) Tumor type
2) Tumor grade: degree of anaplasia, pleomorphism, mitotic activity 3) Tumor stage: size of primary, location, and extent of metastasis |
