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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neoplasm (def) =
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neoplasm = persistent growth (serves NO purpose, altered growth regulatory controls)
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What purposes do neoplasms serve?
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neoplasms serve NO purpose
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Tumor (def) =
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tumor = a swelling, does not have to be caused by a neoplasm (latin for "swelling" commonly used as to indicate a tissue growth or mass)
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Cancer (def) =
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cancer = a malignant tumor or neoplasm
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Neoplasia (def) =
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neoplasia = literally means "new growth;" is used to describe growth "without any purpose."
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The study of neoplasia is the study of benign & malignant tumors. Oncology is the study of what?
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oncology is the study of tumors, particularly malignant tumors.
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There are 4 Non-neoplastic changes in growth &/or differentiation. Name these 4 changes:
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1. Hypertrophy 2. Hyperplasia 3. Metaplasia 4. Dysplasia
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Hypertrophy (def) =
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hypertrophy = increase in size of cell (adaption, increase size of organ too)
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Hyperplasia (def) =
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hyperplasia = increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ (proliferation, under control)
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Metaplasia (def) =
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metaplasia = substitution of one type of "adult" cell for another.
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what's an example of metaplasia that we talked about?
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squamous metaplasia in smokers
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Hamartoma = (def)
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developmental anomaly consisting of a collection (or mass) of excess amounts of tissue that's normal for the site. ex: as a kid grows, it grows. when the kid stops growing, it keeps growing.
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What are characteristics of benign neoplasms?
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Benign neoplasms 1. have limited growth potential 2. mass is under control, just not normal growth controls 3. mass is expansile, but not destructive
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What are characteristics of malignant neoplasms?
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malignant neoplasms = 1. unlimited growth potential 2. growth is out of control/destructive
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Dysplasia (def) =
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dysplasia = loss of uniformity, orientation & maturity of individual cells
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What are some characteristics of dysplasia?
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dysplasia = 1. architecture changes = loss of tissue organization, altered cell to cell orientation. 2. cellular changes = loss of cell maturity & uniformity 3. usually applies to epithelium 4. considered a premalignant process
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Naming neoplasias: prefix indicates what?
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prefix indicates the cell of origin. ex. lipo = derived from fat, fibro = derived from fibroblasts, osteo = derived from bone
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What does the suffix distinguish and what may it indicate?
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the suffix distinguishes benign from malignant, and may indicate germ layer of origin.
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suffix "oma" alone indicates what?
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"oma" = indicates a BENIGN neoplasm
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sarcoma indicates?
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sarcoma indicates a MALIGNANT neoplasm of MESENCHYMAL origin (from mesoderm = CT tissues)
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carcinoma indicates?
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carcinoma indicates a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (from ectoderm or endoderm)
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Nomenclature of epithelial neoplasms: the suffix "adeno" indicates what?
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"adeno" indicates neoplasm is derived from a gland
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Adenoma indicates?
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adenoma indicates a BENIGN neoplasm derived from glandular tissue.
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Adenocarcinoma indicates?
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adenocarcinoma indicates a MALIGNANT epithelial tumor with glandular growth origin or features
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Modifiers are added to indicate morphologic growth patterns. "Papillo" indicates?
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Papillo indicates a surface growth having finger-like projections
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Cyst indicates what?
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Cyst indicates growth has a cavity lined by epithelium. ex. papillary cystadenoma = benign
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Squamous cell carcinoma (def) =
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squamous cell carcinoma = malignant tumor derived from stratified squamous epithelium
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Transitional cell carcinoma (def) =
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transitional cell carcinoma = malignant tumor derived from transitional epithelium lining the urinary tract
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Cholangiocarcinoma (def) =
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cholangio(gallbladder)carcinoma = MALIGNANT tumor derived from EPITHELIUM lining the BILE DUCTS
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Epthelial neoplasms can be named for:
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1. cell of origin 2. organ or structure of origin 3. architectural features
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Cystadenoma (def) =
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cystadenoma = BENIGN EPITHELIAL tumor that forms HOLLOW CAVITIES
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma (def) =
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adenoid cystic carcinoma = MALIGNANT salivary GLAND neoplasm showing GLANDULAR and CYSTIC architectural features
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Tumors of mesenchymal origin have 4 categories that we can classify them under. What are they?
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1. CT & derivatives 2. Endothelial & related tissues 3. Blood cells & related cells 4. Muscle
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The CT & derivatives (of mesenchymal origin) include 5 different neoplasms. They are:
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1. Fibrous tissue 2. Myxomatous tissue 3. Adipose tissue 4. Cartilage 5. Bone
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*A BENIGN tumor of FIBROUS tissue origin (CT & derivative origin) is called?
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Fibroma
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*A BENIGN tumor of Myxomatous tissue (CT & derivatives) is called?
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Myxoma
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Myxomatous tissue is from. . . ?
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myxomatous tissue is like from soft jelly tissue from the umbilical cord.
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*A BENIGN tumor of ADIPOSE tissue (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Lipoma
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*A BENIGN tumor of CARTILAGE (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Chondroma
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*A BENIGN tumor of BONE (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Osteoma
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*A MAGLIGNANT tumor of FIBROUS tissue (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Fibrosarcoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of MYXOMATOUS tissue (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Myxosarcoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of ADIPOSE tissue (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Liposarcoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of CARTILAGE (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Chondrosarcoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of BONE (CT & derivatives) origin is?
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Osteosarcoma
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Endothelial & related tissues are tumors of MESENCHYMAL origin. They include 4 different types of tumor origins. They are?
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1. Blood vessels (endothelial cells) 2. Lymph vessels (endothelial cells) 3. Mesothelium (cavity lining) 4. Brain coverings (meninges)
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*A BENIGN tumor of BLOOD VESSELs/endothelial cells (endothelial & related tissues) origin is?
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Hemangioma (which is an example of a Hamartoma)
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*A BENIGN tumor of LYMPH vessels/endothelial cells (endothelial & related tissues) is?
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Lymphangioma
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*A BENIGN tumor of MESOTHELIUM/cavity lining (endothelial & related tissues) origin is?
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the EXCEPTION to the RULE! there is NO BENIGN tumor of MESOTHELIUM origin!!!
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*A BENIGN tumor of brain coverings/meninges (endothelial & related tissues) origin is called?
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Meningioma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of BLOOD VESSELS/endothelial cells (endothelial & related tissues) origin is?
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Angiosarcoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of LYMPH VESSELS/endothelial cells (endothelial & related tissues) origin is?
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Angiosarcoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of Mesothelium/cavity lining (endothelial & related tissues) origin is?
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the EXCEPTION! = Mesothelioma --> MALIGNANT/lethal on pleural surface of lung. there is NO BENIGN form!
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of BRAIN coverings/meninges (endothelial & related tissues) origin is?
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an EXCEPTION!! Invasive Meningioma
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Tumors of mesenchymal origin of the category of blood cells & related cells contains 2 types that are ONLY MALIGNANT. They are?
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1. Hematopoietic cells 2. Lymphoid cells
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*A BENIGN tumor of HEMATOPOIETIC cells is called?
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THERE IS NONE!
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*A BENIGN tumor of LYMPHOID cells is called?
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THERE IS NONE!
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of HEMATOPOIETIC cells is called?
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Leukemias (there is NO BENIGN form!)
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of LYMPHOID cells is called?
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Lymphomas
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Two types of muscle that are tumors of mesenchymal origin are?
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1. Smooth muscle 2. Striated muscle
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*A BENIGN tumor of SMOOTH muscle origin is?
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Leiomyoma
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*A BENIGN tumor of STRIATED muscle origin is?
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Rhabdomyoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of SMOOTH muscle origin is called?
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Leiomyosarcoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of STRIATED muscle origin is called?
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Tumors of epithelial origin include:
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1. startified squamous epi 2. basal cells of skin or adnexa 3. resp tract epi 4. urinary tract epi 5. epi lining of glands/ducts 6. renal parenchyma/tubular epi 7. liver parenchyma 8. neuroectoderm 9. placental epi 10. testicular epi
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*A BENIGN tumor of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM origin is?
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Squamous papilloma
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*A BENIGN tumor of Basal cells of skin or adnexa is?
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NONE!
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*A BENIGN tumor of Respiratory Tract epi?
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NONE!
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*A BENIGN tumor of Urinary tract epi is?
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Transitional cell papilloma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of Stratified squamous epithelium is?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of Basal cells of skin or adnexa is?
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Basal cell carcinoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of respiratory tract epithelium is?
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of Urinary tract epithelium is?
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Transitional cell carcinoma
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*A BENIGN tumor of epithelial lining of glands or ducts of origin is? 3 terms
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1. Adenoma 2. Papilloma 3. Cystadenoma
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*A BENIGN tumor of renal parenchyma/tubular epithelium is?
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Renal tubular adenoma
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*A BENIGN tumor of Liver parenchyma (hepatocytes) origin is?
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Liver cell adenoma
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*A BENIGN tumor of neuroectoderm (melanocytes) origin is?
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Nevus (lay term is MOLE)
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*A BENIGN tumor of placental epithelium (trophoblasts) origin is?
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Hydatidiform mole (looks like a bunch of grapes)
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which tumor of placental epithelium (trophoblasts) origin looks like a bunch of grapes?
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Hydatiform Mole
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*A BENIGN tumor of Testicular epithelium (germ cells) origin is called?
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NONE!
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*A MALIGNANT (3 of them) tumor of Epithelial lining of glands or ducts origin is called?
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1. Adenocarcinoma 2. Papillary carcinoma 3. Cystadenocarcinoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of Renal parenchymal/tubular epithelium origin is?
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Renal cell carcinoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of Neuroectoderm (melanocytes) origin is?
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Malignant melanoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of Placental epithelium (trophoblasts) origin is called?
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Choriocarcinoma
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*A MALIGNANT tumor of testicular epithelium (germ cell) origin is? 3 of them
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1. Seminoma which is #1 2. Embryonal carcinoma 3. Choriocarcinoma
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the top 3 estimated new cancer cases in MALES is:
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1. Prostate 2. Lung&bronchus 3. Colon&rectum
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the top 3 estimated new cancer cases in FEMALES is:
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1. Breast 2. Lung&bronchus 3. Colon&rectum
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the top 3 estimated deaths due to cancer in MALES is:
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1. Lung&bronchus 2. Prostate 3. Colon & rectum
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the top 3 estimated deaths due to cancer in FEMALES is:
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1. Lung &Bronchus 2. Breast 3. Colon & rectum
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Epidemiology is the. . .?
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statistacal analysis of diseases.
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T/F: Heart disease is the #1 killer. Cancer is the #2 killer.
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TRUE
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What are RISK FACTORS?
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predisposing influences to a disease
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What 5 RISK FACTORS for cancer did we talk about?
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1. Geographic & Enviornmental Variables 2. Age 3. Heredity 4. Acquired Preneoplastic disorders 5. heredity & environemnt can be viewed as the 2 ends of a spectrum of predisposing influences for cancer
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A typical survival cancer rate is figured at how many years?
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FIVE years = specific disease who are still alive five years after diagnosis
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Aggressive cancers are better measured at how many years?
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2 year survival rate. it's so aggressive that they usually don't make it to 5 yrs :(
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How many years needed to estimate CURES?
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10 year rate
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T/F: Frequency of cancer increases with age?
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TRUE
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Peak mortality from cancer is btwn which ages?
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55 and 75 yrs
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Cancer is responsible for 10% of all deaths in children under the age of what?
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15 yrs
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What are 3 environmental carcinogen categories? & examples of each
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1. physical environment (air, water, soil, building material, clothing. . . ) 2. Personal environment (smoking, EtOH, STDs) 3. Occupational environment (industrial chemicals, irradiation)
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T/F: Nearly all evidence indicates that geographical differences in cancer incidence are environmental in origin.
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True
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What are 3 examples of Heredity cancers?
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1. Retinoblastoma (autosomal dominant) 2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (autosomal dominant) 3. Wilms tumor (autosomal dominant)
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