Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
where is hyaline cartilage found?
|
Articular – covers the ends of long bones Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum Respiratory – makes up larynx, reinforces air passages Nasal – supports the nose
|
|
|
what and where is elastic cartilage?
|
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers Found in the external ear and the epiglottis
|
|
|
what and where is fibrocartilage?
|
Highly compressed with great tensile strength Contains collagen fibers Found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs
|
|
|
what is the function of keratinocytes?
|
produce the fibrous protein keratin
|
|
|
describe appositional cartilage growth
|
cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
|
|
|
describe interstitial cartilage growth
|
lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
|
|
|
Describe the physical properties of the stratum basale (basal layer)
|
Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes Cells undergo rapid division, hence its alternate name, stratum germinativum *** for final
|
|
|
How does the skin surface receive nutrients?
|
Nutrients diffuse from dermis
|
|
|
what are Meissner's corpuscles function?
|
light touch receptors
|
|
|
Where are eccrine sweat glands found?
|
found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead
|
|
|
Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
|
found in axillary and anogenital areas - go active in puberty
|
|
|
what are ceruminous glands and where found?
|
modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen
|
|
|
where can you find a simple tubular exocrine gland?
|
the intestinal glands
|
|
|
Identify spongy bone, epiphyseal line, compact bone, yellow bone marrow periosteum, medullary cavity
|
look at figure in book
|
|
|
where can you find compound alveolar exocrine glands?
|
mammary glands
|
|
|
what is a root hair plexus?
|
a knot of sensory nerve endings wrapped around each hair bulb - Bending a hair stimulates these endings, hence our hairs act as sensitive touch receptors
|
|
|
Describe Holocrine secretion
|
products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells (e.g. sebaceous glands)
|
|
|
describe the structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
|
Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë - only in flat bones) on the inside Have no diaphysis or epiphyses Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae
|
|
|
What are the four types of connective tissue?
|
1. Connective Tissue Proper
2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood |
|
|
What is True, or frank, baldness
|
Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition Male pattern baldness – caused by follicular response to DHT
|
|
|
What are the three characteristics of connective tissue?
|
1. Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin.*** final
2. Varying degrees of vascularity. 3. Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers |
|
|
what are osteocytes?
|
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
|
|
|
what are Lacunae?
|
Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
|
|
|
What is the function of ground substance?
|
Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells. Feeds epithelium
|
|
|
Describe Collagen fibers
|
tough, provides high tensile strength i.e. intervertebral discs
|
|
|
Sharpey's Fibers
|
connect periosteum to bone
look at figure |
|
|
what are the organic components of bone?
|
Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
Osteocytes – mature bone cells Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen |
|
|
Describe melanoma. How does it occur? How often cured?
|
Must be removed immediately!
|
|
|
what is embryonic connective tissue called? function?
|
mesenchyme - gives rise to all other connective tissues
|
|
|
what is endochondral ossification?
|
Endochondral ossification – bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
what is the rule of nines? What would a doctor use it for in a burn victim?
|
Estimates the severity of burns Use it to estimate volume of fluid loss
|
|
|
Describe reticular c.t. physical properties
|
Loose ground substance with reticular fibers Reticular cells lie in a fiber network
|
|
|
Describe reticular c.t. function
|
Forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types
|
|
|
What needs to be activated in order for Ca2+ to be absorbed?
|
Vitamin D
|
|
|
Where can reticular c.t. be found
|
Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen
|
|
|
what happens in the growth zone?
|
cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
|
|
|
where is hyaline cartilage found?
|
Forms the costal cartilage Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
|
|
|
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
|
Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis
|
|
|
how is bone resorption accomplished?
|
Accomplished by osteoclasts. Resorption involves osteoclast secretion of: Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix. Acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms. The dissolved matrix is transported into the blood
|
|
|
what is Wolff's law?
|
a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.
Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft & Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle |
|
|
Comminuted fracture
|
bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly
|
|
|
Spiral fracture
|
ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury
|
|
|
Greenstick fracture
|
incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children
|
|
|
what is osteomalacia?
|
Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones *** deformed upon pressure ****
final Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency |
|
|
What is rickets?
|
Osteomalacia in children
|
|
|
What is osteoporosis?
|
Bones are thin and porous but have normal bone composition
|
|
|
what is paget's disease?
|
Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
|
|
|
What type of tissue arises from all three germ layers?
|
epithelial
|
|
|
Name 5 properties of water
|
1.High heat capacity.
2.High heat of vaporization 3.Polar solvent properties (dissolves ionic substances, forms hydration layers around large charged molecules - body's major transport medium and most common solvent 4.Reactivity - hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions 5.Cushioning - i.e. brain & s.c. |
|
|
organic compounds contain ______
|
Carbon
|
|
|
primary structure level of DNA
|
amino acid sequence
|
|
|
secondary structure of DNA
|
alpha helices of beta pleated sheets
|
|
|
Describe fibrous proteins
|
1. Structural, extended and strand like 2. insoluble in water
3. very stable 4. ie.keratin, elastin, collagen |
|
|
what is protein denuaturation?
|
irreversible unfolding due to extreme pH or temp changes
|
|
|
name 1 characteristics of enzymes
|
lowers the activation E needed to break a bond in rx
|
|
|
What are the four primary elements that compose the human body?
|
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
|
|
|
What is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the element's physical and chemical properties?
|
Atom
|
|
|
In DNA, what does guanine bind to? what does adenine bind to?
|
G-C
A-T |
|
|
What's the term for the one or two letter symbol that represents an element?
|
Atomic Symbol
|
|
|
In RNA what does guanine bind to? what does adenine bind to?
|
G-C
A-U |
|
|
What are the three basic subatomic particles?
|
Proton, neutron, electron.
|
|
|
give 2 characteristics of RNA
|
1. single stranded molecule
2. is in the cytoplasm and nucleus |
|
|
Which is the lightest of the three basic subatomic particles?
|
Electron
|
|
|
A neutron weighs about the same as a proton. How much does one of these particles weigh?
|
1 amu (atomic mass unit)
|
|
|
Why do different elements have different properties?
|
This is due to different numbers of electrons, protons and neutrons.
|
|
|
There's a number that corresponds to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. What's it called?
|
Atomic number. Also, the atomic number will tell you the number of electrons present in an atom in its natural, unadulterated state.
|
|
|
What's an isotope?
|
A structural variation on an element that contains a different amount of neutrons.
|
|
|
What's a radioisotope?
|
atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity
|
|
|
What's the term for more than one atom bound together chemically?
|
Molecule
|
|
|
When a molecule contains atoms of different elements, the resulting substance is a ____.
|
Compound
|
|
|
which type of mixture does not settle out or scatter/disperse light?
|
solution
|
|
|
What do you call a combination of one or more elements or compounds physically intermixed with no chemical bond?
|
Mixture
|
|
|
what kind of mixture is jell-o?
|
a colloid - solutes do not settle out. Light is scattered.
|
|
|
What are the three types of mixtures?
|
Solutions, suspensions, colloids
|
|
|
what is a heterogeneous mixture with solutes that tend to settle out?
|
suspension - ie sweet tea
|
|
|
all compounds are _______
|
homogeneous
|
|
|
In a solution, what are solutes and solvents?
|
Solute: The more abundant component. Solvent: The lest abundant component.
|
|
|
electrons shared equally between atoms produce _______ molecules
|
nonpolar
|
|
|
What's another word for colloid?
|
Emulsion
|
|
|
unequal sharing of electrons produces _________ molecules
|
polar
|
|
|
What's a suspension?
|
A heterogeneous mixture in which the components will settle out in time.
|
|
|
What are the three main differences between compounds and mixtures?
|
1) Mixtures display NO chemical bonds, and the constituent components retain their physical properties.
2) Mixtures can be separated into constituent components by physical means (straining, filtering, etc.), compounds can't. 3) Compounds are never heterogeneous, though mixtures often are. |
|
|
What's the octet rule?
|
Unless an atom only has one electron shell, it will typically react with other atoms so that its valence shell contains 8 electrons.
|
|
|
What kind of bond results when two atoms completely exchange electrons?
|
Ionic bond
|
|
|
What do you call the atom that gives up an electron (is now positively charged)? And the one that gains an electron (that's now negatively charged)?
|
Cation, Anion
|
|
|
Salts are generally ____ compounds.
|
Ionic
|
|
|
In a dry state, ionic compounds generally don't exist as solitary molecules. Instead, they form ____.
|
Crystals
|
|
|
When a molecule has unequal electrical charges at opposing ends, we call the resulting compound a ___ compound.
|
Polar
|
|
|
What's a hydrogen bond?
|
it's a weak bond resulting from the attraction between an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom being attracted by another electron-hungry atom. Too weak to form a molecule, but binds molecules together.
|
|
|
What four factors influence the speed of chemical reactions?
|
1) Concentration
2) Temperature 3) Presence of catalysts 4) Particle size |
|
|
What type of protein generally acts as a biological catalyst?
|
Enzyme
|
|
|
Label fluid mosaic model
|
find figure in book
|
|
|
List the four types of Tissue
|
Epithelial - covering
Connective - support Muscle - movement Nerve - control |
|
|
What is the phrase describe a body plane that is offset from the midline?
|
Parasagittal
|
|
|
In what cavity does the spinal cord reside?
|
The vertebral cavity
|
|
|
What is the Cell Theory?
|
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life Organismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structure Continuity of life has a cellular basis
|
|
|
In what cavity does the heart reside?
|
pericardial cavity
|
|
|
Describe the membranes of the ventral body cavities:
|
parietal serosa lines internal body walls visceral serosa covers the internal organs serous fluid separates the serosae
|
|
|
Describe the membranes of the pericardial cavity
|
parietal pericardium lines the wall of the pericardial cavity visceral pericardium lines the heart itself pericardial space separates the two membranes.
|
|
|
In which abdominopelvic region would you find the large intestine?
|
left iliac (inguinal) region
|
|
|
Posterior
|
behind or rear
|
|
|
proximal
|
closer to the origination or trunk
|
|
|
What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?
|
transport, enzymatic activity, receptors for signal transduction, intercellular adhesion, cell-cell recognition, and attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
|
|
|
ventral
|
another word for anterior (front half of body)
|
|
|
The cranial and spinal (vertebral) cavities are part of what larger cavity?
|
Dorsal cavity
|
|
|
what are the two major body cavities?
|
dorsal and ventral
|
|
|
Tight junction
|
impermeable junction (adhesion to make 2 cells stick together
|
|
|
Desmosome
|
anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells (binding two cells together with movement allowed ie - skin & heart need flexibility
|
|
|
Gap junction
|
a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells - ie cardiac & smooth muscle allow electrical signals to pass thru communicating junction
|
|
|
distal
|
farther from the trunk or point of attachment
|
|
|
Describe Simple diffusion
|
nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances Diffuse directly through the phospolipid bilayer Diffuse through channel proteins Tendancy for subs to move from Higher [ ] to lower. Common in the body
|
|
|
medial
|
closer to the midline or median plane
|
|
|
dorsal
|
back half of the body
|
|
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
Transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels Occurs when the molecules are too big to pass through the lipid barrier
|
|
|
what is osmosis?
|
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane - through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer
|
|
|
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue's physical properties.
|
Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface, all are attached to basal lamina**** for final Nuclei are seen at different layers.
|
|
|
Define hypotonic and end result
|
solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol Cell gets larger (swells) because water tries to dilute the inside of the cell
|
|
|
Describe stratified squamous epithelial tissue's functions.
|
protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
|
|
|
Transcytosis
|
moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell
|
|
|
Vesicular trafficking
|
moving substances from one area in the cell to another
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell’s interior
|
|
|
Pinocytosis
|
the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell Receptor-mediated
|
|
|
endocytosis
|
clathrin-coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis
|
|
|
Describe Endocrine glands What do they secrete?
|
Internal secretion, Ductless glands **** for final produce hormones, amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids
|
|
|
what increases the rate of a reaction without itself being chemically changed?
|
catalyst
|
|
|
salts are what kind of compound?
|
inorganic, covalent bond
|
|
|
acidic solutions have a pH of what range?
|
0 - 6.99
|
|
|
What are the four roles of membrane receptors?
|
Contact signaling – important in normal development and immunity
Electrical signaling – voltage-regulated “ion gates” in nerve and muscle tissue Chemical signaling – bind to ligands (specific plasma membrane receptors) and causes a reaction Ex. – Neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrines G protein-linked receptors – ligands bind to a receptor which activates a G protein, causing the release of a second messenger, such as cyclic AMP |
|
|
basic solutions have a pH of what range
|
7.01 - 14
|
|
|
neutral solutions have a pH of what
|
7.0
|
|
|
which solution has a higher H+ concentration?
|
acids
|
|
|
where is DNA found?
|
in the nucleus
|
|
|
what are ribosomes?
|
site of protein synthesis
|
|
|
Describe rough ER and what its function is
|
External surface studded with ribosomes Manufactures all secreted proteins (because of ribosomes) Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
|
|
|
Describe smooth ER and its function
|
Tubules arranged in a looping network Catalyzes the following reactions in various organs of the body In the liver – lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and, along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs
|
|
|
what do peroxisomes do?
|
Detoxify harmful or toxic substances Neutralize dangerous free radicals (converts them into hydroperoxide) **** for final Free radicals – highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (i.e., O2–)
|
|
|
What are microtubules
|
Determine the overall shape of the cell
|
|
|
what is the nucleus?
|
Gene-containing control center of the cell (where the DNA is housed **** for final)
|
|
|
what are nucleoli?
|
Site of ribosome production ***
|
|
|
what are the 2 phases of the cell cycle
|
1. Interphase Growth (G1), synthesis (S - DNA replication **** for final), growth (G2- prep for division/mitosis)
2. Mitotic phase Mitosis and cytokinesis |
|
|
what happens in early and late prophase
|
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Nucleoli disappear The mitotic spindle is formed
|
|
|
what happen during the metaphase?
|
Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell This arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles is called the metaphase plate
|
|
|
what happens during anaphase
|
Centromeres of the chromosomes split Motor proteins in kinetochores pull chromosomes toward poles
|
|
|
what happens during telophase?
|
New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin New nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER Nucleoli reappear
|
|
|
what do RNA codons do?
|
Code for amino acids according to a genetic code 1 start codon A-U-G 3 stop codons U-A-A, U-A-G, U-G-A
|
