Final Exam Biology 151

Front 1

Competition

Back 1

- / -

Front 2

Parasitism

Back 2

- / +

Front 3

Mutualism

Back 3

+ / +

Front 4

Commensalism

Back 4

+ / 0

Front 5

Species richness

Back 5

a county of the number of species in a given area

Front 6

Species diversity

Back 6

a measure of abundance of species as well as the number of different species in a community

Front 7

Mullerian mimicry

Back 7

a situation when noxious prey items resemble each other in appearance, resulting in a warning signal

Front 8

Batesian mimicry

Back 8

a situation where edible or non-toxic prey items resemble noxious species to gain protection fro predation

Front 9

Keystone species

Back 9

a species that has a great impact on its community; removal of this species causes the community to be disturbed

Front 10

Niche

Back 10

a species' unique habitat requirements

Front 11

Climax community

Back 11

a stable group of species that have intricate interaction

Front 12

Commensalism

Back 12

an interaction that benefits one participant without harming the other participant

Front 13

Niche differentiation

Back 13

competing species adapt to separate habitat requirements, resulting in reduced competition and divergence in lifestyle

Front 14

Interspecific competition

Back 14

competition for resources between individuals of differing species

Front 15

Intraspecific competition

Back 15

competition for resources between individuals of the same species

Front 16

Constitutive defenses

Back 16

defenses that are always present in an organism

Front 17

Inducible defenses

Back 17

defenses that are expressed only in the presence of a predator

Front 18

Community

Back 18

interacting species within a defined area

Front 19

Defenses

Back 19

mimicry, camouflage, schooling, weapon

Front 20

Co-evolutionary arms race

Back 20

participants in an interaction respond to the pressure of another species by adapting to the force exerted by that predator, and then thhe siatuion reverses, continuing over evolutionary time

Front 21

Resilience

Back 21

the ability of a community to recover from disturbance

Front 22

Resistance

Back 22

the ability of a community to withstand disturbance

Front 23

Disturbance

Back 23

the disruption of a community due to a removal of a species or a group of species

Front 24

Pioneering species

Back 24

the first species to colonize a disturbed habitat, typically weedy

Front 25

Succession

Back 25

the recovery of a community to disturbance

Front 26

Competitive exclusion principle

Back 26

when two species compete for a resource, the speces more suited to that nice, the strong competitor, will eliminate the other from the habitat

Front 27

Considering the global nitrogen cycle, what is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants?

Back 27

z

Front 28

How could you test whether male dewlaps (a color flap of skin hanging from an anolis lizard's throat) were an important cue for female egg production?

Back 28

z

Front 29

If the last remaining population of a particular bird species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to keep species from going extinct?

Back 29

z

Front 30

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This is an exmample of what kind of species interaction?

Back 30

z

Front 31

The competitive exclusion principle states that:

Back 31

z

Front 32

What is the main difference between a disturbance and a disturbance regime?

Back 32

z

Front 33

Which of the following criteria have to be met in order for a species to qualify as invasive?

Back 33

z

Front 34

Which of the following examples best illustrates classical conditioning?

Back 34

z

Front 35

Which of the following is not a type of consumption?

Back 35

z

Front 36

You have captured some rats from a wild population and quickly surmise with tests that they are very good at avoiding food with poisons. What would best explain this observation?

Back 36

z

Front 37

You stumble across a red, yellow, and black banded snake while traveling in Texas. You somehow remember that this could be a poisonous coral snake or a harmless milk snake, but you forget how to differentiate them because they both have similar colors and banding patterns. You wisely decide not to pick up the snack. What defense was successful in preventing you from grabbing the snake?

Back 37

z

Front 38

Metapopulation

Back 38

a group of individual populations

Front 39

Population

Back 39

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place at the same time

Front 40

Survivorship curve

Back 40

a plot of the logarithm of survivors versus age

Front 41

Population dynamics

Back 41

changes in population size over time

Front 42

Density dependent factors:

Back 42

factors caused by population size

Front 43

Density independent factors

Back 43

factors that are independent of population size that change the number of individuals in a population

Front 44

Population cycles

Back 44

regular patterns in a given population

Front 45

Life table

Back 45

summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce over its lifetime

Front 46

Fecundity

Back 46

the amount of female offspring produced by each female

Front 47

Generation

Back 47

the average amount of time between the mother's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring

Front 48

Population viability analysis

Back 48

the likelihood a population will avoid extinction for a given amount of time

Front 49

Carrying capacity (K)

Back 49

the maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support

Front 50

Age structure

Back 50

the proportion of individuals of a certain age in a population

Front 51

Survivorship

Back 51

the proportion of offspring that survive to a particular age

Front 52

Demography

Back 52

the study of factors that affect population size and structure

Front 53

Population Ecology

Back 53

the study of how and why populations change

Front 54

Life history

Back 54

the way an individual lives, reproduces and grows

Front 55

What can we not determine from examining age pyramids of human populations

Back 55

z

Front 56

signal

Back 56

a behavior that contains information

Front 57

conditional strategy

Back 57

a behavior that depends on environmental conditional

Front 58

altruism

Back 58

a behavior that has a cost to the individual that performs it

Front 59

innate

Back 59

a behavior that is not learned

Front 60

learning

Back 60

a change in behavior based on a specific experience

Front 61

orientation

Back 61

a movement that changes an individual's position

Front 62

reciprocal altruism

Back 62

a relatively equal exchange of fitness benefits by nonrelatives

Front 63

communication

Back 63

a signal performed by one individual to affect the behavior of another

Front 64

releasers

Back 64

a signal that initiates an innate behaviors

Front 65

classical conditioning

Back 65

an individual is trained by experience to act a particular way

Front 66

migration

Back 66

long distance movement (piloting=landmarks, compass, true)

Front 67

taxis

Back 67

movement toward or away from a stimulus

Front 68

cognition

Back 68

recognition and response to data, allowing for the formation of concepts and insights

Front 69

kin selection

Back 69

selection that benefits an individual's relatives

Front 70

Requirements of reciprocal altruism

Back 70

stable memory, stable groups, low cost, penalties

Front 71

hamilton's rule

Back 71

the benefit and relatedness of a recipient of altruism must be high than the cost of the behvaior for the individual performing the altruism

Front 72

Proximate

Back 72

the mechanism of a behavior, or how the animal performs the behavior

Front 73

ultimate

Back 73

the reason an animal performs a behavior, or why an animal acts the way it does

Front 74

If is rather easy to understand why relatives help each other in the animal kingdom-they share some of the same genes, and some self-sacrificing behavior will help the greater sum of their genes. What would be a reason for self-sacrificing behavior to have evolved in animals that are unrelated?

Back 74

z

Front 75

In the size-advantage hypothesis, if a group of fishes are living in a territory dominated by a single male, females should switch from female to male when they become very large. Which of the following observations best supports this hypothesis?

Back 75

z

Front 76

What was the main reason the honeybees switched from the "round dance" to the "waggle dance"?

Back 76

z

Front 77

You observe a species of bird that, upon hatching, has contact with its parents only while being fed. You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process. What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird?

Back 77

z

Front 78

You see young spiders hatch from eggs and within 5 hours, they are dispersing far from their parents and forming webs. What can you hypothesize about their behavior?

Back 78

z

Front 79

Population

Back 79

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place at the same time

Front 80

Community

Back 80

a group of species that live in the same geographic area that interact with each other

Front 81

Invasive species

Back 81

a non-native species that is introduced and spreads in a new habitat, eliminating non-native species

Front 82

Biomes are characterized

Back 82

a terrestrial ecosystem that has a characteristic vegetation type

Front 83

Ecosystem

Back 83

all organisms in a particular area, including non-living factors

Front 84

Emergent vegetation

Back 84

aquatic plants that grow above the water's surface

Front 85

Variation of rainfall

Back 85

based on air currents at differing latitudes

Front 86

Biomes are characterized

Back 86

by vegetation

Front 87

Seasonality

Back 87

caused by tilt of earth

Front 88

Tropical Wet forest

Back 88

high productivity, steady temperature, high variation precipitation

Front 89

Boreal forest

Back 89

high variation of temperature, low steady precipitation

Front 90

Most important factor in aquatic environments

Back 90

light

Front 91

Biotic

Back 91

living components

Front 92

Climate

Back 92

long term weather conditions of a geographic

Front 93

Temperate grassland

Back 93

moderate variation in temperature, low precipitation, moderate precipitation variation

Front 94

Subtropical Desert

Back 94

moderate variation, low precipitation, low variation in precipitation

Front 95

Abiotic

Back 95

non-living external factors

Front 96

Artic tundra

Back 96

permafrost, high variation in temp, Low precip, very cold

Front 97

Weather

Back 97

short term atmospheric conditions

Front 98

Net primary productivity

Back 98

the amount of carbon fixed per year, not including carbon released by respiration

Front 99

Rain shadow

Back 99

the geographic area on the inland side of a mountain range that receives little rain

Front 100

Biogeography

Back 100

the study of how organisms are distributed

Front 101

Ecology

Back 101

the study of how organisms interact with their environment

Front 102

Above ground biomass

Back 102

the total mass of living plants without roots

Front 103

6 biomes

Back 103

tropical wet forest, subtropical desert, temperate grassland, temperate forest, boreal forest, artic tundra

Front 104

Temperate forest

Back 104

varying temperature, steady precipitation

Front 105

What would happen ito the seasons if Eart hwere tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees?

Back 105

winters and summers would be more severe

Front 106

Lytic Cycle

Back 106

new generation of virions (mature virus)

Front 107

Lysogenic Cycle

Back 107

virus is incorporated into host ---> passed on to daugher cell

Front 108

Reptilia

Back 108

*includes birds*, highly diveres, eggs and live birth, first true land animals

Front 109

Exoskeleton

Back 109

A hard shell like covering that allows for protection, muscle attachment and avoidance of dessication found in Arthropods.

Front 110

Incomplete metamorphosis:

Back 110

A life cycle in which the immature forms appear to be smaller versions of the adult, reproductive stage.

Front 111

Complete metamorphosis:

Back 111

A life cycle that includes immature stages that look different from the reproductive, adult stage.

Front 112

Radula:

Back 112

a scraping “tongue” found in snails and chitons.

Front 113

Innovation to be on land

Back 113

amniotic egg

Front 114

Model organism:

Back 114

An animal whose characteristics (short life span, numerous offspring, inexpensive to grow, and well studied) make it particularly suitable for use in scientific studies.

Front 115

Deposit feeders:

Back 115

animals that eat through a substrate, such as soil.

Front 116

Suspension feeders:

Back 116

animals that filter food from air or water.

Front 117

Endoparasites:

Back 117

animals that live inside hosts, living from their metabolic products.

Front 118

Gastropod

Back 118

belly feed, slugs and nudibranchs, no shell, use radula, move by gliding

Front 119

4 groups of mollusca

Back 119

bivavles, gastropods, chitons, cephalopods

Front 120

Choanoflagellates vs Sponges

Back 120

choanoflagellates are sessile protists, some are colonial, sponges are multicellular, sessile animals

Front 121

Bivavles

Back 121

clams, two separate shells, suspension feeder, sexual reproduction, larvae can attach to fish

Front 122

How do cnidarians differ from poriferans?

Back 122

cnidarians are radially symmetrical, while poriferas are asymmetrical. AND cnidarians may be active predators, while poriferans are only suspension feeders

Front 123

Lobe finned fish

Back 123

coelcanths, lungfish, link between fish and tetrapods

Front 124

Ctenophores

Back 124

comb jellies, move with cilia, predators, self-fertilize externally

Front 125

Coral bleaching

Back 125

corals expel photosynthetic symbionts, turn white, die

Front 126

Why are healthy corals brightly colored?

Back 126

corals host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments

Front 127

Rotifer

Back 127

corona: crown of cilia that allow them to feed

Front 128

Feathers---purpose

Back 128

courtship, insulation, gliding….endothermy?

Front 129

mollusca

Back 129

diverse, reduced coelom

Front 130

Monotremes

Back 130

egg laying mammals, fur, mammary glands

Front 131

Collar flagellates

Back 131

feed on bacteria, archaea, reproduce asexually by fission

Front 132

Platyhelminthes

Back 132

flat worms, i.e. tapeworms and flukes

Front 133

Aceolomorpha

Back 133

gutless wonders, lack body cavity, planktonic, feed on floating detritus, asexual and sexual reproduction

Front 134

Tapeworms

Back 134

have hooks, absorb directly from digestive system, can self fertilize/cross fertilize

Front 135

Cephalopods

Back 135

headfoot, predators, jet propulsion or crawl, highly modified eyes, change color, courtship

Front 136

Apes

Back 136

humans, bipedalism

Front 137

Cnidarians

Back 137

hydra, jellyfish, corals, 2 forms = polyps and medusae, dominated by diploid stage

Front 138

Agnata

Back 138

jawless, hagfish and lampreys (may live on fish)

Front 139

Arthropod body plan

Back 139

jointed limbs, exoskeleton, segmented body, legs and mouth parts are specialized

Front 140

Benthic

Back 140

live at the bottom of aquatic environments

Front 141

Arthropods

Back 141

millipedes, centipedes, spiders, ticks, mites, scropoins, shrip, lobster, crabs, barnacles, pills bugs, insects

Front 142

In what way are monotremes similar to more ancestral chordate lineages, as opposed to more recently evolved mammals?

Back 142

Monotremes lay eggs; other mammals bear live young

Front 143

Ecdysozoa

Back 143

nematoda, onychophora, tardigrada, arthropoda

Front 144

Insect wings are oftern a result of

Back 144

new habitat expansion

Front 145

Sessile:

Back 145

Non-mobile, attached to a substrate.

Front 146

Ectoparasites:

Back 146

parasites that live externally on hosts.

Front 147

marsupial

Back 147

placenta, born poorly developed, finish development in pounch

Front 148

Chitons

Back 148

plated backs, radula, move like gastropods, external sexual reproduction

Front 149

Sponges

Back 149

reproduce asexually and sexually

Front 150

Amphibians

Back 150

require water for life cycle, environmentally sensitive

Front 151

Protostomes > Lophotrochozoa

Back 151

rotifera, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca

Front 152

Nematodes

Back 152

roundworms, pinworms, agricultural pests, internal self fetilization, C. elegans = model organisms

Front 153

Annelida

Back 153

segmented worms, earthworms and leaches

Front 154

Cartilaginous fish

Back 154

sharks, rays and skates, swimmers

Front 155

Spicules

Back 155

silicon, calcium carbonate, support body

Front 156

Nematocysts

Back 156

stinging cells, associated with cnidarians

Front 157

Ray finned fish/bony finned fish

Back 157

swim bladder allows fish to float, swim, external fertilization, jaws evolved from gills, first animals to have bones as internal skeleton, ancestor to tetrapods

Front 158

Endothermy:

Back 158

The ability to maintain an internal body temperature independent of environmental conditions.

Front 159

Ectothermy:

Back 159

The condition in which an animal’s body temperature is dependent on environmental conditions.

Front 160

Ecdysis:

Back 160

The process of molting or shedding an exoskeleton to facilitate growth.

Front 161

Suppose the seawater in a marine habitat were filtered to remove all of the plankton and other small particles (though not larger swimming organisms). Which mollusks would probably be negatively affected the soonest?

Back 161

The water would become murkier.

Front 162

Ecdysis:

Back 162

these animals most molt to grow, curticle/exoskeleton that limits growth

Front 163

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have developed feathers. You found that these animals were ground-dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly, but unable to fly or even glide. You also noticed that males of the species had no feathers at all, while females had bright blue feathers covering their tails. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support?

Back 163

they would be most successful near the Earth's equator

Front 164

In what respect do humans differ from all other anthropoids?

Back 164

z

Front 165

Suppose you were a researched choosing a model organism with which to study animal genetics. Which of the following characteristics would you not look for in your model organism?

Back 165

z

Front 166

What would you look for to distinguish a gastropod from a chiton?

Back 166

z

Front 167

EMF

Back 167

form sheaths around roots and penetrate between root cells

Front 168

Nonvascular plant dominant stage

Back 168

gametophyte is dominant stage

Front 169

Two groups of angiosperms

Back 169

monocots and dicorts

Front 170

Diversity of flowers

Back 170

reflect diversity of pollinators

Front 171

Protists can fix

Back 171

carbon

Front 172

Protist life cycle

Back 172

dominated by diploid cells

Front 173

phylogentic species concept

Back 173

groups that are descended froma common ancestor

Front 174

Over time, genetic drift can lead to loss of ….

Back 174

alleles

Front 175

Inbreeding depression:

Back 175

loss of fitness because homozygosity increases (loss of alleles)

Front 176

Why do allele frequences change?

Back 176

Mutation, ultimate source of variation; gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift=random factors

Front 177

Baby birth weight is an example of _______________ selection

Back 177

stabilizing selection

Front 178

Homology is evidence of

Back 178

common ancestry

Front 179

Hox/Hom

Back 179

homology

Front 180

Evolotion is not

Back 180

progressive

Front 181

Law of Succession

Back 181

species in the same region are succeeded by similar species

Front 182

In comparing a muscle and skin cell, you're likely to find the greatest differences in each cell's content of:

Back 182

regulatory transcription factors

Front 183

Histones must be removed from DNA to allow

Back 183

transcription

Front 184

Glucose is the ___________ of the digestion of lactose

Back 184

catabolite

Front 185

Genes are always translated

Back 185

constitutively

Front 186

Transcriptional control

Back 186

mRNA is not made

Front 187

Post-translational control

Back 187

protein is not activated

Front 188

Translational control

Back 188

protein not made

Front 189

How do proteins bind to DNA?

Back 189

they use DNA symmetry, 2-fold rotation symmetry/dyand symmetry, proteins recognize that symmetry to fit

Front 190

RNA polymerase binds to specifc regions of DNA

Back 190

promoters

Front 191

During transcription in bacteria… RNA polymerase matches

Back 191

Template Strand with mRNA

Front 192

How are genes copied

Back 192

1) enzyme (helicase) breaks hydrogen bonds 2) bindg proteins keeps DNA from re-bonding 3) DNA unzips 4) topoisomerase, keeps DNA from kinking

Front 193

In tigers, a recessive allele causes a white tiger. If 2 phenotypically normal tigers that are heterozygous at this recessive gene are mated, what percentage of their offspring are expected to be white?

Back 193

25%

Front 194

Phenylketonuria is an inherited disease caused by a recessive autosomal allele. If a woman and her husband are both carriers, what is the probability that their first child will be a phenotypically normal child?

Back 194

75%

Front 195

Law of segregation

Back 195

meiosis 1 and 2

Front 196

Pleiotropy

Back 196

one allele controls multiple traits, marfan syndrome

Front 197

Echinoderms

Back 197

spiny skins, sea stars, radial symmetry,

Front 198

Law of independent assortment

Back 198

way the chromosomes line up in meiosis

Front 199

Incomplete Dominance

Back 199

x

Front 200

In rabbits, the homozygous CC is normal, Cc results in deformed legs, and cc results in very short legs. The genotype BB produces black fur, Bb brown fur, and bb white fur. If a cross is made between brown rabbits with deformed legs and white rabbits with deformed legs, what percentage of the offspring would be expected to have deformed legs and white fur?

Back 200

25%

Front 201

In a sample of double-stranded DNA from a particular organism, if 15% of the nitrogenous base is thymine, what percentage should be cytosine?

Back 201

35%

Front 202

Based on the above pedigree, what is the probability that Olga was a carrier for hemophilia (shaded = hemophilia)? Remember that hemophilia is a sex-linked, recessive trait.

Back 202

50%

Front 203

Regarding an allelic pair for flower color in snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas the two homozygotes have red flowers or white flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with white flowers, what proportion of the offspring is expected to have pink flowers?

Back 203

100%

Front 204

central dogma

Back 204

1 = replication; 2 = transcription; 3 = translation

Front 205

Mendel had two pure lines of peas, one with wrinkled seeds, one with smooth seeds. He crossed these lines and found all smooth seeds in the F1 generation. Then, he crossed the F1 with each other. What did he find?

Back 205

3:1 Smooth versus wrinkled seeds

Front 206

DNA replicates in:

Back 206

5’ to 3’

Front 207

Select three posttranscriptional modifications often seen in the maturation of mRNA in eukaryotes.

Back 207

5′-capping; 3′-poly(A) tail addition; splicing

Front 208

bacterial colonies remain their normal white color. What is X-Gal likely to be?"

Back 208

a compound chemically similar to lactose

Front 209

When an egg rolls out of a nest, a female goose performs a specific neck motion to bring the egg back into the nest, even if the egg is completely removed during the retrieval process. This behavior is:

Back 209

A fixed action pattern

Front 210

An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes on average than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population has experienced during the earthquake?

Back 210

a genetic bottleneck

Front 211

In biology, a coevolutionary arms race occurs when:

Back 211

A pair of species influence each others’ evolution

Front 212

If you were trying to identify an unknown adult organism, which morphological feature(s) would guarantee that your organism was an echinoderm rather than a chordate?

Back 212

a radially symmetrical body plan

Front 213

Which of the following mutations would have the greatest negative impact on the protein product of a gene?

Back 213

a single base insertion near the start of the coding region of the gene

Front 214

Recently, fossil dinosaurs have been found with feathers, indicating that they are _____ reptiles and birds.

Back 214

A transitional form between

Front 215

Cyanobacteria dominate many marine and freshwater environments. They became very numerous 2.7 billion years ago. Which of their features was responsible for such success?

Back 215

ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis

Front 216

The dam in the question above would be a/an:

Back 216

abiotic factor

Front 217

What do Bacteria have in common with Archaea but not with Eukarya?

Back 217

absence of nucleus

Front 218

A black guinea pig crossed with an albino guinea pig produced 12 black offspring. When the albino was crossed with a second black animal, 6 blacks and 6 albinos were obtained. What is the best explanation for this genetic situation?

Back 218

Albino is recessive; black is dominant.

Front 219

In what species would you expect to see swimming gametes in plants?

Back 219

Algae

Front 220

A man who carries an X-linked allele (gene) will pass it on to

Back 220

all of his daughters

Front 221

Which of these is NOT part of Mendel’s model?

Back 221

Alleles blend to form the offspring’s phenotype.

Front 222

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states:

Back 222

alleles separate into gametes in unique combinations of traits.

Front 223

Not long ago, it was believed that a count of the number of genes in an organism would provide a count of the number of gene products. This is now known to be incorrect, largely due to the discovery of widespread:

Back 223

alternative splicing

Front 224

Based on latitude, what should have the most humid climate?

Back 224

An equatorial forest

Front 225

To make a vaccine against the polio virus, researchers treated the polio virus with formaldehyde and used this preparation to inject people. This is an example of:

Back 225

an inactivated virus vaccine

Front 226

Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy?

Back 226

Animals rarely self-fertilize, so diploid gametes are much less likely to fuse.

Front 227

Researchers interested in extraterrestrial life often study ____ because these organisms occur in extreme environments, and resemble early organisms.

Back 227

Archaea

Front 228

Which are evolutionarily more closely related?

Back 228

Archaea and Eukarya

Front 229

Imagine you’ve isolated, directly from the human genome, the complete gene that encodes human growth hormone. After running through all the steps for cloning and expression described in Section 19.1 of this chapter, you find no human growth hormone is expressed. Why do you think this procedure failed?

Back 229

Bacteria cannot carry out splicing.

Front 230

Wetlands with the slowest water flow and the most acidic water are typically

Back 230

bogs

Front 231

Assume that blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes. What would be easier (take less time) to eliminate from a population?

Back 231

Brown eyes

Front 232

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of pairs of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement of prezygotic isolation is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry and allopatry?

Back 232

Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry.

Front 233

Histone bound DNA ___ be cut by DNases (DNA cutting enzymes).

Back 233

cannot

Front 234

Which of these is considered to be an ecosystem service?

Back 234

Carbon cycling

Front 235

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important?

Back 235

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, and increasing atmospheric concentrations could alter Earth’s climate.

Front 236

Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant

Back 236

carbon-14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon-13 in the birch

Front 237

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?

Back 237

Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.

Front 238

When the alarm clock goes off, Strawberry, my dog, runs to the back door because I usually let him out before I do anything else in the morning. Strawberry’s response to the alarm clock is:

Back 238

classical conditioning

Front 239

What is the main difference between climate and weather?

Back 239

climate typically describes longer-term conditions

Front 240

How do cnidarians differ from poriferans?

Back 240

cnidarians are radially symmetrical, while poriferas are asymmetrical. AND cnidarians may be active predators, while poriferans are only suspension feeders

Front 241

The recognition and manipulation of facts about the world is termed

Back 241

cognition

Front 242

One way to detect alternative splicing of a given gene is to:

Back 242

compare the sequence of mature mRNAs made from this gene

Front 243

Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists?

Back 243

contains a nucleus

Front 244

If the primary RNA transcript is not altered (i.e., no poly A tail or 5’ cap), this would be an example of:

Back 244

Control via RNA processing

Front 245

The projections for Earth’s human population by 2050 made in 1992 are much higher than those recently made in 2002. What is the main difference recent history has made in this significant projection alteration?

Back 245

Deaths from AIDS have significantly increased since 1992.

Front 246

In ecological food webs, fungi tend to be:

Back 246

decomposers

Front 247

Several generations of inbreeding tend to ____ genetic variation.

Back 247

Decrease

Front 248

If we radiolabel amino acids that are attached to tRNA, we would expect the level radioactivity on the tRNA to _____, as the level of radioactivity in proteins would ______.

Back 248

Decrease; increase

Front 249

As the number of species in a plot ____, the productivity of that plot:

Back 249

decreases; decreases

Front 250

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order for one cycle of PCR?

Back 250

Denature DNA; anneal primers; extend primers.

Front 251

Gill pouches in chick, human, and house-cat embryos are an example of:

Back 251

developmental homology

Front 252

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat beween the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. The two populations and the hybrids are:

Back 252

different species, under the morphospecies concept

Front 253

For most of its lifecycle, a cnidarian is:

Back 253

diploid

Front 254

If taller males are more likely to find mates and have offspring, this would be a form of:

Back 254

directional selection.

Front 255

A biologist doing a long-term study on a wild spider population observes increased variation in silk thickness. She hypothesizes that the population is experiencing:

Back 255

disruptive selection

Front 256

What type of selection tends to result in speciation?

Back 256

Disruptive selection

Front 257

Which situation below would result in no transformation of a smooth strain to a rough

Back 257

DNA eliminated, Proteins and RNA present

Front 258

Radiometric dating is a technique used to determine the age of rocks. Geologists have used this technique to determine that:

Back 258

Earth is about 4.6 billion years old, and life appeared on Earth about 3.8 billion years ago

Front 259

Referring to Simard et al. (1997), what is the result that would most strongly refute Simard and colleagues hypothesis?

Back 259

either carbon-13 or carbon-14 is found in the cedar seelding's tissues

Front 260

What is the primary limiting factor that determines why no female animal can produce a very large number of very large eggs?

Back 260

energy stores

Front 261

The primary difference between an enhancer and a promoter-proximal element is that:

Back 261

Enhancers are at considerable distances from the promoter; promoterproximal elements are close to the promoter

Front 262

Considering the global water cycle, where does one find the largest amount of water changing phases?

Back 262

evaporation and precipitation over the oceans

Front 263

An important fossil fuel is coal, much of which was formed when:

Back 263

Extensive forests of seedless vascular plants were buried and compressed.

Front 264

She noted that there were not only some long strands but also numerous short segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. What probably went wrong with the in vitro replication system she created?

Back 264

Failure of DNA ligase occurred

Front 265

Females that lay ____ eggs tend to have ____ survivorship.

Back 265

Few; high

Front 266

What types of data suggest that Easter Island once had high biodiversity and productivity?

Back 266

fossil pollen and animal bones

Front 267

The Dunkers are a religious group that moved from Germany to Pennsylvania in the mid-1700s. They do not marry with members outside their own immediate community. Today, the Dunkers are genetically unique and differ in gene frequencies, at many loci, from all other populations including their original homeland. Which of the following likely explains the genetic uniqueness of this population?

Back 267

founder effect and genetic drift

Front 268

In a terrestrial habitat that has undergone several consecutive years of drought, which animal population would you expect to be most negatively affected?

Back 268

frogs

Front 269

In animals, why are fungal infections such as athlete's foot so much harder to cure than bacterial infections?

Back 269

fungi and animals are more closely related than bacteria and animals.

Front 270

Lichen represent a relationship between two organisms. _____ allow(s) anchoring to the substrate; _____ provide(s) energy via photosynthesis

Back 270

fungi; algae

Front 271

Which of the following does not tend to promote speciation?

Back 271

gene flow

Front 272

In the case of lions, workers are seeking to preserve ______ by artificial insemination between lion prides

Back 272

Genetic diversity

Front 273

Which of the following statements regarding temperate grasslands is false?

Back 273

Grassland soils are not very fertile.

Front 274

In an overpopulated area of deer, which of the following is a density-dependent factor that could help reduce the number of deer?

Back 274

higher predation

Front 275

Which of the following properties do you predict to be most critical to histone

Back 275

Histones are positively charged

Front 276

Which of these things happen first?

Back 276

Histones become negatively charged

Front 277

The HOM genes of insects and the Hox genes of vertebrates are . . .

Back 277

homologous because they are similar in organization, function and composition

Front 278

Which step in Southern blotting allows an investigator to identify a particular DNA fragment that is present within a complex mixture of fragments?

Back 278

hybridization with a labeled probe

Front 279

Which would be the best way to obtain evidence of a bird’s cognitive abilities?

Back 279

In captivity, have them attempt to solve novel problems.

Front 280

DNA replicates:

Back 280

In the 3’ direction

Front 281

If an HIV molecule lacks integrase it will be unable to:

Back 281

incorporate its DNA into the host genome.

Front 282

Animal and plant diversity tends to __________ as latitude decreases.

Back 282

increase

Front 283

Removal of lynx from an environment caused a _____ in hare populations, indicating that the lynx was:

Back 283

increase; keystone species

Front 284

The littoral zone of a lake is most similar to which of the following environments?

Back 284

intertidal zone

Front 285

The -10 box has all the following characteristics except:

Back 285

It is both transcribed and translated.

Front 286

Researchers have found fossils of Eocene horse species in Colorado. Deeper deposits contain smaller species, and more recent deposits contain larger species. How does this observation support the theory of evolution?

Back 286

It provides evidence that species change over time.

Front 287

Why is “reinforcement” an appropriate name for the concept that natural selection should favor divergence and genetic isolation if populations experience postzygotic isolation?

Back 287

It reinforces selection for divergence that began when the species were geographically isolated

Front 288

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other siblings with the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the same species that do not perform this pretend caching. How does this affect your conclusions about this behavior?

Back 288

It suggests that this behavior might be learned.

Front 289

What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae?

Back 289

It would have trouble smelling

Front 290

Full induction of the lac operon occurs when:

Back 290

lactose levels are high and glucose levels are low

Front 291

There are mutants on the lactose plate that are white until you break open the cell walls and spray the colonies with ONPG. What sort of mutants did you grow?

Back 291

LacY

Front 292

In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit productivity?

Back 292

light availability

Front 293

What conditions fully induce the lac operon?

Back 293

Low glucose; high lactose

Front 294

In doing gene therapy, researchers frequently use attenuated viruses to carry the normal gene into cells and replace the defective gene. Which type of virus is suited to this application?

Back 294

lysogenic viruses

Front 295

While traveling in the Alps, you come across a butterfly that you cannot identify. You quickly find out that it is a new species. Which of the following is not a step in understanding the biodiversity of this new species?

Back 295

measuring general physiology of the species

Front 296

The sexually reproducing stage of a cnidarian (jellyfish) is a:

Back 296

medusa

Front 297

Bacteria and Archaea are very diverse and abundant groups. What allows them to occupy different habitats?

Back 297

Metabolic diversity

Front 298

If a protist has just generated a spore, what process has it just experienced?

Back 298

mitosis

Front 299

DNA is the information-coding component of cells. Of the following structures, which one is coded for by the longest sequence of DNA?

Back 299

mRNA having 75 codons

Front 300

The lysate of mutant A develops yellow color; the lysate of mutant B does not. What can you make of this?

Back 300

Mutant A has a mutation in the lacY gene; mutant B has a mutation in the lacZ gene.

Front 301

Bees visit flowers to harvest nectar and pollen. What is the relationship between the bees and the flowers?

Back 301

mutualism

Front 302

Which of the following is not a type of consumption?

Back 302

mutualism

Front 303

Before karyogamy, what is the ploidy number of the fungal mycelium that has undergon plasomgamy

Back 303

n+n

Front 304

Given the structure of DNA, what component of that structure is most directly associated with encoding genetic information?

Back 304

nitrogenous bases and their sequence

Front 305

Does treating a viral infection with antibiotics affect the course of the infection?

Back 305

No; antibiotics do not kill viruses, because viruses use host proteins to replicate and antibiotics affect bacterial proteins.

Front 306

A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. What is the probability that their first child will have albinism?

Back 306

one fourth

Front 307

Which of the following statements regarding extinction is false?

Back 307

Only certain species are immune from extinction.

Front 308

What were the results of the experiment given above?

Back 308

Only some males were white eyed.

Front 309

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best describes this observation?

Back 309

Only triazine-resistant weeds survived and reproduced, so each year more pigweed was triazine-resistant.

Front 310

Which is the correct grouping hierarchy for studying ecology of organisms?

Back 310

organismal<population<community<ecosystem

Front 311

Gram positive bacteria lack a(n) _____ and stain _____.

Back 311

Outer membrane; purple

Front 312

How old is the Earth, according to the fossil record?

Back 312

over 4 billion years old

Front 313

Which of these is NOT a community?

Back 313

People at UND

Front 314

Which of these is NOT a population?

Back 314

People of European descent in the U.S.

Front 315

Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming. Why?

Back 315

Photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

Front 316

Red algae, which are photosynthetic, are most closely related to:

Back 316

Plants

Front 317

Which of the following protists causes the human disease malaria?

Back 317

Plasmodium

Front 318

Microspores in Gymnosperms are the equivalent of:

Back 318

pollen in angiosperms

Front 319

The vast number and variety of flowers is probably related to various kinds of:

Back 319

pollinators

Front 320

A scientist is studying the effect that building a dam would have on trout in the Colorado River. She is a/an:

Back 320

population ecologist.

Front 321

The lac operon is an example of _____ control, because if there is too much ____ the repressor changes shape so that it does not bind to the operator.

Back 321

Post-translational: Lactose

Front 322

In red-winged blackbirds, which of the following stimuli elicited the greatest territorial defense response?

Back 322

presenting both the model and playing the recording

Front 323

Which of the following do not consume other living organisms?

Back 323

primary producers

Front 324

In terms of a lichen, which is a symbiotic organism containing algae and fungi, the algae is a:

Back 324

producer

Front 325

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Back 325

Producers get energy from decomposers.

Front 326

Lactose only treatment

Back 326

produces the most beta galactose

Front 327

When considering the general action of RNA polymerases in eukaryotes, all of the following macromolecules are transcribed directly from DNA except:

Back 327

Proteins

Front 328

In Hardy Weinberg Terms, what variable represents the frequency of the recessive allele in the population?

Back 328

q

Front 329

Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a human disorder that causes gradual deterioration of the muscles. Only boys are affected, and they are always born to phenotypically normal parents. Due to the severity of the disease, the boys die in their teens. Is this disorder likely to be caused by a dominant or recessive allele? Is its inheritance sex-linked or autosomal?

Back 329

recessive, sex-linked

Front 330

Referring to the figure above, what antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by a King brown snake?

Back 330

red-bellied black snake

Front 331

Given the pathway above, what therapy would you consider most likely to ameliorate (reduce) the symptoms associated with PKU if applied sufficiently early?

Back 331

Reduce dietary intake of phenylalanine.

Front 332

Extracellular glucose inhibits transcription of the lac operon by:

Back 332

reducing the levels of intracellular cAMP

Front 333

In testing his hypothesis that “territorial defense in European robins is a fixed action pattern that is released by the sight of orange feathers,” Lack found that robins defended their territory by attacking anything that was of similar size and had an orange patch. How would you show that it was indeed color that initiated the defense responses?

Back 333

Repeat the experiment removing the orange patch.

Front 334

A measure of how much a community is affected by a disturbance is termed

Back 334

resistance

Front 335

Antibiotic resistance occurs when:

Back 335

resistant bacteria are the only survivors that reproduce.

Front 336

DNA makes _____ that then makes _____.

Back 336

RNA; protein

Front 337

After that, you saw an animal that was predatory with radial symmetry in the same ocean. You saw a/an:

Back 337

sea star

Front 338

DNA replicates:

Back 338

Semiconservatively

Front 339

Male turkeys have a snood, which is a flap of skin that hangs across their beak. Snood length is negatively correlated with parasite load (e.g., males with longer snoods have fewer parasites), and females prefer to mate with long-snooded males. This is an example of:

Back 339

sexual selection via female choice

Front 340

To begin transcription, the _____ binds to the –10 box and the –35 box, which are gene regions called:

Back 340

sigma factor; promoters

Front 341

In bacteria, transcription and translation occur ____, where in eukaryotes, these process occur ______.

Back 341

Simultaneously; separately

Front 342

Which of these is NOT evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

Back 342

Some protists do not have chloroplasts

Front 343

Given there are three “termination codons” that do not code for a given amino acid, you might expect there would be 61 tRNAs. But the actual number is smaller (about 40), because:

Back 343

Some tRNAs have anticodons that can recognize two or more different codons.

Front 344

Small ribonuclear proteins called snRNP’s, form _____ to remove ______ from the primary RNA transcript.

Back 344

Spliceosomes, introns

Front 345

If you were diving in the ocean and found a sessile animal with spicules, you would be observing a:

Back 345

sponge

Front 346

Trees represent the:

Back 346

sporophyte stage.

Front 347

Introns are known to contain stop codons (UAA, UGA, or UAG) yet not interrupt the

Back 347

Stop codons within an intron are not involved in translation, because the introns are removed before translation

Front 348

Which of the following movements are matched correctly with the appendage that facilitates that movement in protists?

Back 348

Swimming; flagella

Front 349

When we say that the genetic code is redundant, we mean:

Back 349

that several codons code for the same amino acid.

Front 350

Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?

Back 350

the amniotic egg

Front 351

What is the main factor dictating Earth’s temperature distribution?

Back 351

the amount of sunlight per unit area

Front 352

A researcher is examining fruit flies. She finds that some populations of fruit flies, though they look alike, are unable to produce offspring when they are mated in the lab. She concludes that these populations are different species. What species concept is she using?

Back 352

the biological species concept

Front 353

Double-stranded nucleic acids are said to be antiparallel. What structural configuration is antiparallel?

Back 353

The C-5’ to C-3’ ribose orientations run in opposite directions on the complementary strands.

Front 354

Which components of the lac operon might you expect to see utilized in the regulation of other genes?

Back 354

the CAP binding site

Front 355

A fish swimming into an estuary from a river would have what great physiological challenge?

Back 355

The change in water solute content would challenge the osmotic balance of the fish.

Front 356

Crick and co-workers found that when three base additions or three base deletions occurred in a single gene, the wild-type phenotype was sometimes restored

Back 356

The code is triplet

Front 357

Fundamentally, what makes one cell different from another in a multicellular eukaryote?

Back 357

The different cells contain different sets of regulatory proteins.

Front 358

What feature of the repressor protein accounts for the dyad symmetry of each operator of the lac operon?

Back 358

The DNA binding domains of the repressor function as dimers.

Front 359

The above pedigree displays the prevalence of hemophilia in a royal family. What was the genetic status of the parents of Irene, Fred, and Alix?

Back 359

The father was normal, the mother a carrier.

Front 360

Which of these happens first in DNA replication?

Back 360

The helicase unwinds the DNA.

Front 361

Considering the current scientific literature on global warming, which statement best summarizes the most recent findings?

Back 361

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that current evidence suggests that most of the warming over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities.

Front 362

The land developer offers 20 hectares in evenly distributed but isolated 1-hectare portions. The ecologists keep arguing for one 20 hectare area to remain intact. What’s the difference?

Back 362

The isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects.

Front 363

HIV goes through a dormant stage, where the viruses do not replicate themselves using cell machinery. What type of reproduction does this correspond to?

Back 363

The lysogenic cycle

Front 364

Which of these statements does NOT fit Mendel’s model?

Back 364

The male parent contributes the traits to the offspring.

Front 365

For a terrestrial anthropod with an exoskeleton, which of the following is not is not a disadvantage of molting?

Back 365

the organism is unable to change its body shape; it can only grow larger

Front 366

Suppose you came across a novel organism you suspected belonged to one of the following animal phyla: {profera, Cnidera, Ctenophora, or Acoelomorpha. Which of the following charactgeristics would not be helpful in placing the organism into the correct phylum?

Back 366

the organism's habitat

Front 367

Which strain(s) would you expect to kill mice when injected into their blood stream, if R is virulent and S is benign?

Back 367

The R strain and R strain mixed with heat killed S strain

Front 368

Two frog populations (same species) living in two neighboring lakes sing slightly different courtship songs. Predict what likely happens to the songs of the two frog Females prefer loud frogs to quieter frogs, but do not distinguish between the two slightly different songs. Assume that courtship song differences have a genetic basis.

Back 368

The songs become more similar to each other.

Front 369

If Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun), how would that change Earth’s climate?

Back 369

The South Pole would get colder.

Front 370

Which of the following is a correct element of alternation of generations?

Back 370

The sporophyte is diploid and produces spores.

Front 371

Which of the following statements applies to the lysogenic cycle?

Back 371

The viral genome integrates into the host cell’s genome

Front 372

Suppose all of the suspension feeders were removed from a lake. What would you expect to happen after some time?

Back 372

The water would become murkier.

Front 373

Why are terrestrial fungal mycelium nearly always found within their food sources (underground, within wood, inside the bodies of dead organisms)?

Back 373

Their high surface area, which is so efficient for absorptive feeding, makes them prone to drying out.

Front 374

When examining the genetic code, it is apparent that:

Back 374

There can be more than one codon for a particular amino acid.

Front 375

Phytoplankton is comprised of photosynthetic protists and bacteria. For the most part, humans do not consume phytoplankton. Why, then, are they important to humans?

Back 375

They are food for many marine organisms that humans eat.

Front 376

In the video, how did plants respond to increased carbon dioxide?

Back 376

They grew faster and produced more leaves.

Front 377

The collar flagellates and sponges are similar because:

Back 377

they have similar digestive cells

Front 378

What is not true of all arthropods?

Back 378

They metamorphose during development

Front 379

All of the following are true about choanoflagellates except

Back 379

they repoduce sexually

Front 380

If birds were ectothermic, where would they probably be most successful?

Back 380

they would be most successful near the Earth's equator

Front 381

An example of an inducible defense would be:

Back 381

Thicker shells in the presence of a predator

Front 382

Why is a probe often radioactive?

Back 382

To allow researchers to locate a gene

Front 383

A researcher thinks that they have found the bacterium that causes MRSA. He took a skin sample from a sick animal, and exposed a healthy animal to the sample. The healthy animal began to develop symptoms similar to the sick animal. What step did the researcher forget?

Back 383

To isolate and grow the pathogen in a culture

Front 384

Why is gel electrophoresis used in many procedures?

Back 384

To separate pieces by size

Front 385

Which of these statements is FALSE?

Back 385

Tool use is subject to natural selection.

Front 386

Which of these is TRUE?

Back 386

Transcription and translation can occur at the same time in prokaryotes.

Front 387

In the context of genetic engineering, plasmids are used as vectors. This means that plasmids allow for:

Back 387

transfer of foreign genes into a cell

Front 388

Which of these processes does not involve DNA directly?

Back 388

Translation

Front 389

Which of these processes involves the expression of genes in a phenotype?

Back 389

Translation

Front 390

Which ecosystem is most productive on Earth?

Back 390

Tropical wet forest

Front 391

If we are wondering why a female lion allows her cubs to be killed when new males take over a pride, we are examining:

Back 391

Ultimate causes

Front 392

PCR is similar to transcription in genes because both:

Back 392

use primers to begin the reaction.

Front 393

Which of these innovations allowed the growth of large land plants?

Back 393

Vascular tissue

Front 394

Many crustaceans (e.g., lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of:

Back 394

vestigial trait

Front 395

What is the main reason gene therapy is not employed more often?

Back 395

Viruses may insert genes randomly, causing cancer

Front 396

Which of these statements is TRUE?

Back 396

Viruses parasitize all living things

Front 397

Emerging viruses are:

Back 397

viruses that have recently switched from one host to a new host

Front 398

What does Hamilton’s rule specify?

Back 398

when alleles that favor self-sacrificing acts increase in frequency via kin selection

Front 399

When do density dependent factors begin to limit populations?

Back 399

When populations reach the carrying capacity