Biology 101 Final Exam

Front 1

Instead of a hard shell, arthropods invented an _____ to wear outside their body.

Back 1

Exoskelton

Front 2

The exoskeleton is the most succssful innovation that came from the _____ explosion.

Back 2

Cambrian

Front 3

______ is the mutual evolutionary influence between 2 species that became independet on each other.

Back 3

Co-evolution

Front 4

The equation for photosynthesis begins with carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water, to form, glucose, ___________, and water.

Back 4

oxygen

Front 5

In plants, the green pigment that traps solar energy is known as __________.

Back 5

Chlorophyll

Front 6

The source of hydrogen needed for photosynthesis comes from___________

Back 6

water

Front 7

The splitting of uranium atoms, as used in the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, is referred to as nuclear _____________.

Back 7

fission

Front 8

The process of fusing hydrogen atoms to form helium, which releases huge amounts of energy, is known as __________.

Back 8

Nuclear fission

Front 9

Photosynthesis is one of the most important of biological processes on Earth. Explain the process of photosynthesis in words, describing the components which plants take in and which are produced.

Back 9

Plants take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil and use sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is then used to join with carbon dioxide in the air to form carbohydrates, with byproducts of water and oxygen.

Front 10

Explain how energy originates in the sun and how that energy, once it reaches Earth, is transferred through the food chain.

Back 10

Within the sun’s core, hydrogen atoms are combined to form helium, a process known as nuclear fusion. This process results in the production of huge amounts of energy with radiates from the sun in the form of light. When this light reaches the Earth, plants use it to carry out photosynthesis, the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. Animals and insects can then feed on the plants and break down those carbohydrates to provide energy for their own biological processes. Other predators, such as birds and mammals then feed on these intermediary organisms, and utilize the carbohydrates in them as energy for themselves. The energy all organisms obtain ultimately results from the light released from nuclear fusion in the sun.

Front 11

In ____________, ATP production is very low and there is a buildup of lactic acid as a byproduct.

Back 11

Anaerobic respiration

Front 12

In aerobic respiration ________ is broken down in to water and _________.

Back 12

glucose, CO2

Front 13

__________ is required for aerobic respiration.

Back 13

oxygen

Front 14

In anaerobic respiration glucose is broken down into __________ _________

Back 14

lactic acid

Front 15

In the Nazi gas chambers, __________ was used to cause death as this gas which blocks the enzyme that transfers hydrogen to oxygen.

Back 15

Hydrogen cyanide

Front 16

Hydrogen cyanide inhibits ________ _________ by blocking the enzyme that transfers hydrogen to oxygen.

Back 16

aerobic respiration

Front 17

When you eat food, your body utilizes the __________ within it to make carbon dioxide and water.

Back 17

glucose

Front 18

In physical exercise ________ provides the chemical energy to power muscle contractions.

Back 18

ATP

Front 19

Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions but remain __________ themselves.

Back 19

unchanged

Front 20

_________ are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions.

Back 20

enzymes

Front 21

Your body is only a temporary home for hydrogen, oxygen, and _________ atoms.

Back 21

carbon

Front 22

The French scientist, Antoine Laviosier, developed the Law of ________________to describe the fact that matter cannot be created nor destroyed.

Back 22

Conservation of Matter

Front 23

Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

Back 23

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration are the processes by which animals make energy from the conversion of carbohydrates into water and carbon dioxide.

Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen to produce ATP. Anaerobic respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen, but only produces 5% of the ATP as aerobic respiration, and can lead to the build-up of lactic acid.

Front 24

How is aerobic respiration related to photosynthesis?

Back 24

Respiration and photosynthesis can be thought of as interrelated chemical processes. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are used to produce energy (carbohydrates) and oxygen. Respiration requires carbohydrates and oxygen to produce energy (stored as ATP) with the byproduct of carbon dioxide.

Front 25

Describe the Law of Conservation of Matter. Explain how Earth can be considered a closed system and give an example from class/text which illustrate the effect of anthropogenic environmental contamination of human and animal health.

Back 25

The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter is neither gain nor lost in a chemical reaction, but that elements are only rearranged with an input or release of energy.



Earth can be considered closed system as most all of the elements here are cycled, and thus man-made chemicals stay in the environment, to be utilized again and again.



In Missouri, it was discovered that men were experiencing low sperm count, which was most likely a result of the inputs of farm chemicals into the local drinking water.



Beluga whales living in the St. Lawrence Seaway were discovered to have a very high cancer rate. These cancers were linked to the interaction of the many chemicals to be found polluting this waterway. Although individually these chemicals may not cause cancer, their interaction could potentially have serious consequences to wildlife including the whales.

Front 26

What are enzymes and what are their properties?

Back 26

Enzymes are proteins that have complex structures allowing them to catalyze highly specific biological reactions. Enzymes contain active sites that bind the compounds involved in the chemical reaction, substrates. Enzymes remain unchanged during the chemical reactions even thought they facilitate changes in the substrate. An enzymes function can be affected by inhibitors which prevent the enzyme from binding the substrate normally.

Front 27

Discuss 2 inhibitors of aerobic respiration. Tell how they inhibit and what is the end result to the organism?

Back 27

Hydrogen cyanide: Is a competitive inhibitor for one of the enzymes responsible for the transfer of hydrogen to oxygen. It kills the same way as suffocation does.

Carbon monoxcide: this exhaust gas kills by disrupting aerobic respiration. It has the ability to displace oxygen from binding to hemoglobin. It is 200 x stronger affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen. It results in oxygen deprivation killing the organism.

Front 28

Name two ways that your body gets rid of excessive heat and briefly explain each.

Back 28

You body gets rid of excessive heat through radiation and perspiration. Radiation occurs by heat dissipation through tiny blood vessels close to the surface of your skin. Perspiration cools the body by evaporation of sweat off the surface of the skin. This evaporation cools your body.

Front 29

Compare and contrast hyperthermia and hypothermia, at what temperature does it occur and what are the consequences if a condition of hyperthermia gets too severe?

Back 29

Hyperthermia is when our core body temperature rises to dangerous levels. Hyperthermia begins when the body temperature reaches 40ºC at which time the temperature regulating mechanisms begin to breakdown. Once the temperature reaches 41ºC or higher, brain cells begin to die and seizure, coma and even death can result.

Hypothermia is when the body’s core temperature drops to dangerously low levels. When the core temperature reaches 32ºC shivering and tremors lead to accelerated and irregular heart beat. Finally, organs begin to shut down, brain damage occurs and death results if the core temp drops below 27ºC.

Front 30

What is co-evolution and how does this relate to plants and insects? What is the difference between the generalist and specialist strategies used for pollination?

Back 30

Co-evolution is the mutual evolutionary influence between 2 species that have become dependent on each other. The existence of many insects relies entirely on the plants they pollinate and, similarly, plants rely entirely on specific insects for their reproductive cycle. The extinction of one would inevitably lead to the extinction of the other species. This has produced a mutual relationship which is a form of co-evolution.

A generalist plant is one whose flowers can be pollinated by a wide variety of insects where as a specialist plant uses flowers to attract only a specific species of insects, birds or other animals.

Front 31

The amount of oxygen in our current atmosphere is a result of billions of years of photosynthesis by ___________.

Back 31

cynanobacteria

Front 32

The formation of _______ , which surround all cells and act as a container for life, has been accomplished by scientists interested in the formation of early life on Earth.

Back 32

membranes

Front 33

________ can be made by stringing together the correct sequence of nucleotides together.

Back 33

gene