Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System

Front 1

Neonatology

Back 1

The study of newborns

Front 2

adnexa uteri

Back 2

Fallopian tubes, ovaries and supporting ligaments

Front 3

Amnion

Back 3

Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

Front 4

Areola

Back 4

Dark pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple

Front 5

Bartholin glands

Back 5

Small mucus secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice

Front 6

Fallopian tube

Back 6

One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; also called an oviduct. The tubes were named for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist

Front 7

Cervix

Back 7

Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus

Front 8

Chorion

Back 8

Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta

Front 9

Clitoris

Back 9

Organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra

Front 10

Coitus

Back 10

Sexual intercourse; copulation

Front 11

Cul-de-sac

Back 11

Region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus

Front 12

Corpus luteum

Back 12

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)

Front 13

Embryo

Back 13

Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks

Front 14

Fertilization

Back 14

Union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo

Front 15

Endometrium

Back 15

Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus

Front 16

Fetus

Back 16

Stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks

Front 17

Estrogen

Back 17

Hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics

Front 18

Fimbriae (singular: fimbria)

Back 18

Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

Front 19

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 19

Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

Front 20

Gamete

Back 20

Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum

Front 21

Genitalia

Back 21

Reproductive organs; also called genitals

Front 22

Gestation

Back 22

Period from fertilization of the ovum to birth

Front 23

Gonad

Back 23

Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis

Front 24

Gynecology

Back 24

Study of the female reproductive organs including the breasts

Front 25

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Back 25

Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

Front 26

Hymen

Back 26

Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

Front 27

Labia

Back 27

Lips of the vigina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips

Front 28

Lactiferous ducts

Back 28

Tubes that carry milk within the breast

Front 29

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 29

Secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation

Front 30

Mammary papilla

Back 30

Nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection

Front 31

Menarche

Back 31

Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce

Front 32

Menopause

Back 32

Gradual ending of menstruation

Front 33

Myometrium

Back 33

Muscle layer of the uterus

Front 34

Menstruation

Back 34

monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharge during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month)

Front 35

Neonatology

Back 35

Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn (neonate)

Front 36

Obstetrics

Back 36

Branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

Front 37

Orifice

Back 37

An opening

Front 38

Ovarian follicle

Back 38

Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacks mature in a woman's lifetime

Front 39

Ovary

Back 39

one of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones

Front 40

Ovulation

Back 40

Release of the ovum from the ovary

Front 41

Ovum (plural: ova)

Back 41

Mature eggs cell (female gamete). Ova develop from the immature egg cells called oocytes

Front 42

Parturition

Back 42

Act of giving birth

Front 43

Perineum

Back 43

In females, the area between the anus and the vagina

Front 44

Pituitary gland

Back 44

endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries. The pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs.

Front 45

Placenta

Back 45

vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy. It permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus

Front 46

Pregnancy

Back 46

Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks

Front 47

Progesterone

Back 47

Hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women

Front 48

Puberty

Back 48

Point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced

Front 49

Uterine serosa

Back 49

Outermost layer surrounding the uterus

Front 50

Uterus

Back 50

Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix

Front 51

Vagina

Back 51

Muscular, mucus-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body

Front 52

Vulva

Back 52

External female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice

Front 53

Zygote

Back 53

Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks

Front 54

Metrorrhagia

Back 54

Bleeding between periods

Front 55

Menorrhagia

Back 55

Abnormally heavy or long periods

Front 56

Amenorrhea

Back 56

Absence of periods for a long time

Front 57

Dysmenorrhea

Back 57

Extremely painful periods

Front 58

Oral contraceptives

Back 58

this pill works by preventing the ovary from releasing an egg, thickening the cervical mucus making it difficult for the sperm to reach the egg, and changing the lining of the uterus making implantation difficult. Must take on a daily basis at the same time each day. 99.9% effective; however, there is a 3% user failure rate

Front 59

Intrauterine devices (IUD) - copper

Back 59

The IUD is a small, t-shaped device with a copper wire, inserted into the uterus. It changes the chemistry in the uterus and destroys sperm. It fails in only 1 of 100 users per year

Front 60

Intrauterine devices (IUD) - Mirena

Back 60

This IUD is made up of a small key shaped frame with a small cylinder containing the hormone levonorgestrel. It is inserted into the uterus. the cylinder slowly releases the hormone that acts on the lining of the uterus. The lining of the uterus becomes thinner and the cervical mucus becomes thicker which makes it harder for the sperm to enter the uterus. More than 99% effective in preventing pregnancy

Front 61

Injectables – Depo-Provera

Back 61

Is a hormonal birth control method that contains a progestin. It does not contain estrogen. It is administered by a needle in the muscle of the arm or buttocks every 12-13 weeks. it stops your ovaries from releasing an egg every month, it also sends the lining of the mucus. 99.7% effective in preventing pregnancy, but causes loss of bone density

Front 62

Condoms - Male

Back 62

the male condom is a latex sheath that is rolled over a male's penis. It prevents secretions (including semen) from entering the vagina. Condoms are 97% effective when used properly and consistently.

Front 63

Condoms - Female

Back 63

The female condom is a polyurethane sheath in the shape of a round, upside-down baggie. it is inserted into the vagina before sex. This condom holds in the sperm, preventing it from entering the vagina. Used perfectly, the female condom has a success rate of 95%.

Front 64

Contraceptive patch - Evra

Back 64

new method of birth control that has been available in Canada since January 2004. It is a 4 x 4 cm beige patch that sticks to a woman's skin and continuously releases estrogen and progestin (two female hormones) into the bloodstream. Stop the ovaries from releasing an egg, but it may also thicken the cervical mucus (making it harder for sperm to get into the uterus) and make the uterine lining thin. More than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy when use perfectly, with about a 3% failure rate for typical failures

Front 65

Diaphragm

Back 65

Is a latex cap that covers the cervix. It prevents sperm from getting inside the uterus. If used perfectly, the success rate is 90 - 98%

Front 66

Vaginal ring - NuvaRing

Back 66

a new birth control method that is now available in Canada. This soft, flexible, clear plastic ring measures 54 mm in diameter and is inserted into a woman's vagina where it slowly releases to female hormones (estrogen and progestin) for 3 weeks. the hormones enter into the woman's bloodstream and prevent pregnancy mainly by stopping the ovaries from releasing an egg. The ring is at least as effective as the birth control pill.

Front 67

Natural Family planning (rhythm method)

Back 67

a woman tracks for menstrual history to predict when she will ovulate. This helps her determine when she is most likely to conceive.

Front 68

Gynecologist

Back 68

Medical specialists of the Female reproductive system

Front 69

Obstetrician

Back 69

Provides care during pregnancy obstetr/o

Front 70

Neonatologist

Back 70

Medical specialist that treats newborns

Front 71

Pediatrician

Back 71

Medical specialist that treats children

Front 72

Carcinoma of the cervix

Back 72

Malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer). Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important cause and risk factor for cervical cancer

Front 73

Cervical Dysplasia

Back 73

abnormal cell growth in the cervix detected as a result of a pap test

Mild dysplasia

Moderate dysplasia

Severe dysplasia

Front 74

Endometriosis

Back 74

Endometrial tissue is located outside the uterus. This is a leading cause of infertility. can be found in the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, supporting ligaments or small intestine, causing inflammation and scar tissue. Can cause dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain during the monthly cycle.

Front 75

Fibroids

Back 75

Benign tumours in the uterus. if fibroids grow too large and cause symptoms such as metrorrhagia, pelvic pain, or menorrhagia, hysterectomy or myomectomy is indicated.

Front 76

Retroversion

Back 76

The uterus is abnormally tilted backward. The uterus, in its normal position, should be tilted forward.

Front 77

Ovarian carcinoma

Back 77

Malignant tumour of the ovary (adenocarcinoma). usually discovered in an advanced stage due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages.

Front 78

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Back 78

Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis. The leading cause of PID are sexually transmitted infections. untreated, it can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy.

Front 79

Carcinoma of the breast

Back 79

Malignant tumour of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts). A very common, yet treatable cancer if detected early

Front 80

Abruptio placentae

Back 80

premature separation of the normally implanted placenta, usually caused by some sort of trauma such as a fall. This is an emergency.

Front 81

Choriocarcinoma

Back 81

malignant tumour of the placenta. The tumor may appear with vaginal bleeding, a positive result on a pregnancy test, and enlarged ovaries.

Front 82

Ectopic pregnancy

Back 82

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location. Usually occurs in the Fallopian tubes, and this cannot go to term. (tubal pregnancy)

Front 83

Multiple gestation

Back 83

a pregnancy involving more than one fetus inside the uterus. Risks are premature birth, low birth weight, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

Front 84

Placenta previa

Back 84

Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.

Front 85

Preeclampsia

Back 85

Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.

Eclampsia is the final and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia. It often causes seizures and even death of the mother and baby.

Front 86

Down syndrome

Back 86

abnormality in the chromosomes resulting in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face was short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes.

Trisomy 21

Front 87

Hydrocephalus

Back 87

Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain in an infant, resulting from a problem in the circulation of fluid within the brain.

Front 88

Amniocentesis

Back 88

Surgical puncture with a needle to withdraw fluid from within the amniotic sac

Front 89

Amniotic fluid

Back 89

Fluid contained within the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus

Front 90

Anovulatory

Back 90

Not accompanied by ovulation (release of eggs from the ovary)

Front 91

Bartholinitis

Back 91

Inflammation of the Bartholin glands

Front 92

Cephalic version

Back 92

Procedure for turning the fetus so that its head is in the presenting part to enter the birth canal first

Front 93

Chorionic

Back 93

Pertaining to the chorion

Front 94

Colposcopy

Back 94

Visual examination of the vagina using an endoscope (colposcope)

Front 95

Culdocentesis

Back 95

Surgical (needle) puncture of the cul-de-sac to remove fluid for analysis and diagnosis of disease

Front 96

Dyspareunia

Back 96

Painful sexual intercourse

Front 97

Dystocia

Back 97

Difficult childbirth

Front 98

Endocervicitis

Back 98

Inflammation of the inner lining of the cervix

Front 99

Endometritis

Back 99

Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (upper portion)

Front 100

Episiotomy

Back 100

Incision of the vulva (perineum) to widen the opening of the vagina during a difficult childbirth

Front 101

Fetal presentation

Back 101

Manner in which the fetus enters the birth canal

Front 102

Galactorrhea

Back 102

Excessive or abnormal secretion of milk after breast-feeding has ended

Front 103

Gynecomastia

Back 103

Female-like breast enlargement in a male

Front 104

Hysterectomy

Back 104

Removal of the uterus

Front 105

Hysteroscopy

Back 105

Visual examination (endoscopic) of the uterus

Front 106

Inframammary

Back 106

Fold, crease or line in the natural lower boundary of the breast, where the breast and the chest meet

Front 107

Involution

Back 107

Shrinking of the uterus (womb) to its normal size after childbirth

Front 108

Lactation

Back 108

Production of milk

Front 109

Leukorrhea

Back 109

White to yellow discharge from the vagina

Front 110

Mammoplasty

Back 110

Surgical repair of the breast (augmentation or reduction surgery)

Front 111

Mastectomy

Back 111

Removal (excision) of a breast

Front 112

Mastitis

Back 112

Inflammation of a breast

Front 113

Menometrorrhagia

Back 113

Excessive uterine bleeding during menstruation and also between menstrual periods

Front 114

Menorrhea

Back 114

Menstruation; monthly discharge of blood from the lining of the uterus

Front 115

Multigravida

Back 115

A woman who has been pregnant more than once

Front 116

Multipara

Back 116

A woman who has delivered more than one viable infant

Front 117

Myomectomy

Back 117

Removal of muscle tumours (fibroids) from the uterus

Front 118

Neonatal

Back 118

Pertaining to a new birth

Front 119

Nulligravida

Back 119

A woman who has never been pregnant

Front 120

Nullipara

Back 120

A woman who has never given birth to an infant

Front 121

Oligomenorrhea

Back 121

Scanty menstrual flow

Front 122

Oocyte

Back 122

Immature egg cells from which ova develop

Front 123

Oogenesis

Back 123

Formation of ova (egg cells)

Front 124

Oophorectomy

Back 124

Surgical removal (excision) of one or both ovaries

Front 125

Oophoritis

Back 125

Inflammation of an ovary

Front 126

Ovarian

Back 126

Pertaining to an ovary

Front 127

Oxytocia

Back 127

Rapid labour and childbirth

Front 128

Oxytocin

Back 128

Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth

Front 129

Perineorrhaphy

Back 129

Suture of the perineum (following an episiotomy)

Front 130

Prenatal

Back 130

Pertaining to before birth

Front 131

Primigravida

Back 131

A woman during her first pregnancy

Front 132

Primipara

Back 132

A woman who has given birth to her first child

Front 133

Primiparous

Back 133

Pertaining to a woman who has given birth to her first child

Front 134

Pseudocyesis

Back 134

False pregnancy

Front 135

Pyosalpinx

Back 135

Pus in a fallopian tube

Front 136

Salpingectomy

Back 136

Removal of a fallopian tube

Front 137

Salpingitis

Back 137

Inflammation of a fallopian tube

Front 138

Uterine prolapse

Back 138

Sagging or drooping of the uterus

Front 139

Vaginal orifice

Back 139

Opening of the vagina to the exterior of the body

Front 140

Vaginitis

Back 140

Inflammation of the vagina

Front 141

Vulvodynia

Back 141

Pain in the female genitalia

Front 142

Vulvovaginitis

Back 142

Inflammation of the vulva and vagina

Front 143

Abortion

Back 143

Premature ending of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is able to exist on its own

Front 144

Apgar score

Back 144

System of scoring an infant's physical condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Front 145

Cesarean section

Back 145

Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus

Front 146

Dilatation

Back 146

Widening and enlargement of a hollow organ

Front 147

Dilation and curettage

Back 147

Widening (dilation) of the cervix and scraping the endometrial lining of the uterus

Front 148

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 148

Hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by a blood group incompatibility (Rh factor) between the mother and fetus

Front 149

Mammography

Back 149

X-ray recording of the breast. Recommended for women who are 40 years or older. Or women who have a family history of breast cancer

Front 150

Ovarian cysts

Back 150

Sacs of fluid within or on the ovaries

Front 151

Palpation

Back 151

Process of examining by using hands or fingers on the outside of the body

Front 152

Pap test (smear)

Back 152

Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix using a speculum. 95% accurate in diagnosing cervical cancer

Front 153

Pregnancy test

Back 153

Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG

Front 154

Aspiration

Back 154

Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument (needle) using suction

Front 155

Cauterization

Back 155

Destruction of tissue by burning. Treat cervical dysplasia during LEEP (loop electrocautery excision procedure)

Front 156

Colposcopy

Back 156

Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope

Front 157

Cryosurgery

Back 157

Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue (freezing), also called cryocauterization

Front 158

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Back 158

Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization

Front 159

Tubal ligation

Back 159

Blocking the Fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring. Sterilization