Male Reproduction System

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General terms

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Gonads (testes-ovaries) -- Gametogenesis (making Gametes: haploid) -- Zygote
-- Major Sex hormones:
Testosterones (testes and adrenal glands_-- Estrogens (Estradiol, Estrone, Estriol -- ovaries, require aromatase (an estrogen synthase)--- Progesterone (ovaries) intermediate in corticosteroid synthesis -- 2nd Sexual Charac (hair, muscle mass, height, breasts)

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Hermaphrodites (Androgen insensitivity syndrome)

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Males (no testosterone receptors) -- female external 2nd sex charac (normal female phenotype) or ambiguous (no pubic hair - short vagina - small breast)

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Turner’s Syndrome - XO

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Non-disjunction in either parent
Norm female genitalia - Infertility, amenorrhea, low sex hormone levels -- Posterior hairline, ptosis, low ears, short stature, webbed neck

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Klinefelter Syndrome - XXY

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Non-disjunction (1/500-1000) -- Reduced Male Genitalia -- low testosterone high estrogen -- Tall, diabetes, mental issues -- Treated wt HRT for 2nd sex chac not functioin

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Sexual Differentiation

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– fetal development requires maternal and fetal hormones

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Male dev

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SRY gene (Y) -- Sertoli cells (Mom-Inh -Sub --> no Mom duct) -- Leydig cells (Testo --> Wolf duct (testes) and DiH-Testo (penis)

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Female dev

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No SRY - ovaries (default) -- no MIS (has Mom duct) -- no Testo - no DHT (no Wolf duct - vagina)

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Female (default)

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lack of androgen (test/DHT) not from a lot of Estrogen

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Testosterone stimulate ...

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1) RePrSys (Cryptorchidism lack of testes decent) 2) 2nd sexchac - drive - instinct - sperm development 3) RBC - anabolic metabolism (growth)
LH-FSH (adolescence till full height)
1st eject of live sperm (puberty)

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Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) 5al-reductase (in most cell)

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External genitalia differentiation (
male hair, Acne, Prostate stimulation (BPH) and secretions.
Testes work better outside the body – lower temperature facilitates sperm production roughly 32◦C

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Male Internal Genitalia ductsn and glands

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1) Vas Deferens –(ductus - testes to abdominal cavity) -- ejaculation duct merges into urethra -- 2) Seminal vesicle – add watery component 3) Prostrate gland (30% thin milky secretion)
4) Bulbourethral glands (clear liquid lubrication)

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Testes

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Seminiferous tubules (Sertoli - Leydig cells) --- Efferent ductule – center testes to epididymis (maturation and storage along the testes)

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Penis

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Three erectile compartments which fill with blood during an erection

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Endocrine control

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1) LH – stimulates interstitial (Leydig) --> testosterone (androgens) --> too much will neg fb on GnRH (Hypo b4 Ant Pit (LH-FSH) --- 2) FSH – stimulates subtentacular (Sertoli) --> androgen binding protein (ABP) – maintains testosterone levels and potentiate effects -- AND Inhibin to inh FSH (autocrine wo reduce testo level from LH)

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Spermatogenesis

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1) Remodeling (germ to motile sperm) --- 2) Reduction chromosome (meiosis) -- 3) Testosterone rises and activates meiosis (at puberty) - 4) Spermatids form and then undergo differentiation into sperm (spermiogenesis)

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Components of Semen

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1) Testes: 10%: 50-120mil sperm -- 2) Prostate: 30%: cloting enz (uterus sticky) serine protease (unsticky), Ca, P, citrate -- 3) Seminal ves: 60%: fru, carb, prostaglandins (break uterus mucus)

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The Scrotum – counter-current blood flow

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Keeps blood cooler in testes

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Spermatozoon (Sperm)

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1) Head: nucleus and acrosome (lysosomal enzymes used to penetrate the egg) --- 2) Tail – flagella used to motility

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Infertility

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1) hormone imbalances, too much heat --> Low sperm count <25 million/ml --> Misshapen or mis-formed sperm (can't contain nucleus/ energy) --> Lack of motility

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Sexual arousal and ejaculation

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1) Excitement and Erection (phe^ te^ paralize -- parasympathetic - release NO --> vasodilation) -- 2) Orgasm and Ejaculation: -- a--Emission – sym (smooth muscle around vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostrate --> pump)
b-- Expulsion – more sym (secretions and urethra sphincter contracts) -- c-- Somatic nerves control skeletal muscles – thrusting and bulb contraction to expel semen -- AND more Symp stimulation continues later to decrease erection due to vasoconstriction (due to sympathertic)

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ED

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Sex stim --> Cave-rnous nerve -->
1) contract penis base muscle
2) NO --> GTP -- Guanylyl Cyclase -- cGMP --> relaxation --> vasodilation (sinusoidal cave-rnious spaces) and collapese cave-rnoous spaces --> Erection
3) cGMP -- phosphodiesterase --> GMP (Viagra: Type 5 PDE inhibitor)

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Benign Prostrate Hyperplasia (BPH)

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Non-cancerous prostrate enlargement (Middle age -- DHT stimulates growth of prostrate) --- Treat with 5a-reductase inhibitors (in prostrate) Adovart, Propecia (finasteride) --> stop converting Testo to DHT

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