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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Name 4 characteristics of innate behaviour |
Genetically determined and passed on to offspring via reproduction. Rigid and inflexible. Patterns of behaviour stereotypical in all members of a species. Unintelligent - the organism has no sense of the purpose of the behaviour |
Innate behaviours are inherited in the genome of an organism |
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What are the 4 characteristics of learned behaviour |
Determined by relationship between genetic makeup of individual and environmental influences, not passed on to offspring via reproduction. Can be altered by experience. Considerable variety shown between members of a species Learned behaviours form basis of all intelligent and intellectual activity |
Shows an adaptation in response to experience |
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What is innate behaviour |
Any animal response that occurs without the need for learning. It is an inherited response and is always performed in the same way in response to the same stimulus |
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How does the matrix enable mitochondria to carry out its function? |
Contains enzymes that catalyse stages of link reaction and kerbs cycle Contains Molecules of coenzyme NAD Contains oxloacetate - 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from link reaction Mitochondrial DNA - codes for mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins Mitochondrial ribosomes - where proteins are assembled |
5 points |
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How does the outer membrane allow mitochondria to carry out its function? |
Contains proteins, which form channels or carriers that allow passage of molecules such as pyruvate Other proteins in membrane are enzymes |
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How does the inner membrane allow mitochondria to carry out its function |
Has different lipid composition to outer membrane - impermeable to most small ions including hydrogen ions Folded into many crista - large SA Has many electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes embedded in it |
3 points |
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Name three features of ATP synthase |
Large and protrude from inner membrane into the matrix Also known as stalked particles Allow protons to pass through them |
Mitochondria only! |
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How is ATP made using ATP synthase (mitochondria) |
Protons flow down proton gradient through ATP synthase enzymes from intermembrane space into the matrix (chemiosmosis) Proton motive force drives rotation part of enzyme and allows ADP and inorganic phosphate to be joined to make ATP |
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When is an allele said to be dominant |
If it is always expressed in the phenotype, even if a different allele for the same gene is present in the genotype |
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When is an allele said to be recessive |
If it is only expressed in the phenotype in the presence of another identical allele or the absence of a dominant allele for the same gene |
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What is codominance |
Two alleles of the same gene both expressed in phenotype of a heterozygote |
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What is linkage |
Two or more genes located on the same chromosome |
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When is a characteristic sex linked |
If the genes that codes for it is found on the sex (x & y) chromosomes |
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What is the mutation that causes sickle cell anemia |
Beta-strands of haemoglobin differ by one amino at position 6 |
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What are the 4 steps necessary for genetic engineering |
1. Obtain required gene 2. Copy of gene placed in vector 3.Vector carries gene to recipient cell 4. Recipient expresses gene through protein synthesis |
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What are the three possible methods of obtaining the gene to be engineered |
1.mRNA produced by transcription obtained from where gene is expressed. Can then be used as template to make copy of gene 2.gene synthesised using automated polynucleotide sequencer 3.dna probe used to locate gene on dna fragments, gene can be cut using restriction enzymes |
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What are the two possible methods of placing gene in vector |
1.sealed in bacterial plasmid using dna ligase 2.sealed into virus/yeast cell chromosomes |
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What are the five methods for getting the gene into the recipient cell |
1.electroporation 2.microinjection 3.viral transfer 4.liposomes 5.Ti plasmids |
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What are the 2 main reasons for carrying out genetic engineering |
1.improving feature of recipient organism 2.engineering organisms that can synthesise useful products |
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When is an organism described as transgenic |
When it contains dna that has been added to its cells as a result of genetic engineering |
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How does bacterial conjugation happen |
1.conjugation tube forms between donor and recipient.enzyme makes nick in plasmid 2.plasmid dna replication starts. Free dna strands move through tube 3.in recipient cell, replication starts on transferred dna 4.cells move apart, plasmid in each forms new circle |
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What is a gene |
Length of dna that codes for one or more polypeptides |
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What is a polypeptide |
Polymer consisting of a chain of amino acids residues joined by peptide bonds |
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What is a genome |
The entire dna sequence of an organism |
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What is a protein |
A large polypeptide, usually 100 or more amino acids |
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What are the steps in transcription |
1.gene unwinds & unzips, hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break 2.activated RNA nucleotides bind to exposed bases. This is catalysed by RNA polymerase 3.2 extra phosphoryl groups released, releasing energy for bonding adjacent nucleotides 4.mRNA complimentary to nucleotide Base sequence on template strand 5.mRNA released from DNA and passes through nuclear pore to ribosome |
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Name 4 reasons why the sequence of amino acids in a protein is critical |
1. Forms primary structure 2.primary structure determines tertiary structure 3.tertiary structure is what allows protein to function 4.if tertiary structure altered, protein can no longer function effectively if at all |
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When may a mutation produce no change to the organism |
1. It's a silent mutation(codes for same amino acid,protein unchanged) 2. Mutation in non coding reigion of the DNA |
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What is epistasis |
The allele of one gene blocks the expression of the alleles of other genes |
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What is recessive epistasis |
Two copies of the recessive allele will block the expression of another gene |
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What is the ratio for recessive epistasis |
9:3:4 |
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What is dominant epistasis |
Having at least one copy of the dominant allele will block the expression of the other gene |
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What is the ratio.for dominant epistasis |
12:3:1 |
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What does the cerebrum control |
Vision, hearing, learning, thinking |
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What does the hypothalamus do? |
Maintains body temp, produces hormones that controls pituitary gland |
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What does medulla oblongata control |
Breathing and heart rate |
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What does the cerebellum control |
Posture, muscle coordination, coordination of balance |
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What do tendons do |
Attach bone to skeletal muscle |
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What do ligaments do |
Attach bones to other bones |
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What is the structure of myosin filaments |
Hinged globular heads that move back and forth. Binding site for actin and binding site for ATP |
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What is the structure of actin filaments |
Actin-myosin binding site (for myosin head). Tropomyosin and trooping proteins that's help myofilaments move past eachother. Troponin holds tropomyosin in place. |
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How are binding sites affected in resting muscles |
Actin-myosin binding site blocked by tropomyosin, so myofilaments can't slide past eachother because myosin heads can't bind to actin filaments |
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What is habituation |
Reduced response to unimportant stimulus after repeated exposure over time. |
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What is classical conditioning |
Learning to respond naturally to a stimulus that doesn't normally produce that response. If neutral stimulus coincides with unconditioned stimulus enough times, conditioned stimulus will cause same response as unconditioned stimulus e.g. pavlov's dogs |
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What is operant conditioning |
Learning to associate a certain response with reward or punishment. E.g. Pressing a lever gives food or shock |
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What is latent learning |
Hidden learning. And learned through repeatedly doing the same task |
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What is insight learning |
Solving a problem by working out a solution using previous experience. E.g chimp reaching banana with boxes |
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What is imprinting |
Animal has innate instinct to follow the first thing it sees during critical period. Used later in life to identify mates from same species |
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What is the effect of having too many D4 receptors |
Adhd, schizophrenia |
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What is evidence for link between D4 and abnormal behaviour |
1.drugs that block D4 reduce symptoms of schizophrenia 2.people with schizophrenia have higher density of D4 receptors in brain 3. Drugs bind to D4 better than other receptors |
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What happens at prophase one |
Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalent,crossing over occurs, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell forming spindle, nuclear envelope breaks down |
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What happens at metaphase 1 |
Homologous pairs line up across centre if cell and attach to spindle by centromere |
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What happens at anaphase 1 |
Spindie contracts, pulling the pairs apart |
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What happens at telephone 1 |
Nuclear envelope reforms around each group of chromosomes, cytoplasm divides so now two haploid daughter cells |
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What happens at prophase 2 |
If nuclear envelope formed it breaks down again Nucleolus disappears, chromosomes condense and spindles form |
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What happens at metaphase 2 |
Chromosomes arrange at the equator attached to spindle by centromere Chromatids of each chromosome randomly assorted |
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What happens at anaphase 2 |
Centromeres divide, Chromatids pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres. Randomly segregate |
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What happens at telophase 2 |
Nuclear envelope reforms, in animals 2 cells divide to 4 haploid cells. In plants tetrad of 4 haploid cells formed |
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