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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the signs of Angina and AMI?
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=SIGNS
-Chest Pain -Dyspnea -Diaphoresis -Nausea -Dizziness -Palpitations -Apprehension (impending doom) -Syncope -Sudden Death |
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What are the symptoms of Angina and AMI?
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=SYMPTOMS
-Tachycardia -Bradycardia -Diaphoresis (Cool clammy skin) -Premature beats -Hyper / Hypotension -Vomiting -Altered Mental Status -Signs of shock |
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What is the treatment for Angina and AMI?
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-Position of Physical and Emotional Rest
-Administer O2 -Establish IV access / Obtain a 12 lead ECG -Aspirin -Nitroglycerin |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Left-sided heart failure?
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-Extreme restlessness and agitation
-Confusion -Severe dyspnea and tachypnea -Abnormally high or low blood pressure -Crackles and possibly wheezes -Frothy Pink Sputum |
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What is the treatment for Left-sided heart failure?
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-Provide high flow O2. If severe pulmonary edema then maybe use PEEP if ventilating or CPAP if not. Non re-breather if the patient is not too short or breath or will not tolerate.
-Position the patient (sitting with legs dangling if possible) -Provide Nitroglycerin if permitted. -Not sure if bronchodilators are used - if severe bronchospasm but they also cause tachycardia putting stress on the heart |
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What are signs and symptoms of Right Sided heart failure?
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-Engorgement of the systemic veins
-JVD -Pedal and Sacral edema (pitting) -Engorgement of the liver |
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What is treatment of Right Sided heart failure?
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-Make patient comfortable
-Treat any other symptoms The major cause of right sided heart failure is left sided heart failure. Look for the cause of other problems as right sided failure in itself is rarely a life threatening problem. |
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What are signs and symptoms of Cardiac Tamponade?
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-dyspnea and weakness (if slow onset)
-chest pain (with trauma) -narrowing pulse pressure -muffled heart sounds -JVD Becks Triad is Muffled heart sounds, narrowing pulse pressure and JVD |
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What is the treatment for a cardiac tamponade?
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-Support of patients airway
-Administer O2 -Establish IV access -Rapid transport to an emergency department |
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What are the signs and symptoms of CHF?
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-Mental Status changes
-Laboured breathing -Tripod positioning -Extra pillows -Peripheral / Sacral Edema -Skin colour changes -Pulmonary Edema |
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What are the treatments of CHF?
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-Maintain the Airway
-Administer O2 (consider PEEP / CPAP if considerable edema & BP allows) -Establish IV access -Monitor ECG -Consider Nitroglycerine |
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What are signs of a hypertensive emergency?
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-Alterations in Mental State
-Headache with nausea or vomiting -Blurred vision -Shortness of breath -Epistaxis -Vertigo -Tinnitus -BP greater than 160/90 -Signs of Left ventricular failure -Strong bounding pulse -Abnormal skin colour, temperature and condition -Presence of edema |
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What is management of a hypertensive emergency?
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-Maintain the airway
-Administer O2 -Establish IV access -Consider Nitroglycerin |
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What are signs and symptoms or Cardiogenic Shock?
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-Chest pain, shortness or breath, unconsciousness, or altered LOC
-May have had recent MI or chest pain episode -Presence of shock in absence of trauma -restlessness progressing to confusion -dyspnea, laboured breathing and cough -Tripoding, accessory muscle use, retractions and adventitous lung sounds -Tachycardia and atrial arrhythmias -Hypotension, cool clammy skin |
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What is management for Cardiogenic Shock?
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-Maintain airway
-Administer O2 -Identify and treat the underlying problem -Establish IV access -Obtain ECG |
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What are signs and symptoms of an AAA?
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-Abdominal Pain
-Back / Flank pain -Hypotension -Urge to defecate -Pulsatile abdominal mass |
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What is treatment of a patient with a suspected AAA?
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-Administer supplemental O2
-Transport without delay -Insert IV line on route -Keep line TKVO unless signs of shock in which case give fluids only enough to keep BP up to 90mmHg. |
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What are signs and symptoms of Acute dissection of the Aorta?
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-generally middle aged and older person with chronic hypertension
-chest pain (ripping, tearing, sharp, like a knife) -sudden onset pain -maximal pain from outset -no abating of the pain -possible stroke like symptoms |
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What is the treatment for Acute dissection of the aorta?
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-Calm and reassure the patient
-Administer O2 (NRB) -Start IV and obtain ECG -Transport without delay |
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What are signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
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-Signs depend on the size and location of the blockage
-Onset of severe unexplained dyspnea |
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What are signs and symptoms of Emphysema?
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-Recent weight loss
-Dyspnea with exertion -Barrel Chest -Prolonged expiration and rapid rest phase -Thin -Pink skin due to extra red cell production "pink puffer" -Hypertrophy of accessory muscles -No cough -Often a smoker |
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What are signs and symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis?
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-Often overweight
-Rhonchi present on auscultation -Jugular vein distention -Ankle edema -"blue bloater" -Chronic or recurrent productive cough -Elevated CO2 blood gases -Often with associated heart disease -Usually due to cigarette smoke |
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How are COPD patients treated?
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-Establish and maintain an airway
-Support the patients breathing, use CPAP and PEEP if necessary. -Monitor O2 sats -Establish IV and cardiac monitoring -Administer medications (possibly for bronchospasm) |
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What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
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-Can include dyspnea, wheezing and cough
-No breath sounds if severe attack (status asthmaticus) -Speech my be limited to two consecutive words -Prolonged expiratory phase -Tripoding -Use of accessory muscles -Nasal flaring -Hyperinflation of chest |
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What is the treatment for asthma?
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-Maintain the airway
-Support breathing with high flow O2 -Establish IV access -Monitor ECG -Administer Medications (Beta-agonists, Ipratropium bromide) |
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What are signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
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-Recent fever
-Chills -Weakness and malaise -Deep productive cough with associated pleuritic pain -Tachypnea and tachycardia may be present -Presence of rales/crackles in affected lung segments |
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What is the management for pneumonia?
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-Maintain the airway
-Support breathing -Establish IV access (avoid fluid overload) -Medications (salbutamol if bronchospasm) |
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What are signs and symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?
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-Sudden onset of severe dyspnea and pain
-Cough, often blood tinged -Signs of heart failure including JVD and hypotension -Warm swollen extremities |
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What is the management for Pulmonary Embolism?
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-Maintain the airway
-Support breathing (high flow or assist if needed) -Establish IV access -Monitor vital signs closely -Transport to appropriate facility |
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What are signs and symptoms of a spontaneous pneumothorax?
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-Risk factors are tall thin males
-Rapid onset of symptoms -Sharp pleuritic chest or shoulder pain -Often precipitated by coughing or lifting -Decreased or absent breath sounds on afflicted side -Tachypnea, diaphoresis and pallor |
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What is the management for a tension pneumothorax?
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-Maintain the airway
-Support the breathing -Monitor for tension pneumothorax |
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What are signs and symptoms of hyperventilation syndrome?
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-Fatigue and nervousness
-Dizziness -Dyspnea -Chest Pain -Numbness and tingling in hands mouth and feet -Tachypnea and tachycardia -Spasms of the fingers and feet |
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What is management for hyperventilation syndrome?
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-Maintain the airway
-Provide high flow or assist ventilations as needed -Reassure the patient by coaching breathing. Try to get the patient to understand that things will resolve themselves if they can calm down. -Try to remove the stress or identify what the stress is. |
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What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
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-Sense of uneasiness or agitation
-Swelling of the soft tissues such as hands, tongue and pharynx -Skin flushing and hives -Coughing or sneezing -Wheezing, rales, ronchi and absent breath sounds -Tingling burning or itching skin -Abdominal pain -Tachycardia -Weak thready pulse -Profound hypotension (late sign) -Confusion -Decreased LOC -Weakness -Profuse diaphoresis -Retraction of intercostal spaces and accessory muscle use -Deep or shallow, labored respirations -Cyanosis -Depressed LOC -Peripheral edema |
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What is management of anaphylactic shock?
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-Scene safety
-Protect the airway -Support breathing -Establish IV access and ECG -Administer Medications (epinephrine and salbutamol) |
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What signs and symptoms do patients with appendicitis present with?
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-Periumbilical visceral pain which migrates to the RLQ
-Rebound tenderness (suggests perforation) -Anorexia -Nausea -Fever |
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How should you treat appendicitis?
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-Manage airway
-Provide supplemental oxygen -Remain vigilant for signs of perforation and septic shock -Establish IV and ECG -Transport in position of comfort |
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What are signs and symptoms of patients with pancreatitis?
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-Epigastric pain or RUQ pain. Can be sharp and severe
-Pain may radiate to the back -Nausea -Vomiting -Fever -Hypotension -Muscle spasms due to hypocalcemia -Bruising in flanks and umbllicus |
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How should you treat a patient with pancreatitis?
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-Manage airway
-Provide supplemental oxygen -Remain vigilant for signs of severe hemorrhage or shock -Establish IV and ECG -Transport in position of comfort |
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What are the signs and symptoms of a patient with Ulcerative Colitis?
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-Bloody diarrhea (hematochezia)
-Abdominal pain (mild - severe) -Fever -Fatigue and loss of appetite -Joint pain -Skin lesions |
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How is Ulcerative Colitis managed in the prehospital setting?
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-Maintain the airway
-Supplemental O2 -Look for signs of shock give fluids if sufficient volume loss -Establish IV |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Diverticulitis?
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-Abdominal pain tends to be localized to left side of abdomen
-Fever -Malaise -Body aches and chills -Nausea and vomiting -Can result in lower GI bleed (often without pain) |
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What is the management for Diverticulitis?
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-Maintain airway
-Provide supplemental O2 -Examine for severe infection -Start IV, fluids may be needed to maintain blood pressure |
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What are the signs and symptoms of cholecystitis?
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-If blocked patient my experience severe RUQ pain radiating to the right shoulder
-Just pain (collic) -Pain with fever, jaundice and tachycardia suggests cholecystitis |
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How is cholecystitis managed in prehospital care?
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-Maintain airway
-Support breathing -Make patient comfortable -Be on lookout for fever and indications of septic shock -Establish IV |
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What are signs and symptoms of Esophageal Varices?
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-Can be asymptomatic
-Subtle signs of liver disease -Fatigue -Weight Loss -Jaundice -Anorexia -Edema in abdomen and puritis Once a bleed develops -Discomfort in the throat -Copious vomiting of bright red blood -Hypotension -Signs of shock |
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How are esophageal varices managed in pre-hospital care?
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-Maintain the airway (may need suctioning)
-Support breathing -Assess blood loss as accurately as possible. -Establish IV and provide fluid resuscitation |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?
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-Abdominal pain
-Vomiting -Fever and Jaundice -Chronic Infection can lead to cirrhosis 1st phase signs -suggest mild viral ilness -Joint pain -weakness -fatigue -fever -nausea -abdominal pain -vomiting and anorexia Late phase -Acholic stools -Darkening of urine -Sclerae of jaundice -RUQ abdominal pain -enlarged liver |
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How is hepatitis managed in the prehospital environment?
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-Maintain airway
-Support breathing -Infection Control - BSI -Establish IV -Supportive care |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Mallory-Weiss syndrome?
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-Hx of repeated severe vomiting
-Bleeding (very minor to severe and extreme hypovolemia) -Signs of shock -epigastric abdominal pain -hematemesis -melena |
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How is Mallory-Weiss syndrome managed in the prehospital environment?
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-Maintain airway (may need suctioning)
-Support breathing -Establish IV, may need fluids |
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What are signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids?
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-Bright red rectal bleeding
-Pain, itching and a small mass of the rectum |
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How are hemorrhoids managed in pre-hospital care?
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-Largely supportive, in isolation they are more an inconvenience than a life threatening condition
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What are the signs and symptoms of Acute Gastroenteritis?
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-Vomiting and diarrhea
-Can be blood mucous or pus in the stool -Abdominal cramping -Nausea and anorexia -Can have hemodynamic instability -Can have sodium pottasium imbalance if fluid loss severe |
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How are patients managed in the pre-hospital environment?
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-Maintain Airway
-Support breathing -Look for signs of shock -Establish IV, may need fluid resuscitation |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Crohns disease?
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-Recurrent flares of abdominal pain
-Rectal bleeding -Weight loss -diarrhea -Arthritis -Fever |
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How are patients managed in the pre-hospital environment?
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-Maintain Airway
-Support breathing -Establish IV, may need fluid resuscitation |
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What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
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-Burning or gnawing pain in the abdomen. Subsides after eating and re-emerging 2-3 hours later
-Nausea -Vomiting -Belching and heartburn -Can result in gastric bleeding (hematemesis and melena) -Perforations can cause peritonitis |
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How are peptic ulcers managed in pre-hospital care?
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-Maintain airway
-Support breathing -Make patient comfortable -Establish IV -Look out for sepsis and shock |
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What are the signs and symptoms of a UTI?
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-Painful urination
-Frequent urges to urinate -Difficulty in urination -Pain (visceral discomfort - extreme burning pain) -Pain can be referred to shoulder or neck -Urine will have foul odour and may appear cloudy -Skin pale and cool for lower UTI and warm and dry for upper UTI -May have tenderness over the pubis or pain in the flank |
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How is a UTI managed in pre-hospital care?
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-Supportive care of the ABC's
-Allow to ride in position of comfort -Be prepared for nausea or vomiting -Establish IV, fluid bolus to promote blood flow through the kidney and dilute the urine |
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What are the signs and symptoms of kidney stones?
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-Extreme pain
-If lodged in lower ureter can present as as urinary infection without the fever |
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What is prehospital care for a kidney stone?
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-Support the ABC's
-Position of comfort -Establish IV and administer fluids to promote movement of the stone through the system |
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What are signs and symptoms of acute renal failure?
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-Impaired mentation
-Hypotension -Fluid retention -Tachycardia -Increased PR and QT intervals associated with hyperkalemia -Pale cool and moist skin -Edema in extremities -Look for scars, ecchymosis or distention |
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What is treatment for ARF?
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-Support the ABC's
-High Flow O2 (BVM if needed) -Be on the lookout for shock -Establish IV and ECG (bolus but be aware of pulmonary edema |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Chronic renal failure?
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-Altered LOC due to electrolyte imbalance
-Seizure and coma possible in late stage -Lethargy, nausea -Headaches, cramps and signs of anemia -Jaundiced due to buildup of wastes -Powder accumulation called uremic frost around face -Edema in the extremities |
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What is prehospital care for CRF?
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-Support the ABC's
-High Flow O2 -Establish IV, look out for third space shock |
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