Exss 181

Front 1

sociology

Back 1

study of social life, including all forms of social interaction and relationships

Front 2

culture

Back 2

consists of the ways of life that people create as they participate in a group or society

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society

Back 3

refers to a collection of people living in a defined geographic territory and united by a political system and a shared sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from others

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Defining sports: sports are activities involving

Back 4

1. use of physical skill, prowess, or exertion
2. institutionalized competition
3. combination of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for participation

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sports as social constructions

Back 5

aspects of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under social, political, and economic conditions that exist in their society. Identifies things in sports that should or could be changed

Front 6

why study sports

Back 6

1. sports are given special meaning in our lives
2. tied to important ideas and beliefs
3. connected to major spheres of social life

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ideologies

Back 7

webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to the world and make sense of their experiences. People create and organize sports around their ideas and beliefs about bodies, relationships, abilities, character, gender, race, social class etc

Front 8

gender ideologies

Back 8

web of ideas and beliefs about masculinity, femininity, and male-female relationships.

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racial ideology

Back 9

consists of a webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin color and to evaluate people in terms of racial classification. often used as a basis for evaluating athletic potential or explaining athletic success

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class ideology

Back 10

Consists of a web of ideas and beliefs that people use to understand economic inequalities that make sense of their own position in an economic hierarchy in society

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sportsmanship

Back 11

ethical behavior exhibited by a sportsperson or athelete generally considered to involve participation for the pleasure gained from a fair and hard-fought contest, refusal to take unfair advantage of a situation or of an opponent, courtesy toward one's opponent, and graciousness in both winning and losing.

Front 12

sporting behavior at different levels

Back 12

1. behavior of professional athletes influences youth athletes
2. media and coaches emphasize winning and competition
3. athlete needs to be taught fair play, moral development, and character
4. participation in sports tend to be more balanced

Front 13

Kohlberg's six stages of moral reasoning

Back 13

Preconventional -punishment and obedience, pleasure or pain-
Conventional- good boy or girl, law and order
postconventional- social contract, principled conscience

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barriers to good sporting behavior

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1. importance placed on winning
2. intellectual understanding
3. coaches attitudes
4. parental pressure
5. traditions and customs

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Factors related to sporting behavior

Back 15

1. sport type
2. performance level
3. position

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Two types of character

Back 16

Social character: teamwork, loyalty, work ethic, and perseverance
moral character: honesty, fairness, integrity, and responsibility

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sport ethic of high-performance sport

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1. striving for excellence
2. competing to win
3. sacrifice
4. love of the game
5. commitment to team
6. playing with pain and adversity

Front 18

strategies for good sporting behavior

Back 18

1. parents teach values to kids at young age
2. coaches and officials need to prohibit play if rules aren't followed
3. parents, coaches model good behavior
4. fans decrease rowdiness and alcohol use
5. professional athletes and organizations must realize that they are role models
6. we must reward good behavior.

Front 19

race

Back 19

social category constructed and accepted by society to describe members with genetic similarity

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ethnicity

Back 20

the cultural heritage of a group

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racism

Back 21

belief in superiority of one race over another

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minority group

Back 22

in teh us, all groups except white

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population and sport participation of minorities

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-concentration of minorities in certain areas will likely influence sporting preferences
-latino population no longer concentrated in a few states
-AA population is growing the most in the south

Front 24

racial differences in sport

Back 24

biological, cultural and social reasons, opportunity structures

Front 25

biological reasons

Back 25

not supported

Front 26

cultural and social reasons

Back 26

-emphasis on activities varies by culture
-sport seen as means of social mobility
-many athletic role models

Front 27

opportunity structures

Back 27

-facilities, resources available

Front 28

stacking

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-unusual distribution of whites and blacks in certain sport positions cannot be explained by random distribution
-historically, minorities disproportionately found in specific team positions
-white in thinking and outcome control positions
-blacks in speed

Front 29

exploitation of minority athletes

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-given special treatment in the classroom
-promoted through grades
-pressured into easy majors
-grad rates low
-AA women are especially exploited
-pros and oclleges want athletes in college for reasons not related to athletes best interest

Front 30

hispanic

Back 30

all people whose ethnic heritage is traced to spanish-speaking countries

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latino

Back 31

typically, reference to people of Latin America

Front 32

Latino and Hispanic athletes

Back 32

great diversity among latino groups, most known for baseball and soccer

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asian american athletes

Back 33

along with latinos, fastest growing minority pop in US. Different path from AA and latinos, sport not used as means toward economic, social, or educational goals.
culture and perhaps body type mean different sporting choices

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native american athletes

Back 34

-.9% of pop- poverty rate 50%
-stereotypical, dehumanizing images used for names, mascots, and logos
-NCAA now limiting use of names

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Legacy of lacrosse

Back 35

-created by Native Americans
-skill, speed, agility, it's a fast-paced sport
-grown 10% annually over past 15 yrs.
-39 states have lacrosse chapters
-39.5% increase college 200% increase HS

Front 36

sport as negative force for equality

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1. pro sport is unrealistic career goal
2. college grad rates of black male athletes (48%) above that of black male students
3. black female athletes (68%) -> (50%)
-black fam 8 times more likely than whites to pressure child into sport

Front 37

sport as positive force for equality

Back 37

1. sport success linked to self-confidence
2. way out of poverty
3. integration is easier through sports
4. school-based prog are free
5. unique travel possibilities raise awareness
6. encourages healthy lifestyle

Front 38

ways to promote diversity in sport

Back 38

1. assist in collecting and reporting data
2. require leaders to report racism
3. major sport org need to include minorities at all levels
4. media need to recruit minority journalist
5. get govt support for programs
6. adopt nondiscrimination policies

Front 39

history of women and sport

Back 39

-not allowed to be physically active outside of chores
-often excluded from participation or ridiculed for participation until mid-1800s
-participation in PA, indiv sports slowly increased
-prohibited from olympics until 1920

Front 40

reasons or myths for not participating

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1. lack of interest
2. harmful to health
3.only ladylike sports appropriate
4. undeserving: quality inferior to men
5. lesbian stigma
6. gender verification practices
7. social attitudes

Front 41

social issues in women's sport (media and images)

Back 41

-gender: conflict over orientation labels
-athletic apparel: advances in sports bras, shoes not updates
-objectification of athletes: female athletic body now seen as sexy, judged on looks not talent

Front 42

global status of women in sport

Back 42

-not all countries progressive
-in 2000, 30% countries didn't send femal athlete to olympics
-2008 only 5 didin't
-white, middle-class athletes are most supported in developed nations

Front 43

Title IX

Back 43

-passed in 1972 part of education act
-prohibits discrimination in federally supported education programs
-before title IX participation rates and financial support lopsided
-confusion until lawsuits, clarification

Front 44

title IX prongs

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1. proportionality test
2. history of progress test
3. accomodation of interest test

Front 45

women and sport after title IX

Back 45

-sport participation nearly = to boys
-make up significant % of sports fans
-buy 81% of fitness apparel
-increasingly, males watch female sports
-atlanta olympics name year of the woman

Front 46

social issues in women's sport (Physical Activity Benefits)

Back 46

1. increase self-esteem
2. decreased drug use
3. decreased chance of unwanted pregnancy
4. increased grad rates
5. four out of five women executives played sports

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Barriers in participation

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Title IX Challenges: football dominance, cut men's teams
-PA participation: in 25-64 women exceed men, in 18-24 men are higher

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women as leaders in sport

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-1980, 90% of women's teams coached by women, in 2008 42%
-only 21% of college athletic directors are women
-only 27% of USOC are women

Front 49

equl pay for equal play

Back 49

-all 4 tennis grand slams offered same prize money
-LPGA prizes still lag far behind
-Forbes in 2008 top 50 paid athletes male
-women do same endorsements for less

Front 50

spending in college sports

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-in 2004/5 division 1 football bowl subdivision schools, men's athletics accounted for 70% of expenses
-school spent more money on football than all women's teams combined
- avg money spend on women's was half that of men

Front 51

media coverage in women's sports

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-olympic prime time women's sport increasing but still mostly men
-women's coverage lags behind mens in newsroom (less 10% sports broadcast)

Front 52

social class

Back 52

the categories of people who share similar positions in society based on their economic level, education, occupation, and social interaction

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social stratification

Back 53

the assignment of class based on inequalities in society such as power, prestige, and wealth

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economic capital

Back 54

the financial resources that one has or controls. these affect how we see the world and our opportunities

Front 55

social capital

Back 55

resources available to a person based on memberships, relationships, and both social and business networks

Front 56

cultural capital

Back 56

skills and abilities we have based on education and life experiences

Front 57

upper class: social class affects sports opportunities

Back 57

-wealthy (disposable income)
-exclusive memberships, used to build social capital
-can afford exceptional coaching and sport experiences
-the highest rates of sport participation
-play exclusive sports such as golf, tennis, polo, sailing, horseback riding, skiing
-more likely to use health and fitness equipment

Front 58

upper-middle class

Back 58

-includes professionals such as lawyers, managers, physicians
-many sport experiences and opportunities

Front 59

middle class

Back 59

-makes careful decisions about expenses
-has opportunities in community and school based teams

Front 60

lower class

Back 60

plays team sports available and subsidized in the community

Front 61

access and barriers to sport (elite level): cost of high-performance training

Back 61

-requires economic, social, and cultural capital
-top coaching and training can run as high as $75,000 each year in some individual sports
-costs include coaching, facilities, travel, equipment

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access and barriers to sport: team sports

Back 62

often run and subsidized by community. Allows most kids to play (coaching is more affordable)

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access and barriers to sport (hs and community)

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High school sport:
-affluent schools win more championships
Community leagues:
-serve more children at a modest expense, offer training even in traditionally upper-class sport

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local communities

Back 64

power is in teh hands of admin and boards of directors (parents, politicians)

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national level

Back 65

power is in hands of people who control org money. often from upper class/upper-middle, medial moguls, league commissioners, superstar athletes, often white males

Front 66

social mobility in sport (educational opportunities)

Back 66

-need to stay academiclaly eligible to play
-possibility exists for athletic scholarship (sport helps build social and cultural capital)
-college athletes have more opportunities than nonathletes
-leaders in business often attribute success to lessons learned through sport

Front 67

is class mobility in sport possible?

Back 67

-may be unrealistic expectation
-.2% of HS athletes play professionally
-best opportunity to advance is through education

Front 68

deviant behavior

Back 68

behavior that is beyond normal behavior; can be good or bad

Front 69

underconformity

Back 69

breaking the rules, not adhering to norms

Front 70

overconformity

Back 70

internalizing the rules to the extreme

Front 71

rule breaking in sport

Back 71

-occurs accidentally and intentionally
-probably less of this behavior now with increase in officiating, media, TV replays.
- organizations promote good behavior
-include steeper penalties for different types

Front 72

examples of rule breaking

Back 72

-modifying equipment
-committing intentional fouls
-faking injuries for time-outs
-participating in brawls
- often done for strategic advantage

Front 73

role of excitement and emotion

Back 73

athletes: stress of competition, consumed by emotion, optimal levels of arousal and intensity
Fans: increase in excitement and arousal with tailgating alcohol use, hooliganism

Front 74

violence in society

Back 74

-media exposure and occasional leniency to accused offenders who are athletes give perception that athletes are more violent than other segments of society.
-sport mirrors society in violent acts and acceptance of acts

Front 75

on-field violence in sport

Back 75

-demands of collision and contact sports
-enforcer rules
-societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality

Front 76

off-field violence of sport

Back 76

-unclear if on-field violence leads to off-field violence
-alcohol use escalates violence incidence
-some sports may not cause more violent off-field behavior, but rather attract people who are already violent
-challenges to manhood occur off field

Front 77

violence against women

Back 77

-athletes make up 3% of college pop, but account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults
-athletes commit one in three sexual assaults
-general pop conviction rate 80% for assault athletes 38%

Front 78

consequences of on field violent behavior

Back 78

1. shortened careers
2. pressure to return from injuries
3. concussions
4. negative publicity for teams, leagues, org
5. poor behavior modeling

Front 79

performance enhancers

Back 79

-athletes may use steroids and other drugs to enhance performance
-not a new phenomenon, but more media exposure

Front 80

types of drugs used by modern athletes

Back 80

prescription, stimulants, anabolic steroids, HGH, doping, amino acids

Front 81

potential issues with drug use

Back 81

-rejection by fans, parents, kids
-withdrawal of financial support
-acceptance
-long-term health risk
-youth athletes emulating big leagues
-females: risk with pregnancies
-genetic engineering

Front 82

Responding to drug use in sport

Back 82

-IOC and WADA effects
-Govt involvement
-sport org caring for athletes and seeing it as management and labor issue
-media being fair and balanced
-parents, educational programs
-sport and exercise scientist

Front 83

eating disorders in sport

Back 83

up to 33% female athletes reported to have, sport attracts discipline, determined
-increased since title nine
-coaches and parent inadvertently encourage

Front 84

female athlete triad

Back 84

disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

Front 85

hazing in sport

Back 85

mental or physical harm or anxiety and demeaning or degrading behavior regardless of intent or consent.
-80% hazed
-dangerous acts increase

Front 86

gambling in sport

Back 86

-always been important issue: without public confidence in integrity of the games, popularity would decline

Front 87

fan gambling

Back 87

-48 out of 50 states allow some type of gambling
-internet makes it easier
-illegal wagers result in $380 bil annually
-involvement in organized crime
-online betting increasing, not yet illegal
-college students gamble are more likely to engage in other risky behavior