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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exercise physiology
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Integrated science that reveals mechanisms of overall body function
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Type of disciplinary pratice
Involving many disciplines working ie same area independently, lack of shared knowledge, problems, solutions |
Multidisciplinary
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Type of disciplinary system
Involving many independent disciplines which communicate sharing knowledge problems and solutions |
Cross disciplinary
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Type of disciplinary system
Involving many independent disciplines sharing communication and effort |
Interdisciplinary
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Inability to engage in community, leisure, social, work roles is known as
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Disability
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Defined as What happened at the cell level causing a functional limitation
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Impairement
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Hypokinetic diseases
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Diseases resulting from a chronic lack of physical activity. Such as diabetes, heart disease etc
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Disablement model
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Model used to delineate consequences of disease and injury at the level of the individual and society
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4 common disablement models
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Nagi
ICDIH: international classification of diseases Impairements and handicaps NCMRR: national center for medical rehabilitation research classification ICF: international classification of functioning disability and health |
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Alterations in anatomical/ physiological structures or function. Consequences of a pathology
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Impairement
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When Impairements result in an inability to perform actions, tasks, and activities that would be normal for that individual
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Functional limitation
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The difference between a patients actual performance of a particular role and what is considered normal
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Disability
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4 key tenets of the disablement model
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Pathology/pathophysiology
Impairment Functional limitations Disability |
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T/F
Exercise physiology is only concerned with physical activity |
True
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Movement, physical activity, or exercise
Voluntary/ involuntary options performed by the whole person or any body part |
Movement
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Movement, physical activity, exercise?
Intentional movement to achieve a goal related to sports, exercise, leisure,work |
PhysIcal activity
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Intentional movement to improve performance, health, fitness, appearance
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Exercise
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Biological model of stress developed by Hans Selye
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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3 stages of the general adaptation syndrome
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Alarm reaction
Resistance Exhaustion |
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What happens at the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
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Body acutely recognizes stressor
Activation of pituitary adrenal cortical axis Preparation for flight or fight |
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When body 's Alarm reaction lessens due to successive exposure to stressor?
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Threshold
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Stage in GAS where the body begins to repair the effects of the alarm stage by making favorable physiologic adaptations
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Resistance
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Alarm, resistance, exhaustion?
Improved physical fitness as a result of exercise |
Resistance
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Stage in GAS where body responds inappropriately to intolerable stress levels
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Exhaustion
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An exercise program that is guided by the GAS mode,
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Periodization for strength or power sports
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Energy yielding nutrients are often stored in the body as
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Polymers
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Amount of energy available to do cellular work
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Physiologic fuel value
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Energy yielding nutrients
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Carbs, proteins and fat
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Metabolizable energy of carbs, proteins and fat
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Carbs = 4 kcal/ g
Proteins =4 kcal/g Fat = 9 kcal/g |
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% of food invested that is actually absorbed in the small intestine
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Digestibility
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True or false
Proteins are the least efficient in terms of digestible energy |
True because they are hard to breakdown
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Which monosaccharide doesn't exist freely in nature
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Galactose
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Examples of dissacharides
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Sucrose, maltose, lactose
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Exzmples of polysaccharides
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Starch, glycogen, fiber
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Most abundant source of dietary carbohydrate from plants
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Starch
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Glycogen is stored in the
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Muscles and liver
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2 types of fiber
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Soluble e.g. Citrus fruits
Insoluble e.g. Brown rice |
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Pfinction of soluble and insoluble fibers
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Soluble: delay stomach emptying and slow glucose absorption, lower blood cholesterol levels
Insoluble: aid in digestion |
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Which enzyme starts the break down of polysaccharide and where is it found ?
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Salivary amylase in the mouth
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What happens to the digestion of starches in the stomach?
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Temporarily stops because acid breaks down salivary amylas
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2 places in digestive system where disaccharides are broken down
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Pancreas by pancreatic amylase
Small intestine to monosaccharides |
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Preffered source of energy for the brain
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Glucoss
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Normal blood glucose range
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70-110 mg/ dL
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Produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas
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Glucagon released when blood sugar is low
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Produced by the beta cells of the pancreas
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Insulin released when blood sugar is high
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Pt feels nervous, irritable, hungry, acute fatigue, light headed ness, nausea, delirium, coma, death are symptoms of?
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Hypoglycemia
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Pt feels increased thirst and frequent urination, headaches, blurred vision, difficulty concentrating,fatigue, weight loss are symptoms of?
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Hyperglycemia
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Examples of simple fats
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Fatty acids and triglycerides
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Examples of compound fats
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Fats combined with another chemical group e.g. Phospholipids and glycolipids
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Examples of derived fats
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Sterols e.g. Hormones
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What composes 95% of dietary fats
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Triglycerides
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The fatty acid portion of triglycerides is the dominant source of energy for muscles . True or false
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True
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Where are fatty acids stored?
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Adipocytes mainly
Sacroplasm of muscle cells |
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Lipolysis
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Splitting triglyceride into a glycerol and 3 fatty acids for the purpose of providing energy
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Saturared
Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated |
S. No double bonds. Fatty acid carbons all bonded to a hydrogen
M. One double bond P. t2 or more double bonds |
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What kind of fatty acids is the body able to synthesize?
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Those with double bonds coming after the 9th carbon atom after the methyl group
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Phospholipids
Essential or non essential Where is it found in the body |
Non essential synthesized on the liver
Found in cell membranes |
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A major index for cardiovascular disease
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Lipoproteins
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Health implications?
Increased amounts of circulating HDLs |
Good cardiovascular health
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Health implications?
Increased amounts of circulating LDLs |
Bad cardiovascular health increased cardiovascular disease
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Predominant material in
HDL LDL VLDL |
HDL: protein
LDL: cholesterol VLDL: triglyceride |
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Type of lipid
Carbohydrate bound lipids on the cell membrane which serve as receptor sites for hormones |
Glycolipids
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Type of lipid
Fatty ring structure no fatty acid tail Includes cholesterol, tetosterone, estrogen, vit D,cortisol |
Sterol
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Emulsifocation of fat takes place in the
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Liver
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More than 5% of fat is excreted in feces
True or false |
False less than 5% if at is excreted in feces
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Digestion of protein begins in
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The stomach
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Total number of amino acids
# of essential amino acids # of non essential amino acids |
20
Essential 9 Non essential 11 |
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Main role of vitamin A
Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K |
A : vision
D: calcium regulation E: antioxidant K: blood coagulant |
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Water or fat soluble vitamins have a high risk of toxicity
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Fat soluble vitamins
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Water or fat soluble vitamins have a high risk of deficiency
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Water soluble vitamins
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Which water so
Unless vitamin plays an important role in DNA synthesis? |
Folate
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Which water soluble vitamin plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis, glycogenesis, amino acid breakdown
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Biotin
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Which water soluble vitamin is only obtained form animal sources and plays a key role in nerve cell maintenance and metabolism
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Vitamin B 12
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Sodium or potassium
Regulates extra cellular water content |
Sodium
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Sodium or potassium
Regulates water content in the cell |
Potasssium
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ATP used to sustain cellular activity at rest is derived from
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Aerobic metabolism
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Metabolic specificity
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Amount and rate of ATP utilization will determine type of fuel used for energy
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Energy source for:
Very high intensity exercise? High intensity? Moderate intensity? Low intensity, long duration? |
Very high: ATP-CP for 15 sec
High : fast glcolysis up to 1 min Moderate intensity: slow glycolysis, lipolysis Low intensity, long duration: glycogen depletion, heavy reliance on lipolysis |
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Energy source for exercises:
Below 40-50% VO2 max? Between 50-70% VO2 max? At 70% or higher VO2 max? |
Below 40-50% VO2 max? Fat oxidation, slow glycolysis
Between 50-70% VO2 max? CHO oxidation At 70% or higher VO2 max? Fast glycolysis |
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Energy accessibility
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Energy systems with the highest capacity for power output also have the most readily accessible fuel sources
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2 most readily available, valuable energy sources in the body
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Phosphagens
Glycogen: broken down to glucose and then ATP via rapid glycolysis |
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Slow glycolysis and fat oxidation require the presence of
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Oxygen
Beta oxidation ( ATP generation in the krebs cycle and electron transport chain) |
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How does the body know there is an increased need for energy and how are metabolic fuels mobilized from different tissues to maintain exercise?
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The energy status of tissues, organs and systems is communicated through the nervous and endocrine systems
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3 factors that determine activation of target cells by hormones
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1.Concentration of the hormone in the blood ( quantity produced and rate of secretion)
2.Relative number of cell receptors 3.Sensitivity of receptors to the hormone |
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Decrease in number of cell receptors that occurs following chronic exposure to high concentrations of a hormone
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Downregulation
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Increase in number of receptors that occurs in response to hormone stimulation which increases sensitivity of receptors
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Upregulation
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3 things that regulate hormone secretion
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1. Hormonal input: a hormone targeting an endocrine gland
2. Humoral input: nutrients,ions,bile etc that provide feedback to endocrine glands 3. Neural stimulation: involves sympathetic nervous system |
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Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas and stimulated by decreasing blood glucose levels at rest or increase in epinephrine during exercise?
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Glucagon
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Function of glucagon
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Maintains blood glucose levels by
1. Stimulating glycogenolysis in the muscle (early exercise) and liver(prolonged exercise) 2. Stimulating lipolysis and mobilization of FFA from adipocytes |
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Insulin is:
Secreted by? Stimulated by? Affected by? |
Secreted by? Beta cells of pancreas
Stimulated by? Increase in blood glucose Affected by?sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation |
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Function of insulin
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Controls glucose transport into cells
Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis * insulin levels fall during exercise |
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Aka? Secreted by? In response to? Stimulated by? |
Aka? Catecholamines
Secreted by?adrenal glands In response to? Decreased blood sugar, exercise Stimulated by?sympathetic nervous system |
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Function of catecholamines
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Stimulate glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
Affect cardiac output, bp,neuromuscular transmission during exercise |
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Cortisol is secreted by?
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Adrenal cortex
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What is the function of cortisol?
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Saves our carbs and promotes use of fats during exercise
1. Reduces glucose breakdown, stimulates glycogen synthesis 2. Promotes protein breakdown into amino acids 3. Depresses liver lipolysis promotes mobilization of FFA 4. Blocks entry of glucose into exercising muscles promotes fatty acid use |
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ACTH (corticotropin) is secreted by?
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Pituitary
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Function of ACTH?
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1. During exercise stimulates production of aldosterone to decrease fluid excretion by kidneys
2. Regulates release of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex ( catecholamines, cortisol) 3. Indirect action on metabolism stimulates FFA mobilization, gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism |
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Growth hormone(HGH) is secreted by
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Pituitary
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Function of HGH
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1.during exercise, opposes action of insulin by decreasing use of blood glucose for fuel
2. Promotes gluconeogenesis and mobilization of FFA 3. Post exercise promotes cell division and protein synthesis- muscular hypertrophy and skeletal and CT growth |
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Aldosterone is secreted by?
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Adrenal cortex
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Function of aldosterone ?
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1. Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in kidney
2. Supports exercise by maintaining the integrity of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems |
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ADH (anti diuretic hormone) is secreted by?
Mechanisms of stimulation? |
Pituitary
Stimulated by dehydration which 1. Stimulates hypothalamus which signals pituitary 2. Decreases blood plasma volume stimulating stretch receptors in L atrium which signals pituitary |
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Function of ADH?
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Stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
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True or false
Hormonal blood levels fluctuate more during steady state exercise(constant speed at about 70-75% VO2 max) |
True
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Hormonal levels rise slowly up to what % of VO2 max and then increase exponentially as intensity continues to rise?
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50-75%
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What is the initial hormonal response to exercise?
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Increased energy availability
Exercise stimulates the sympathetic nervous system which increases epinephrine and glucagon |
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What is the hormonal response as the duration of exercise continues?
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Increases ATP production and glucose availability
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex increasing cortisol,aldosterone,and GH secretion |
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How much energy do we get from each liter of O2 consumed?
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5kcal
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Process of determining energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced
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Indirect calorimetery
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What is the RER respiratory exchange ratio?
Typical values for: Fat only fuel? CHO only fuel? Mixture of fat and CHO? |
Carbon dioxide produced divided by oxygen used
Fat only fuel? 0.70 CHO only fuel?1.00 Mixture of fat and CHO?0.85 |
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True or false
RER values change with fitness levels |
False
RER values hold true regardless of fitness levels |
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True or false
At any given RER a trained person can produce more ATP than a untrained person |
True
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Formula for caloric expenditure
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RER X VO2
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Why is the quantification of anaerobic production less precise than aerobic production?
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Aerobic: open system where there is communication between multiple systems in the body(gas is carried in blood and exchanged with air in respiratory system)
Anaerobic : closed system. Measurement of blood metabolites doesn't accurately reflect metabolism in a muscle |
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The difference between the amount of energy contributed by aerobic ATP production and that required to sustain exercise is called
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Oxygen deficit
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Point at which aerobic energy supply is equal to exercise energy demand is called
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Steady state exercise
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Amount of oxygen consumed post exercise above resting metabolic rate is called
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Excess post exercise oxygen consumption EPOC
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True or false
EPOC is payback for the oxygen deficit incurred during the onset of exercise |
False
EPOC volume is greater than oxygen deficit volume |
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2 phases of EPOC
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1.Rapid EPOC: elevated O2 consumption used to regenerate depleted ATP,CP,O2 levels in blood and tissues
2.Slow EPOC: elevated O2 consumption used for oxidative conversion of lactic acid to glucose *support elevated HR and respiration due to increased core temp and elevated hormone levels post exercise |
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How would one assess anaerobic metabolism?
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Measuring blood lactic acid which is the end product of fast glycolysis
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What is OBLA?
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Onset of blood lactate accumulation
Signifies transition from predominantly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic metabolism |
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Point at which OBLA occurs in trained versus untrained subjects?
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Untrained:50-60% of VO2 max
Trained: 65-80% of VO2 max |
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What is the primary fuel used at:
Less than 30-40% VO2 max? Between 40 - 60%? Above 60-70%? |
Less than 30-40% VO2 max? Fat
Between 40 - 60%? Balanced fuel mix Above 60-70%? CHO |
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The point of shift from fat to CHO as the primary fuel source during exercise is known as?
Depends on? |
Cross over point
Depends on nutritional status and training |
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True or false
Endurance athlete will get more energy from fat metabolism at a higher percentage of his VO2 max |
True
i.e. crossover point is at a higher VO2 max in a trained athlete |
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True or False
During exercise, a person consuming a high fat diet will get more energy from fat than a person consuming a high CHO diet |
True due to fuel availability
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3 factors that determine the shift in energy source with change in exercise intensity
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1. Physiological makeup of muscle fiber
2.Hormonal influences 3. Lactic acid production |
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3 predominant types of skeletal muscle fibers
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Type I: slow twitch oxidative (SO)
Type IIa: fast twitch oxidative glycolytic ( FOG) Type IIb: fast twitch glycolytic (FG) |
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Fuel of choice for type I and II fibers?
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Type I: fat oxidation
Type IIa and b: glucose. High capacity for rapid glycolysis. Recruited as exercise intensity increases |
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Hormonal influence on fuel selection w/ increased exercise intensity:
Initiation of exercise causes release of? Which stimulates? Which helps provide? |
Initiation of exercise causes release of? Epinephrine
Which stimulates? Glycogenolysis Which helps provide? CHO as intensity increases |
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Effect of lactic acid production on fuel selection as exercise intensity increases?
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Increased lactic acid production from CHO metabolism inhibits use of FFA which promotes use of CHO
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Fuel selection as the duration of exercises increases depends primarily on
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Fuel availability
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True or false
Depletion of carbohydrate stores has a negative effect on rate of glycolysis and lipolysis |
True
Decrease in CHO leads to decrease in rate of glycolysis which leads to decrease in pyruvic acid which leads to decrease in krebs cycle activity which limits use of fat as fuel |
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2 common pathways in gluconeogenesis?
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Cori cycle
Glucose Alanine cycle |
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How does the cori cycle supply glucose back into the blood stream?
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The liver breaks down lactic acid from rapid glycolysis into glucose which is released back into the blood stream and used by exercising muscles and to maintain the integrity of the CNS
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How does the glucose alanine cycle supply glucose back to the blood stream?
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The liver breaks down alanine, a product of amino acids broken down in the muscle, and the remaining carbon is converted to glucose used by the muscle
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What is broken down to make a significant contribution to glucose resynthesis and energy availability during prolonged/endurance exercise?
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Protein through the glucose alanine cycle ( happens at 2-4+ hours)
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True or false
10-15% of the total exercise energy can be generated from the glucose alanine cycle |
True
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When one is recovering from exercise, the ATP and CP stores are replenished in minutes
true or false |
True
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Process of recovering from exercise by replenishing glucose stores which is anabolic and considered to be the reversal of glycolysis
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Gluconeogenesis
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What is the first step in fat synthesis and where does it occur?
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Formation of fatty acids
In the cystol |
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Difference between triglycerides formed in the liver and in fat tissue?
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In the liver: they combine with cholesterols, phospholipids or proteins to form lipoproteins which are released into the blood
In fat tissue: they are stored in fat cells and remain there until needed for energy |
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The triglycerides measured as HDLs, LDLs, and VLDLs are formed in
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The liver
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Formula for work
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Work = force(mass) Xdistance(vertical displacement)
Outcome of energy expenditure |
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Define and give the formula for power
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Work Rate: amount of work done per unit time
Power= force X distance / time Units: kg.m/ sec Watts |
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1. 100 kg person walks up 1 flight of stairs (2.5m) in 25 sec
2. 100 kg person walks up 1 flight of stairs (2.5m) in 50 sec Who did the most work? Who generated the most power? |
Same amount of work was done since mass and vertical distance were the same
Person 1 generated more power because they did it in a shorter time |
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When is work and power considered to be negative?
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When the person loses vertical distance as opposed to gaining height.
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True or false
From an energy stand point, VO2 response for positive work is 2-4X greater than for negative work |
True
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What kind of muscle contractions are required for positive and negative work?
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Positive work: concentric contractions
Negative work: eccentric contractions |
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What is resistance and it's units?
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Force to be overcome to do work
In units of mass: pounds, kilos etc |
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1 kg is equivalent to how many pounds
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2.2 pounds
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When one is rising from the floor to standing, what values do you use for force and distance?
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Force= body mass
Distance= displacement from floor to COG |
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2 people of the same body mass and height stand but one stands faster than the other. What can be concluded about the amount of work and power they both used?
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Same amount of work
The one who stands faster uses more power |
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Ergometry is
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Measurement of work
Used to quantify work and power |
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What is calorimetery and what are its units?
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Process of measuring heat produced from metabolic reactions
Unit is the calorie |
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2 types of calorimetry considered the gold standard
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Direct and indirect calorimetry
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True or false
Calorimetry works on the assumption heat release is proportional to rate of metabolism (O2 consumption) |
True
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Which is more commonly used direct or indirect calorimetry?
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Indirect calorimetry
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What is the most common form of direct calorimetry?
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Room sized chamber
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What is the advantage of direct calorimetry and the complicating factor?
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Advantage: can study energy expenditure in free living subjects
Complication: need to control other sources of heat besides what the subject produces |
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What is indirect calorimetry?
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Measuring O2 consumption and converting that to heat production
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Type of indirect calorimetry where subjects breathe 100% O2 from a prefilled spirometer and used to measure resting expenditure?
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Closed circuit spirometery
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Type of indirect calorimetry which is more commonly used with exercising patients who breathe atmospheric air and measurements are taken from expired air
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Open circuit spirometery
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True or False
In open circuit spirometery the gas analyzer computes inspired and expired values of the gases |
False
The inspired values of O2 and CO2 are assumed to be known and the gas analyzer computes the expired values of these gases |
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3 factors that affect gas volume
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Humidity
Temperature Barometric pressure |
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What is Charles law?
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Temperature and gas volume are directly proportional so temp needs to be corrected so that differences in gas volume are not merely due to changes in temperature
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What is Boyles law?
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Gas volumes vary inversely with barometric pressure. When pressure goes up, gas volume goes down and vice versa
* barometric pressure increases at lower altitude |
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What are the 4 standerdized environmental conditions ?
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ATPS: ambient temp and pressure saturated
ATPD: ambient temp and pressure dry STPD: standard temp and pressure dry (0deg celcius, 760mmhg) BTPS: body temp and atmospheric pressure completely saturated w/ water vapor at body temp |
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What is a MET and it's equivalent value?
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Metabolic equivalent
1 MET= metabolic rate 3-4 hours after eating but with no prior physical activity aka resting metabolic rate 1MET= 3.5 ml/kg/min |
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Given body mass in kg and absolute VO2 max in L.min how would one calculate number of METs?
How is this measure useful? |
Divide the body mass by the VO2 max getting z kg/ml/min. Then convert to METs by dividing by 3.5 kg/ml/min. ( pay attention to the units and make sure they match up)
METS provide standardized value that can be used for exercise prescription |
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True or False
VO2 max is not the main determinant of endurance performance |
True
Inverse relationship between VO2 max and running or cycling economy |
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What is efficiency?
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Ratio between useful work produced and energy expended during the work
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What value should efficiency never exceed?
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40%
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What is economy?
When is this measure used instead of efficiency ? |
Steady state VO2 needed to maintain a given velocity of movement or a given activity
Used when work is not quantifiable |
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Are runners more or less economic if they have a lower VO2 response at a given velocity?
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More economic
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5 factors affecting efficiency and economy
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1. Anthropomorphic factors-gender, body mass
2. Mechanical factors- skill, efficiency 3. Ergometric factors- work rate, speed, resistance 4. Physiologic factors- fitness level, fiber type 5. Disease or injury state , use of assistive devices |
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Describe relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption during endurance exercises over a wide range of aerobic exercise intensities
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Heart rate and oxygen consumption are linearly related
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Why is the relationship of heart rate and oxygen consumption not predictable for resistance exercise?
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Because oxygen consumption would be over predicted for resistance exercise
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At what point in running and walking does one become less economical and efficient in their use of energy?
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Running: when one slows down into walking
Walking: when one speeds up into running |
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Percentage of VO2 max is assessed using?
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Regression equations which are population specific.
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