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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rousseau believed that the source of all social ills was:
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private property
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What is the term that refers to a form of wealth that can be stored for the future?
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assets
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From Malthus's perspective, ___ keeps the population in check.
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inequality
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According to the German philosopher Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:
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dependency
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Which social stratification system was favored in feudal Europe and the antebellum American South?
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Estate system
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A type of stratification that is based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and in which there is little to no individual mobility within the strata is the:
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caste system
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The government's definition of poverty for a family of four is just under:
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$21,000
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The division of labor in hunter-gather societies is based principally on:
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age and sex
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Compared to hunting and gathering societies, agrarian societies have:
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increased work loads
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Human exploitation is greatest in:
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agrarian societies
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social stratification exists when:
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societies display hereditary social groups distinguished by unequal levels of power and privilege.
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social stratification in preindustrial societies is generally:
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more intensive in agrarian societies than in any other type of preindustrial society.
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Which of the following are major consequences of industrial capitalism?
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Rapid and extensive urbanization, major increases in productivity, major changes in the organization of work
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Industrial capitalism differs from other forms of capitalism because it involves:
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the earning of profit through the use of wage workers and the reorganization of the workforce into the factory system
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Which of the following is true regarding the distribution of wealth and income in the United States?
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Wealth is more unequally distributed than income
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Since the mid-1970s, income inequality in United States has:
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risen
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In which type of society did organized warfare most likely begin?
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simple horticultural societies
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Which of the following are true regarding the merchant class in agrarian societies?
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They are usually regarded with great suspicion
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Which of the following is not a necessary characteristic of capitalism?
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democracy
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Which of the following statements reflect changes that occurred in the family structure as industrial capitalism replaced agrarian modes of production?
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children become an economic liability in industrial capitalism
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Which of the following are not one of Wright's contradictory class locations in the market economic system?
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the Bourgeosie
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Which of the following the are symptoms of middle class squeeze in the United States?
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the growing use of easily available consumer credit
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The major difference between the authoritarian and democratic route to capitalism hinges on:
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what landlords do with their land and peasants
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William Julius Wilson believed that there were factors other than welfare that led to a lack of inner-city job opportunities. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?
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Industrialization
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Molly Orshansky used the U.S. Department of Agriculture's recommendations for the minimum amount of healthy food, estimated the cost for a variety of family types, and multiplied this figure by a factor of three to measure:
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the official poverty rate
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When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of household budgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage?
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Housing
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Your text lists several explanations fir why the United States has the highest inequality of all English-speaking nations. Which of the following is not an explanation your texts cites?
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The system of inequality in the United States originated in Europe
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Why is it more difficult for middle- and working-class Americans to save money?
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job stability
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Which of the following wrote "The Dyad and the Triad," which argues that the number of people in a group helps to determine the form of the social relations within the group?
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Simmel
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A family is an example of which type of group identified by Cooley?
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Primary group
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Sociologists refer to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network as:
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embeddedness
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According to data presented in Chapter 4, which of the following is true regarding social capital in the United States today?
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Social capital is decreasing
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A process by which organizations face the same conditions, and ultimately tend to end up like each other, is known as:
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isomorphism
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"Stereotype threat"?
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Antoine, a black student at Yale University, is nervous about taking the Law School Admissions Test. He fears that if his score is low, he will confirm negative perceptions about the intelligence of black men. His fear then affects his performance, and he scores lower on the actual test than he did on practice tests.
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Tomas transfers to a new school when his family moves to a new district, and he is place in a classroom with students who have slightly higher average math grades than does. Tomas is concerned that he will fall behind. Based on the research, what is the most likely outcome?
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Tomas will succeed and make academic gains when he is in the classes with other high achievers.
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In 2004, approximately what percentage of American adults over age 25 had a college degree?
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28%
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Which of the following is most likely to be a functionalist explanation for the increase the number of Americans with college degrees throughout the course of the 20th century?
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Jobs have become more skilled and technologically advanced, and a more educated workforce is necessary to fill these jobs.
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Which of the following is most likely to be a conflict perspective argument about why education levels have continually risen in the United States over the course of the last century?
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As education became more common for all people, social elites needed to obtain more education in order to set themselves apart from others.
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In the feudal system, vassals were responsible for granting land to serfs. What was this land called?
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Fiefs
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Under feudalism, the lords did not receive the profits from the land that they owned. Who did?
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Vassals
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During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move to cities in search of work and led to the rise of:
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wage labor
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Various sectors in society have been influenced by the fast-food industry. The expansion of the McDonald's model has forced many industries to McDonalize their services in order to satisfy the growing demands of the fast-food mogul. This is an example of what?
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Vertical McDonaldization
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According to Ritzer, one sign that McDonald's is in tune with the contemporary lifestyle of Americans is through an emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products sold and services offered. This is an example of which McDonaldization dimension?
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Calculability
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Education, the criminal justice system, health care, and religion are institution that have been affected by McDonaldization. Which of the following sectors in contemporary society has escaped being McDonaldized?
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Mom-and-pop grocery stores
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According to Grusky reading, what are the three general components of a stratification system?
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Institutions, rules and definitions, stratification processes
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What is the best example of status crystalization
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Because an individual has high status in one dimension they will also have high status in other dimensions.
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Which of the following statements is true (Context 21):
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status inequalities depend on the existence of positional inequalities
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According to Block and colleagues, (Context 24), how big is the gap between two parent incomes at the minimum wage and the American Dream line?
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$26,000
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