Exam 3

Front 1

a standard of poverty based on a minimum level of substinence

Back 1

a standard of poverty based on a minimum level of substinence

Front 2

a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts

Back 2

achieved status

Front 3

a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characterisitics

Back 3

ascribed status

Front 4

Karl marx's term for the capitalist class, the owners of the means of production

Back 4

bourgeoisie

Front 5

an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

Back 5

capitalism

Front 6

a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile

Back 6

caste

Front 7

a term used by max weber to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income

Back 7

class

Front 8

in Karl marx's veiw, a subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social order

Back 8

class consciousness

Front 9

a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility

Back 9

class system

Front 10

a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual mobility

Back 10

closed system

Front 11

the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period

Back 11

colonialism

Front 12

an approach to global stratification that contends that industrialized nations exploit developing countries for their own gain

Back 12

dependency theory

Front 13

a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services.also known as feudalism.

Back 13

estate system

Front 14

the reputation that a specific person has earned with an occupation

Back 14

esteem

Front 15

a term used by karl marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position

Back 15

false consciousness

Front 16

a trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the US

Back 16

feminization of poverty

Front 17

the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

Back 17

globalization

Front 18

the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the some rank

Back 18

horizontal mobility

Front 19

salaries and wages

Back 19

income

Front 20

changes in the social position of children relative to their parents

Back 20

intergenerational mobility

Front 21

changes in a person's social position within his or her adult life

Back 21

intragenerational mobility

Front 22

max weber's term for people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living condition, and favorable conditions

Back 22

life chances

Front 23

the far-reaching process by which developing nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristics of more developed societies

Back 23

modernization

Front 24

a functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives op people in developing nations

Back 24

modernization theory

Front 25

commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world

Back 25

multinational corporation

Front 26

continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries

Back 26

neocolonialism

Front 27

a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence

Back 27

objective method

Front 28

a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status

Back 28

open system

Front 29

the ability to exercise one's will over others

Back 29

power

Front 30

the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society

Back 30

prestige

Front 31

Karl marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society

Back 31

proletariat

Front 32

a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nations as a whole

Back 32

relative property

Front 33

a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people

Back 33

slavery

Front 34

a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or, power

Back 34

social inequality

Front 35

the movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society's stratification system to another

Back 35

social mobility

Front 36

a term used by max weber to refer to people who have the same prestige lifestyle, independent of their class positions

Back 36

status group

Front 37

the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

Back 37

stratification

Front 38

the movement of a person from one social position to another of a different rank

Back 38

vertical mobility

Front 39

an exclusive term encompassing all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property

Back 39

wealth

Front 40

Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited

Back 40

world system analysis

Front 41

positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational oppurtunities

Back 41

affirmative action

Front 42

the use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo

Back 42

color-blind racism

Front 43

an interactionist perspective that states that interracial contact between people of unequal status engaged in a cooperative task will reduce prejudice

Back 43

contact hypothesis

Front 44

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias

Back 44

discrimination

Front 45

a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its' national origin or distinctive cultural pattern

Back 45

ethnic group

Front 46

the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others

Back 46

ethnocentrism

Front 47

a marxist theory tat views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism

Back 47

exploitation theory

Front 48

in invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity

Back 48

glass ceiling

Front 49

a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation

Back 49

hate crime

Front 50

the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society

Back 50

institutional discrimmination

Front 51

a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority

Back 51

prejudice

Front 52

a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed

Back 52

racial formation

Front 53

a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences

Back 53

racial group

Front 54

any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior

Back 54

racial profiling

Front 55

the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

Back 55

racism

Front 56

unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group

Back 56

stereotype

Front 57

an emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage

Back 57

symbolic ethnicity

Front 58

concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family

Back 58

expressiveness

Front 59

expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

Back 59

gender role

Front 60

fear of and prejudice against homosexuality

Back 60

homophobia

Front 61

an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions

Back 61

instrumentality

Front 62

the term for the convergence of social forces results in increased subordination of low-status women

Back 62

matrix of domination

Front 63

the double burden-work outside the home followed by child care and housework- that many women face and few men share equitably

Back 63

second shift

Front 64

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

Back 64

sexism

Front 65

behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors

Back 65

sexual harrassment

Front 66

sorokin

Back 66

first made the distinction between vertical and horizontal mobility

Front 67

bell

Back 67

noted that that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, industrial, and have sophisticated transportation and media systems, and that families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model

Front 68

lenski, jr.

Back 68

critic of the functionalist analysis of stratification notes that while a system of rewards for filing highly expert professions demanding long years of education and skill may once have served the overall purposes of society, this situation no longer exists

Front 69

rossides

Back 69

created a five-class typology of the US class system

Front 70

gans

Back 70

suggests that is functional for society to have poor people to do society's dirty work at low wages, to provide middle-class jobs for people who serve the poor, and to serve as a measuring rod of status for those with higher positions

Front 71

dahrendorf

Back 71

sociologist that has merged marx's emphasis on class conflict with weber's recognition that power is an important element of stratification

Front 72

weber

Back 72

maintained that a persons position in a stratification system reflects some combination of their class, status, and power

Front 73

davis and moore

Back 73

argue that stratifications is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions

Front 74

nash

Back 74

identified 3 functions in which racially prejudiced beliefs serve the dominant group

Front 75

marx

Back 75

classical theorist whose work is the basis for an approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor

Front 76

cox, blauner, hunter

Back 76

used the exploitation theory to explain the basis of racial subordination in the US

Front 77

wilson

Back 77

suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice

Front 78

mcintosh

Back 78

sociologist who became interested in the privileges of being white

Front 79

thomas

Back 79

observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them

Front 80

hochschild

Back 80

did a study on the second shift, which refers to the double-burden put upon women who work outside the home and then come home to childcare and housework

Front 81

parsons and bales

Back 81

a)distinguished between instrumental and expressive roles
b)conducted a functionalist analysis of gender roles in the US
c)noted that families benefit from the traditional division of labor between men and women, which ensures that all of societies jobs are completed

Front 82

brannon and doyle

Back 82

have identified 5 aspects of male gender roles

Front 83

engels

Back 83

wrote the origin of private property, the family, and the state. argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization

Front 84

sanday

Back 84

work in indonesia showed a four million member minangkabau society where men and women work as patterns for a common good

Front 85

wollstonecraft

Back 85

wrote a vindication of the rights of women

Front 86

connell

Back 86

australian sociologist known for coining the term multiple masculinities