Exam I Multiple Choice And Fill In The Blank

Front 1

Which of the following contributes to the development of AZT resistance in HIV virions?

Back 1

a. In individuals using AZT, virions with mutations that make them better than others at distinguishing AZT from thymine replicate better than do others.
b. Reverse transcriptase has no "proof-reading" ability -- mistakes during reverse transcription are preserved as mutations.
c. Reverse transcriptase makes mistakes while producing viral DNA from viral RNA.
d. Some mutant forms of reverse transcriptase are better than others at distinguishing AZT from thymine.

Hint 1

All are Correct

Front 2

2. The rapid evolution of AZT resistance demonstrates the principle of __________
acting on a population can cause rapid genetic changes in the composition of that
population.

Back 2

a. Natural selection
b. Random mutation
c. Genetic variation
d. Monophylly
e. Homoplasy

Hint 2

a. Natural selection

Front 3

3. The fact that some humans have the CCR5 deletion and some don’t is evidence for
___________ for resistance to HIV.

Back 3

a. Natural selection
b. Random mutation
c. Genetic variation
d. Monophylly
e. Homoplasy

Hint 3

c. Genetic variation

Front 4

4. Which is the best definition of Darwinian fitness?

Back 4

a. The ability of a population to survive in any environment, compared to other populations.
b. The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in any potential environment, compared to other individuals of that population.
c. The ability of a species to survive in a certain environment, compared to other species.
d. The ability of a species to survive over time, compared to other species.

Hint 4

b. The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in any potential environment, compared to other individuals of that population.

Front 5

5. The evolution of new traits is possible because:

Back 5

a. selection can anticipate future environmental changes.
b. mutation and recombination during sexual reproduction produce new genotypes.
c. selection can act on the expression of existing traits in new tissue/organs or at new developmental periods leading to novel functions.
d. The last two are both reasons why selection can lead to new traits.

Hint 5

d. The last two are both reasons why selection can lead to new traits.

Front 6

6. Which of the following statements is true?

Back 6

a. Natural selection can never be progressive because of its random nature.
b. Natural selection usually results in an immediate increase in population variation.
c. Natural selection acts on populations, but its consequences occur in individuals.
d. Natural selection leads to perfection of existing traits.
e. Natural selection acts directly on phenotypes, and only indirectly on genotypes.

Hint 6

e. Natural selection acts directly on phenotypes, and only indirectly on genotypes.

Front 7

7. Which of the following is a true statement regarding preadaptations?

Back 7

a. A trait that is imperfect due to genetic or developmental constraints.
b. A trait that evolved accidentally (usually due to genetic drift) and has no function.
c. A trait that evolved for one function, but that coincidentally is also suited for a new, different function.
d. A trait that is in the initial stages of evolving for a certain function, but has not yet been perfected.

Hint 7

c. A trait that evolved for one function, but that coincidentally is also suited for a new, different function.

Front 8

8. When we say that the genetic code is redundant, we are referring to the fact that
___________.

Back 8

a. some genes affect more than one trait
b. some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
c. some codons code for more than one amino acid
d. humans have more DNA than is ever transcribed and translated some genes have multiple alleles

Hint 8

b. some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon

Front 9

9. Evidence that the human hemoglobin gene family evolved via gene duplication
includes:

Back 9

a. correspondence in the length and positions of exons and introns among globin genes.
b. similarity in function among the globin genes.
c. the presence of pseudogenes -- nonfunctional loci that are structurally similar to the functional loci.
d. high sequence similarity among globin genes.
e. All of the above are evidence that the globin gene family evolved by gene duplication.

Hint 9

e. All of the above are evidence that the globin gene family evolved by gene duplication.

Front 10

10. The most important EVOLUTIONARY consequence of chromosomal inversions is:

Back 10

a. they prevent selection from acting on the alleles within the inverted region,
thereby increasing genetic diversity.
b. they prevent specific groups of alleles from being separated by
crossing-over, allowing them to be inherited together as single
"supergenes."
c. mutation rates are higher in chromosomal inversions
d. they increase the rate of point mutations in the alleles within the inversion.

Hint 10

b. they prevent specific groups of alleles from being separated by crossing-over, allowing them to be inherited together as single "supergenes."

Front 11

11. Which of the following options factually completes the statement, "If a population is
in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium _________________"?

Back 11

a. there can be no more than two alleles.
b. the two alleles will be present at equal frequency.
c. allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next.
d. the dominant allele will be more common.

Hint 11

c. allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next.

Front 12

12. Over the long term, selection favoring the rare phenotype in a polymorphic population (i.e., negative frequency dependent selection), will __________ genetic diversity in the population.

Back 12

a. Decrease
b. Increase
c. Maintain

Hint 12

c. Maintain

Front 13

13. Which of these statements is true for underdominance?

Back 13

a. Allele frequencies will tend to move towards fixation or loss.
b. Allele frequencies will tend to move toward a stable equilibrium.
c. Allele frequencies may initially hover at an unstable equilibrium, but will eventually change.

Hint 13

c. Allele frequencies may initially hover at an unstable equilibrium, but will eventually change.

Front 14

14. Genetic drift

Back 14

a. is random change in allele frequency
b. is important in small populations
c. reduces the fitness of the individuals that have it
d. accounts for most adaptive evolution
e. answers a and b are correct, but c and d are not

Hint 14

e. answers a and b are correct, but c and d are not

Front 15

15. Small relictual populations of collared lizards remain in glades of desert-like habitat
scattered throughout the oak-hickory forests in parts of the Ozark Mountains.
Templeton and colleagues supported the hypothesis that drift had been acting in
these populations by documenting that ____________.

Back 15

a. individual populations where polymorphic for several loci and moat populations were genetically similar to one another.
b. all populations were fixed for the same allele at each locus studied
c. Most populations were fixed for a single genotype, but genotypes
varied among population
d. Average heterozygosity was declining steadily over time.

Hint 15

c. Most populations were fixed for a single genotype, but genotypes
varied among population

Front 16

16. A _______ is a rudimentary, functionless remnant of a trait that is
better-developed and functional in close relatives.

Back 16

vestigial trait

Front 17

17. _____ is use to estimate the age of a volcanic rock using
parent/daughter ratios of certain radioactive elements.

Back 17

Radiometric dating

Front 18

18. The ____ describes the tendency of living animals, to closely
resemble earlier fossils from the same area.

Back 18

law of succession

Front 19

19. _____ are shared derived trait that are used in phylogenetic
analysis to define clades.

Back 19

Synapomorphies

Front 20

20. A _______ is a change in a modified trait back to its ancestral state.

Back 20

reversal

Front 21

21. The generation of an extra copy of a locus, usually via unequal crossing over is
known as __________.

Back 21

gene duplication

Front 22

22. ____________ can immediately create new species.

Back 22

Polyploidy

Front 23

23. ___________ describes the situation in which the heterozygotes a
particular locus tend to have higher fitness than homozygotes.

Back 23

Overdominance

Front 24

24. ____ occurs when an individuals fitness depends
on the frequency of its phenotype in the population; typically occurs when a
phenotype has higher fitness when it is rare and lower fitness when it is common.

Back 24

Frequency-dependent selection

Front 25

25. _________ is said to have occurred when a new mutation becomes fixed in the population.

Back 25

Substitution

Front 26

Richard Owen

Back 26

Homology

Front 27

Jean-Baptiste de Lamark

Back 27

Law of use and disuse

Front 28

James Hutton

Back 28

Uniformitarianism

Front 29

George Cuvier

Back 29

Fact of extinction

Front 30

Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Back 30

C. A technique for estimating the
strength of the evidence that a
particular node in a tree exits

Front 31

Bootstrapping

Back 31

B. An approach to phylogeny
inference based on computing the probability that a particular tree is correct, given a specific model of evolution for the characters being analyzed and the data observed

Front 32

Maximum likelihood

Back 32

A. A phylogenetic inference method for choosing a preferred tree among
many possible trees. A researcher asks how likely a particular tree is given a particular data set and a specific model of character change.

Front 33

dN/dS < 1

Back 33

A. Replacements are deleterious

Front 34

dN/dS = 1

Back 34

C. Replacements are neutral

Front 35

dN/dS > 1

Back 35

B. Replacements are advantageous

Front 36

Describe each of Charles Darwin's four postulates of theory of evolution by natural selection

Back 36

1. Phenotypic variation for a trait is often observed in populations
2. This variation has a heritable basis
3. In every generation some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproduction than others (fitness variation).
4. The fitness variation is related, or covaries with trait variation

Front 37

Monophyletic group

Back 37

The set of taxa (species/populations) descended from a common ancestor

Front 38

Paraphyletic group

Back 38

A set of taxa that includes a common ancestor and some,
but not all of its descendants

Front 39

Describe the two ways in which drift typically occurs in populations

Back 39

Founder effect: A change in the allele frequencies that occurs when a small
random sample of individuals colonies are new area.

Bottleneck effect: A dramatic reduction in population size, typically due to a
catastrophic event, that leads to a random sample of individuals surviving and
a change in allele frequencies.