Exam Flashcards

Front 1

many tropical plants circumvent the loss of carbon fixation due to oxygen by using a four carbon synthesis (C4) metabolism. the special cells of these plants, which can carry out C4 synthesis are..

Back 1

bundle sheath cells

Front 2

in eukaryotes, the glycolytic reactions take place in the..

Back 2

cytoplasm of the cell

Front 3

membrane proteins serve many functions. one of the functions is transportation of substances across the membrane. if a cell biologist placed cells into an environment in which an ATP inhibitory chemical, that affects only the cell membrane, has been added; what process will be blocked?

Back 3

active transport

Front 4

a method devised by succulent desert plants to reduce the problem of photorespiration is..

Back 4

the CAM metabolism

Front 5

the oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as..

Back 5

H2O

Front 6

the turgor pressure observed in plants is a direct result of the plant cells being what to their environment..

Back 6

hyperosmotic

Front 7

oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss in...

Back 7

electrons

Front 8

the sites where molecules other than substrates bind in an enzyme to alter its activity are called..

Back 8

allosteric sites

Front 9

life's ultimate source of energy is derived from..

Back 9

the sun

Front 10

the organic non-protein components that aid in enzyme functioning are called..

Back 10

coenzymes

Front 11

a calorie is the commonly used unit of chemical energy. it is also the unit of..

Back 11

heat

Front 12

in the absorbance of oxygen, hydrogen atoms generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules in a process called..

Back 12

fermentation

Front 13

ATP gives up energy when it is converted to..

Back 13

ADP and phosphate

Front 14

as energy is being reconverted through the many forms, it is continuously lost as...

Back 14

heat

Front 15

the Second Law of Thermodynamics simply states that...

Back 15

energy is constantly being lost as heat in the universe

Front 16

what is not a component of an animal cell membrane?

Back 16

polynucleotides

Front 17

reactions that occur spontaneously and release free energy are called..

Back 17

exergonic reactions

Front 18

the chief energy currency of all cells is a molecule called..

Back 18

ATP

Front 19

the movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called..

Back 19

diffusion

Front 20

the decarboxylation of pyruvate produces..

Back 20

NADH, acetylCoA, and CO2

Front 21

carrier-mediated transport is also called..

Back 21

facilitated diffusion

Front 22

the inorganic non-protein components that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as..

Back 22

cofactors

Front 23

the accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells occurs through the..

Back 23

coupled transport

Front 24

the part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are..

Back 24

non-polar

Front 25

the first stage of cellular respiration, and the oldest in terms of evolution is..

Back 25

glycolysis

Front 26

in bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their..

Back 26

cell walls

Front 27

most of the atmospheric oxygen occurs as a result of photosynthesis, what is the oxygen derived?

Back 27

water

Front 28

chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by..

Back 28

a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane

Front 29

if a blood research laboratory is attempting to collect the content of human red blood cells, the researchers should use what type of solution to cause blood cell lysis (bursting)?

Back 29

hypotonic

Front 30

on the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the cell-type, often these molecules are..

Back 30

carbohydrate chains

Front 31

cholesterol functions in the plasma membrane to..

Back 31

maintain fluidity

Front 32

in muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but..

Back 32

lactate

Front 33

the Fluid Mosaic Model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 included that...

Back 33

the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins actually inserted into the bilayer

Front 34

a single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycle...

Back 34

two turns

Front 35

if a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as of its outside environment, the cell's condition is called as being..

Back 35

isotonic

Front 36

RNA molecules that have been recently reported to act also as enzymes are given the name..

Back 36

ribozymes

Front 37

since membranes are relatively impermeable to ions, most of the protons re-enter the matrix by passing through special channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of the inward flow of protons these channels allow the release of..

Back 37

ATP

Front 38

the process often thought of as "cell eating" is..

Back 38

phagocytes

Front 39

in oxidative respiration, energy is harvested from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major pathways. What is not one of these four pathways?

Back 39

beta oxidation of fatty acid

Front 40

enzymes have specific what with which they interact..

Back 40

substrates

Front 41

a molecule that stores energy by linking charged phosphate groups near each other is called...

Back 41

ATP

Front 42

under standard conditions, ATP can release for every molecule..

Back 42

7.3 Kcal of energy

Front 43

this coenzyme will accept an electron and is used in harvesting energy during glycolysis and fermentation.

Back 43

NAD+

Front 44

the reaction, C6H12O6 + 6O2= 6CO2 + 6 H2O, when it occurs in living cells is known as..

Back 44

aerobic respiration

Front 45

the type of diffusion that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all the protein carriers are in use is..

Back 45

facilitated diffusion

Front 46

yeast cells under anaerobic conditions...

Back 46

produce ethyl alcohol

Front 47

osmosis cal only occur if water travels through the..

Back 47

semi-permeable membrane

Front 48

the First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that..

Back 48

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, just changed from one form to another.

Front 49

a type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as...

Back 49

active transport

Front 50

what is not part of the light-dependent reactions?

Back 50

Calvin Cycle

Front 51

protein catalysts that speed up the various metabolic biological reactions in an organism are called..

Back 51

enzymes

Front 52

reactions that do not proceed spontaneously because they require energy from an outside source are called..

Back 52

endergonic

Front 53

in an enzyme catalyzed reaction the reactant is called..

Back 53

substrate

Front 54

what is not apart of the end products of glycolysis?

Back 54

FADH2

Front 55

at least 90% of organisms on the earth are heterotrophs. Examples do not include..

Back 55

plants