Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define organ.
|
Group of tissues performing common function.
|
|
|
What are membranes? Made of which two tissues?
|
Sheets of tissue, made up of 2 or more different types of tissues. (Some of the simplest organs). Epithelium & connective.
|
|
|
Name the 4 types of membranes. Briefly describe each.
|
Mucous- lines tubes that lead to outside body.
Serous-Line internal body cavities. Synovial- Surround joints.connective tissue. no epithelieal. Cutaneous- skin |
|
|
Describe the mucous membrane.
What are three functions it performs? |
Any tube that leads to outside body.
1. protection- sifts dust and organisms. 2. mucous production & secretion- Golgi bodies 3. absorption |
|
|
What is a serous membrane?
What is its function? |
It lines internal body cavities. (closed cavities)
Secretes serous fluid for lubrication so organs don't wear on each other. |
|
|
Name the three serous membrane linings and their location.
|
1. Pleura- thoracic cavity.
2. pericardium- around heart 3. peritoneum- abdomino-pelvic region |
|
|
Name the two layers of serous membranes. Where are they to be found?
Between the layers, what is found? |
Parietal- lines inside of body wall.
Visceral- lines outside of internal organs Serous fluid. |
|
|
What is function of synovial membrane?
What does it secrete? |
It surrounds joints and with synovial fluid reduces friction.
|
|
|
Is skin a membrane an organ or an organ system?
|
Yes to all three.
|
|
|
Skin is the body's largest organ system.
T/F? |
True.
|
|
|
Name six general functions of skin. Give examples of each.
|
1. Protection- mechanical, chemical, bacterial, UV, dissecation.
2. Temperature homeostasis- sweat glands, capillary beds 3. Excretion- oils, water, nitrogen, wastes 4. Sensation- millions of receptors 5. Synthesis of vitamin D 6. Communication (non-verbal)- goose bumps, blushing |
|
|
What are the two most important protective functions of skin?
|
Bacterial protection and protection from dissecation.
|
|
|
Name the three main layers of skin and their composition.
|
Epidermis- stratum basale, stratum corneum.
Dermis- papillary layer, reticular layer. hypodermis- adipose tissue (insulation) |
|
|
Describe the two layers of the epidermis.
|
squamous epithelium
Stratum basale- constantly dividing to make new cells. stratum corneum- thickest layer, dead, keratinized skin. always sloughing off |
|
|
Describe the two layers of the dermis.
|
papillary layer-areolar connective tissue
reticular layer- deeper layer. 80% thickness of dermis. fibrous connective tissue. (extracellular matrix). very tough. run in planes- lines of cleavage. |
|
|
What are lines of cleavage?
|
collagen fibers oriented in specfic direction on the body. occurs at reticular layer. head/limbs- longitudinally. neck/trunk- circular
|
|
|
What gives skin its color?
|
pigments- melanin (melanocytes) in freckles and moles.
Carotene- in stratum corneum & hypodermis. Hemoglobin- in capillaries |
|
|
Give examples of diagnostic value of skin color.
|
Cyanosis (blue tint)- anemia, insufficient blood, respiratory problems.
Erythemia (reddish tint)- high blood pressure, inflammation. Jaundice (yellowish)- too many bile pigments. gall bladder problem- blocked stones. bronzing- Addison's disease. |
|
|
Name three parts of hair follicle. What is the follicle lined with?
|
1. Hair papilla- point of growth.
2. Oil gland- keeps hair flexible, waterproof. 3. Arrector pili muscle- fluffs up hair for warmth, defense. Lined with epidermis. |
|
|
T/F? Hair is third fastest growing tissue in body.
|
False. It's the fastest.
|
|
|
Name five skin glands. Briefly describe function of each.
|
Oil- hair soft, insulation, water barrier
sweat- temp. and electrolyte balance scent- apocrine mammary- modified sweat glands wax(ceruminous)-trap dust & bacteria. |
|
|
Name three kinds of burns and describe them.
|
1st degree- minor, not past epidermis layer.
2nd- blistering into upper dermis. no scarring w/ care. 3rd- entire thickenss of skin destroyed |
|
|
What is rule of 9s?
|
Divides body into 1/9ths for burn treatment calculation.
|
|
|
What is skin cancer?
|
Cells dividing, often abnormally, faster than normal w/o brakes.
can grow own blood supplies. invade and destroy tissues. |
|
|
What area the three types of skin cancer?
|
1. basal cell- stratum basale proliferates. invades dermis and hypodermis. least malignant.
2. squamous cell- stratum spinosum. can metastasize into lymph system. 3. malignant melanoma- most fatal. where there is pigment. metastasize to lymph and blood vessels. |
|
|
How often does the skeletal system replace all its cells?
|
5 to 7 years.
|
|
|
Name 6 functions of skeletal system.
|
1. support
2. movement 3. protection- skull, vertabrae, rib cage, pelvic bone, bones (blood cell tisue) 4. mineral storage- Ca++ (nerve, heart, glands, blood clotting) & blood Ca++ homeostasis (hormones active in keeping level constant) 5. hematopoiesis- 6. detoxification- removes heavy metals. can be problem if buildup is too great. |
|
|
Name the four types of bones. Describe and give examples.
|
1. long bones- shaft w/bulge on each end. (femur, digits) levers.
2. short bones- about as long as wide (like pebbles, rocks) wrist/ankle bones.limited motion. 3. flat bones- skull bones, shoulder blade, pelvic bone, ribs.enclose & protect. 4. irregular bones- vertebra, some bones in skull. |
|
|
Name two main areas of long bone. What are each made of?
|
1. diaphysis (shaft)- made up of compact bone
2. epiphysis (head)- made up of spongy bone |
|
|
What lines the outside of the bone? what is its function?
|
Periosteum- tough and of fibrous connective tissue membrane. Contains blood vessels and nerves that go into the bone.
|
|
|
What are the two components of long bones? what are they made of?
what do they contain? |
diaphysis- dense compact bone. yellow marrow.
epiphysis- spongy bone. red marrow. blood cells made here. articular cartilage attaches here. trabeculae |
|
|
What lines the outside and inside of bones? What do they do?
|
Periosteum- fibrous CT. attached to outside- provides blood and nerves to inside of bone.
Endosteum- fibrous CT. Brings in blood vessels and nerves. |
|
|
Name the three main tissues of the skeletal system.
|
Bone, cartilage, fibrous CT
|
|
|
Draw and describe the components and organization of compact bone.
|
Bullseye pattern, canal system, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, osteocytes
|
|
|
What are the two components of long bones? what are they made of?
what do they contain? |
diaphysis- dense compact bone. yellow marrow.
epiphysis- spongy bone. red marrow. blood cells made here. articular cartilage attaches here. trabeculae |
|
|
What lines the outside and inside of bones? What do they do?
|
Periosteum- fibrous CT. attached to outside- provides blood and nerves to inside of bone.
Endosteum- fibrous CT. Brings in blood vessels and nerves. |
|
|
Name the three main tissues of the skeletal system.
|
Bone, cartilage, fibrous CT
|
|
|
Draw and describe the components and organization of compact bone.
|
Bullseye pattern, canal system, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, osteocytes
|
|
|
Three main bone tissues of skeletal system?
|
1. bone
2. cartilage 3. FCT (fibrous connetive tissue) |
|
|
Three types of cartilage? Giive examples of each.
|
1. hyaline- nose cartilage, trachea
2. elastic- ear, epiglottis 3. fibrocartilage- pubis synthesis, intervertebral discs |
|
|
Describe hyaline cartilage.
|
1. Covers joint surfaces
2. Matrix is flexible 3. Chondrocytes found in cell lacunae 4. No blood supply- diffusion. Examples: nose and tachea cartilage |
|
|
Describe elastic cartilage.
|
Springs back. very flexible.
|
|
|
Describe fibrocartilage.
|
Highly compressible w/ tensile strength
|
|
|
Describe fribrous cartilage.
|
No direct blood supply.
Ligaments & tendons. Lots of collagen fibers Long time to heal. |
|
|
1. Skeleton what % body mass?
2. Is each bone an organ? 3. Bone is 65% what? |
1. 20%
2. Yes 3. hydroxyapatite. (mineral salts) |
|
|
1. What are the two main parts of skeleon?
2. Name their major components. |
Axial skeleton-skull vertebral column, ribcage
Appendicular skeleton- pectoral and appendicular appendages. |
|
|
What are the two types of skeletal girdles?
|
Pectoral- clavicle and scapula
Appendicular- pelvis |
|
|
1. Define bone markings.
2. What are some of their functions? |
1. Any bump, depression, hole or pit that has a function in A or P.
2. Muscle attachment, points of articulation, channels for blood vessel and nerve passage |
|
|
Name some (7) bone markings and what they describe.
|
Head-bony expansion on narrow neck
process- any boney prominence foramen- hole through bone sinus- cavity w/in a bone (airway, mucus membrane) fossa- basinlike depression suture-solid joint condyle-round articular projection tubercle-smal round projection |
|
|
Name 6 fontanelles. (SPAM)
Their purpose? |
2 sphenoid
2 mastoid anterior posterior Makes big skull flexible for passage |
|
|
What are the sinuses? (FEMS)
Briefly describe sinuses. |
frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid
Cavities w/in skull. part of respiratory system. warm and moisten air. easily inflamed. increase voice. |
|
|
What are the major bones of skull? (SMOTE)
|
Sphenoid, maxillary, occipital, temporal, ethmoid
|
|
|
Describe maxillary bone. What is its relation to cleft palate?
|
contains teeth. hard palate- separates nasal cavity from mouth. CP is incompletely fused bone. Hard for baby to nurse due to no separation of digestion/nasal areas.
|
|
|
Describe temporal bone.
|
Only bone with bones within. (anvil, hammer, stirrup).
|
|
|
Describe sphenoid bone. (bat-shaped)
|
1. The anchor bone in skull.
2. Forms floor of cranium. 3. Connects facial & skull bones together. 4. Contains sella turcica. |
|
|
1. Where does pituitary gland rest in skull?
2. What does pituitary gland do? |
1. Sella turcica.
2. As "master gland" it controls most hormones in body. |
|
|
Describe ethmoid bone. (walnut)
|
1. Forms part of nasal passageway.
2. Thinnest, most fragile part of skull 3. Contains crista galli. 4. Contains cribiform plate. |
|
|
1. Describe function or crista galli.
2. Describe cribiform plate. |
1. It secures fluid sac surrounding the brain.
2. Olfactory nerves pass through this plate to brain. Olfactory lobe sits here. Nose whack can break it and kill you. Brain slosh can snap nerves- no smell. |
|
|
Describe occipital bone.
|
1. Back of skull.
2. Contains foramen magnum- opening for spinal cord. 3. Has occipital condyles- articulation point for C1 vertebra. |
|
|
What area the 5 vetebral regions? Briefly describe each.
|
1. cervical- spinous process is split. Three vertebral foramen.
2. thoracic- articulate w/ ribs. have facets for ribs. 3. lumbar- largest vertebra. size only distinction. 4. sacral- fused together. pelvic girdle attaches here. (sacroilliac joint) 5. coccygeal- vestigial. small, fused together. easy to break. |
|
|
Describe vertebral anatomy (6 parts of vertebra).
|
1. body
2. spinous process 3. transverse process 4. vertebral foramen- "hole" 5. inferior articular process 6. superior articular process. |
|
|
Describe differences between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra.
|
cervical- three foramen split spinous process.
thoracic- articulate w/ ribs. only vertebra w/ facets. lumbar- large. no transverse process facets.. |
|
|
1. Describe three three types of ribs.
2. Where do ribs attach? |
1. True (own cartilage), false (share cartilage), and floating (no cartilage)
2. on thoracic vertebrae. specifically, to transverse process & body. |
|
|
What are girdles?
|
Bones that attach appendages to the axial skeleton.
|
|
|
1. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?
2. What bones attach to the girdle? |
1. clavicle, scapula
2. humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
|
|
What are the bones of the pelvic girdle?
|
pelvis, femur, tibia, fibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
|
|
|
What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of the pelvic and pectoral girdles?
|
Pectoral girdle is: more agile, has greater freedom of movement, but has less strength. The pelvic girdle is strong and provides much support but has much less agility.
|
|
|
Describe 4 markings of the scapula.
|
glenoid cavity. spine. acromonium, coracoid process.
|
|
|
How does humerus fit to scapula?
|
At glenoid cavity, a rough, shalllow fit. held in place by tendons and ligaments.
|
|
|
In forearm, what articulates with hand? with elbow?
|
Proximal ulna w/ distal part of humerus. distal radius w/ hand.
|
|
|
1. What is name for medial to lateral half of pelvis?
2. What are 4 major markings? 3.Rough description of location of each. |
1. os coxa.
2. Ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulaum 3. Ilium- forms flaring portion. Ischium- curved part one sits on. Pubis- bone in front @ pubic area. Acetabulum- socket for femur. |
|
|
How can you tell male from female pelvis?
|
For female:
1. Pubic arch is wider.(90 degrees or greater) 2. True pelvis is wider. 3. Hipbone flares more. |
|
|
Which bone articulates with femur and foot?
|
Tibia.
|
|
|
1. What are articulations?
2. What are two ways one can classifiy articulations? |
1. Joints between bones.
2. based on degree of movement & based on structure. |
|
|
1. Describe the 3 types of articulations based on degree of movment. Describe type of tissue involved. Give joint examples.
|
1) immovable (synarthrosis) fibrous connective tissue. skull sutures, teeth in sockets. 2) slightly movable (amphiarthrosis). cartilaginous. intervertebral disc. 3)freely movable (diarthrosis). ball &socket. synovial. knee joint.
|
|
|
1. Describe the 3 types of articulations based on structure. Give joint examples.
|
1. Fibrous- two bones held together by fibrous CT. sutures.
2. cartilaginous- held together by some kind of cartilage. intervertebral discs. 3.synovial- held together by synovial membrane. knee joint |
|
|
Describe synovial joint.
|
Most complex joint. each end of bone has articular cartilage. joint capsule is present. synovial membrane seretes fluid.
|
|
|
Briefly describe bone.
|
Is an active tissue. completely replaces self every 10 years or so. is densest tissue. (20% water). is constantly growing.
|
|
|
Name two types of osteocytes and describe.
|
Osteoblast- bone-forming cell.
Osteoclast- bone-destroying cell. |
|
|
Briefly describe bone development from fetus to adult.
|
In fetus all bone starts as cartilage. beginning in diaphysis and then in epiphysis, Ossification changes cartilage to bone. Growth & sex hormones stimulate ossification. Bone usually stops growing around 20 years old.
|
|
|
What causes dwarfism and gigantism?
|
Hormone imbalances.
|
|
|
1. What are the two main adult hormones for skeletal system? What do they do?
2. How are they regulated? |
1. Calcitonin- stimulates osteoblasts (growth)
PTH- stimulates osteoclasts (destruction). 2. By thyroid gland. |
|
|
1. Why is blood Ca++ important? (4)
2. How are blood Ca++ levels controlled? |
1. Ca++ is needed for cell division, nerve firing, heart beating, gland secretion.
2.When too much Ca in blood, calcitonin is secreted, increasing osteoblasts and drawing Ca into bones. When too little Ca is present, PTH is secreted, increasing osteoclasts, and delivering more Ca to blood. |
|
|
What is effect of exercise on bones?
|
Builds and strengthens them.
|
|
|
Why is a poor diet a risk for pregnant women?
|
Fetus extracts massive amounts of Ca from mother. Without sufficient Ca intake, mother can develop osteoporsis.
|
|
|
Name the 4 main stages of bone repair after breakage. ("He Should Be Resting")
|
1. Hematoma formation- blood clot.
2. Soft callus (w/in days)- spongy bone. Osteoblasts migrate to site. 3. Bony callus (w/in weeks)- Strengthens bone. 4. Rebuilding (w/in months)- very clean repair. stronger than surrounding bone. poorly set bone will straighten w/ time from wieght & impact. |
|
|
Three types of muscle.
|
1. skeletal
2. cardiac 3. smooth |
|
|
Name 5 general functions of skeletal muscles.
|
1. movement (voluntary)
2. sphincters- control body openings 3. posture & stability- stabilize joints 4. communication- facial muscles. vocal cords. 5. temperature homeostasis- heat generation |
|
|
1. What % of body mass is skeletal muscle tissue?
2. How efficient are the muscles? |
1. 40%
2. 3/4 energy for muscles turns to heat. 1/4 for movement (about same for car engine) |
|
|
Regarding muscle systems, what are the three main tissues?
|
1. FCT
2. nervous tissue 3. muscle tissue |
|
|
For a typical muscle organ, describe the construction and the tissues involved. Describe each. (Quick sketch)
|
Tissues (all are FCT)- epimysium- wraps organ. perimysium- wraps fascicle. endomysium-wraps individual muscle cell.
fascicle- discrete bundle or compartment of muscle fibers w/in organ. tendon- FCT, connects muscle to bone. ligament- FCT, conects bone to bone. aponeurosis- sheet of FCT joining muscles to bone and to muscles. |
|
|
What is tendon?
What is torn tendon? |
FCT, attaches muscle to bone across joint. is continuous with periosteum around bone.
Torn tendon has actually pulled away from bone. |
|
|
What is the relation between tendon and epi-, peri-, and enodmysium?
|
The latter three all join together beyond the muscle continuous w/ the tendon.
|
|
|
How many nerve cell attach to each muscle cell? Where do they attach?
|
One.
Neuromuscular junction (motor end plate). |
|
|
What are 4 basic principles of muscles?
|
1. Muscle pull, not push.
2. Bones act as levers. 3. There are different kinds of movements. 4.There are many ways bones are named. |
|
|
How are muscles paired? Describe.
|
As opposing groups. There are prime movers, synergists (asisters), and antagonists (opposite movement).
|
|
|
Bones act as levers. Describe 2 muscle points. Give example.
|
Muscles stretch across joint.
Origin- least movable (point of attachment) Insertion- most movable (point of attachment) bicep. attaches to humerus, moves ulna and radius. |
|
|
Name 5 or 6 types of articulation.
|
flexion/ extension
abduction/ adduction inversion/ eversion doriflexion/ plantarflexion circumduction pronation/ supination |
|
|
Name 6 ways to name skeletal muscles. (FLASHS)
|
1. Size
2. Shape 3. Action 4. Location 5. Number of heads 6. Fiber direction |
|
|
What is a tensor muscle?
|
Stiffens for holding things in place. e.g. posture.
|
|
|
What is a donut muscle that goes around an opening to close it?
|
Sphincter
|
|
|
Name muscles to move upper arm both ways.
|
flex- pectoralis major
extend- latissimus dorsi abduct- deltoid adduct- pectoralis major/latissimus dorsi |
|
|
Name muscles to move forearm both ways.
|
flex- bicep brachii
extend- triceps brachii |
|
|
Name muscles to move hand both ways.
|
flex- flexors (ventral surface of arm)
extend- extensors (dorsal surface of arm. |
|
|
Name muscles to move thigh both ways.
|
abduct- tensor fascia latae
adduct- adductor longus flex- rectus femorus extend- gluteus maximus |
|
|
Name muscles to move lower leg both ways.
|
flex- biceps femoris/ semitendenosus
extend-rectus femoris/ vastus medialis & vastus lateralis |
|
|
Name muscles to move foot both ways.
|
dorsiflexion- tibialis anterior
plantarflexion- gastrocnemius, soleus |
|
|
What are sphincter muscle of head?
|
Obicularis oculi
Obicularis oris |
|
|
What muscle closes jaw?
|
Masseter
|
|
|
How many muscles move eye? What are the sets called?
|
5. two pair and one individual.
Extrinsic eye muscles |
|
|
Name muscles to move lungs both ways.
|
Inspiration- diaphragm/ external intercostals (extra breath)
expiration- passive for normal/ internal intercostals |
|
|
What gives the "6-pack" look?
|
Rectus abdominus
|
|
|
How are skeletal muscle cells different? (3 or 4 ways)
|
1. Specialized for shortening and contracting.
2. Many nuclei 3. lots of mitochondria 4. Up to foot long |
|
|
Name the membrane, cytoplasm, and ER for muscle cell.
|
Sarcolemna, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum.
|
|
|
What does SR(eticulum) do?
|
It is muscle cell ER.
wraps around myofibril regulates Ca++ stores calcium |
|
|
What are T-tubules? Their function?
|
Modification of sarcolemma.
Canals that open to outside of sarcolemna Telegraph impulses to every myofibril to contract at same time |
|
|
Myofibrils are composed of what kind of filaments?
|
Thick & think filaments
|
|
|
Name some skin imbalances. GIve a couple examples.
|
Allergies- poison ivy
infections- virus (cold sores) fungal (athletes foot) bacterial (impetigo) genetic- psoriasis Autoimmune disease- alopecia areata |
|
|
How does aging affect skin?
|
hair- thin and grey
oil glands- atrophy & skin and hair drier skins layers- mitosis decline (skin thinner, translucent), elastic fibers lost (sagging skins) blood vessels fragile. age spots. |
|
|
What is bone composed of? (5)
|
1. bone
2. blood 3. cartilage 4. nervouse tissue 5. FCT |
|
|
Red marrow is found where in adults?
|
vertebrae, ribs, girdles, proximal heads of humerus & femur.
|
|
|
From what is hyoid bone suspended?
|
styloid process
|
|
|
What does patella do? how is it attached?
|
allows tendon to slide smoothly across knee joint. w/o, 30% los of mobility and strength.
attached by tendons. no direct articulation. |
|
|
Draw and describe structure of synovial joint.
|
joint capsule.
articular cartilage. joint cavity synovial membrane & fluid periosteum |
|
|
what are bursa?
|
synovial sacs.
between tendons and ligaments. cushion and reduce friction. |
|
|
what do ligaments do?
|
hold joints in place
limit range of motion (are more elastic than tendons) |
|
|
EC- what are some bone problems?
|
1. vertebral curve 2. rickets 3. rheumatoid disease 4. osteomyelitis 5. ruptured disc 6. gout 7. tendonitis 8. bursitis 9. dwarfism
|
|
|
4 kinds of muscle tissue.
|
1. nervous tissue
2. muscle tissue 3. blood and blood vessels 4. FCT |
|
|
what is alopecia areata?
|
autoimmune disease- causes hair to fall out. usually short term.
|
|
|
List 12 steps of muscle contraction/relaxation.
|
1. Nerve impulse to motor end plate 2. neurotransmitter (ACh) release 3.ACh diffusion across synapse 4. New impulse across sarcolemma 5. Impulse into T-tubules 6. SR stimulation to release Ca++ 7. Ca++ allows thcik thin filaments to react w/ each other 8. Thick/thin fibers slide into each other 9. Muscle shortens 10. Ca++ returns to SR 11. Thick/thin fibers "let go" 12. Muscle cell relaxes
|
|
|
Name some poisons that can affect synapses.
|
Botulism- toxin leads to paralysis: blocks ACh
Black widow toxin- stimulates massive ACh release: muscle overstimulation 3. Nicotine- mimics ACh: hyperactive muscle cell action |
|
|
Define latent period.
|
Period when 1-9 happen
|
|
|
1. What is muscle twitch?
2. Stimulus threshold? |
1. response of muscle to a single threshold stimulus.
2. minimum stimulus to generate contraction.. |
|
|
Explain difference between "all or none" and "graded strength."
|
All or none- no partial muscle contraction. it's on or off.
Graded strength- gradual increase in muscle tension. |
