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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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non specific defense |
1 barriers to entry 2 activation of innate immunity 3 phagocytosis 4 fever 5 interferon 6 inflammatory responce |
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activation of innate immunity |
PAMPs (surface proteins) Toll like receptors ( on immune cells) recognize foreign objects |
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phagocytosis |
cell eating |
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steps of phagocytosis |
rolling-capture-activation-spreading-extravasation |
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fever |
due to a chemical called pyrogen ( increases body heat) |
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why are fevers good short term |
-increases phagocytosis (work good under higher temperatures) -iron sequester in spleen and liver (pathogens are unable to multiply) |
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interferon |
chemical released from affected viral or cancer cell, it has antiviral or anticancer properties |
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inflammatory response |
complement triggers mast cell to release histamine which causes vasodilatation then extravasation |
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specific defense |
t-cells and b-cells |
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t-cells |
-cell mediated immunity -mature in the Thymus -killer T-cells release perfurin ( which makes holes in the cell membrane) |
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b-cells |
-antibody mediated immunity -mature in the bone marrow -plasma cells (secrete antibodies) -memory cells( hangout in lymphatic cells until needed) |
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actions of antibodies |
-agglutination (clumping/dying) -neutralize bacterial toxins -opsonizations (stimulates phagocytosis) -complement activation (protein cascade system puts holes in membrane) |
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primary response |
first time a pathogen enters the body, typically takes 3 to 5 weeks |
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secondary response |
after the first time a pathogen enters the body, typically takes a day to recognize because of memory cells |
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types of acquired immunity |
active-antiges passive- antibodies natural- not injected artificial- vaccinations |
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sever immunodeficiency disorder |
born without a thymus, there for no T-cells and no cell mediated immunity |
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allergies |
immune response to nonpathogenic substances ( a lot of inflammation occurs) |
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immediate hypersensitivity |
B-cells antihistamines and adrenergic drugs ex: epi pen |
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delayed hypersensitivity |
T-cells corticosteroids |
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lymphatic system function |
-transport water -transport and absorb lipids -defense/immunity |
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arteries |
-carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated). -pressure system -tunica media is much thicker because it deals with high levels of pressure |
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vasoconstriction |
blood vessel diameter decreases ( pressure increases) |
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vasodilatation |
blood vessel diameter increases (pressure decreases) |
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veins |
-carries blood to the heart (deoxygenated) -volume resivor -contain valves -tunica media is thinner because it does not handle high levels of pressure |
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how does blood return to the heart? |
-gravity -respiratory pump -skeletal muscle pump |
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capillaries |
-site of material exchange -1 cell membrane thick (endothelium) -material exchanges by filtration and diffusion |
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systolic pressure |
arterial pressure during ventricular contraction |
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diastolic pressure |
arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation |
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normal blood pressure range |
120/80 |
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prehypertension |
120-139/80-89 are likely to develop hypertension if you do not make major life changes |
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hypertension |
140+/90+ high blood pressure |
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why is hypertension bad? |
if you have an increase in blood pressure this means you have an increase in in pressure filtration and long term this causes tissue edema. could also cause stroke |
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hypotension |
below normal range in blood pressure |
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why is hypotension bad? |
because to low of blood pressure could shut off pressure filtration completely and cause tissue to die |
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formula for net pressure |
net pressure=BP-PCOP BP-blood pressure PCOP- plasma colloidal osmotic pressure (dissolved albumin) |
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positive number in pressure filtration |
filtration |
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negative number in pressure filtration |
reabsorption |
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Mean arterial pressure (MAP) function and formula |
MAP= CO xPR helps regulate pressure filtration |
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factors that affect MAP |
-blood volume -blood viscosity -vessel diameter/nervous system -barcoreceptors and vasomotor center |
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erythrocytes |
-RBC -lack a nucleus so have 120 day life span -main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin |
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hemoglobin |
respiratory pigment in RBC. they are divided into four subunits and each unit contains a HEME group. Within the heme group is an iron and each iron can bind to one oxygen for transport. GLOBIN binds to carbon dioxide for transport. |
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erythrocytosis |
increased RBC count. could be to high elevations or blood dopping. |
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erythropoietin |
hormone released by the kidneys to stimulate RBC production. |
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erythrocytopenia |
decreased RBC count. could be because of anemia |
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anemia |
lack of hemoglobin (low iron and vitamin B12) |
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RBC destruction |
RBCs are destroyed in the spleen by macrophages (monocytes) via phagocytosis. When RBCs are broken down they recycle iron and bilirubin (makes bile) is released. |
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Physiological Jaundice |
increased level of bilirubin in babies who's livers are properly not functioning yet. Yellow skin color |
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plasma and plasma proteins albumin |
regulates blood pressure, released by the liver
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plasma and plasma proteins
antibodies/components |
immune response
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plasma and plasma proteins
fibrinogen |
important factor in blood clotting (hemostasis) |
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platelet function |
involved in hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) |
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steps of clot formation |
1- vasoconstriction 2-platelet plug formation 3-coagulation |
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Step 1 of clot formation |
vasoconstriction, blood vessel diameter decreases which reduces the blood flow to site |
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step 2 of clot formations |
platelet plug formation platelets are not active when they reach site so ADP activates platelets and VWF makes everything stick together |
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step 3 of clot formation |
Coagulation fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by: Ca, protein factos, and prothrombin is converted to thrombin |
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blood clotting disorder |
hemophilia- blood does not clot (inherited) vitamin K deficiency (acquired) |
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systemic circulation |
blood is being pumped throughout the body, left ventricle, heart wall is much thicker because it handles high pressures pumping the blood throughout the entire body |
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pulmonary circulation |
pumps blood to the lungs, right ventricle, heart wall is thinner because it is not dealing with high pressures and only has to pump to the lungs |
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systole |
phase of ventricular contractions |
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diastole |
phase of ventricular relaxation |
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equation for pulse pressure |
pulse pressure= systolic pressure-diastolic pressure |
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lub |
first sound of the heart, it is the A-V valve closing |
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dub |
second sound of the heart, the semilunar valve closing |
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heart murmur |
due to leaky valves, less blood being pumped out of the heart because of backflow |
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equation for cardiac output |
CO= HR x SV if increase in PP than increase in SV, if decrease in PP than decrease in SV |
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Regulation of cardiac output pace maker |
SA node in the right atrium sets the rhythm of heart |
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Regulation of cardiac output
nervous system |
sympathetic- fight or flight (increases HR and SV)
parasympathetic- rest and digest (decrease HR) |
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Regulation of cardiac output
hormones |
epinephrine
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Regulation of cardiac output
auto regulation |
Frank-Starling law= an increase stretch on the heart will increase the force of contraction to a limit |
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congestive heart failure |
when the heart passes the level of stretch |
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arteriosclerosis |
hardening of the arteries, a build up of lipids and cholesterol thus decreasing the blood vessel diameter and blood flow |
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HDL |
high density lipoprotein increase in proteins and a decrease in lipid LOW CHOLESTEROL "good" |
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LDL |
low density lipoprotein decrease in protein and increase in lipid HIGH CHOLESTEROL "bad" |
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stain drugs |
can decrease LDL and increase HDL (reverse the affects) |
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Ischemic heart disease |
Heart attack, low blood flow into the heart muscles thus low levels of oxygen in muscle which causes the muscle to die fixing it by angioplasty and coronary bypass surgery |
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ventilation |
breathing |
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inspiration |
moving air into the lungs from the environment, the diaphragm and external intercostals are involved. NEGATIVE PRESSURE SYSTEM, when diaphragm contracts(moves down) it increases the volume and decreases the pressure |
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expirations |
air moving from the lungs to the environment, POSITIVE PRESSURE SYSTEM, diaphragm relaxes (moves up) it decreases the volume and increases pressure |
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equation for minute volume |
minute volume= tidal volume x breathing rate |
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Chronic bronchitis |
inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles
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emphysema |
alveolar wall destruction, it decreases the surface area for gas exchanges and CO2 gets trapped making it hard to expire |
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asthema |
increased amount of bronchiole construction which reduces air flow to lungs |
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pulmonary surfactant |
lipoprotein secreted by type 2 alveolar cells which decreases surface tension and prevents alveolar wall collapse |
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respiratory distress syndrome |
surfactant is produced 24-27 weeks premature babies are placed in hyperberic oxygen chambers so they can have gas exchange occur until surfactant is produced. |
