Exam 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

study of structure

Hint 1

Form

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

study of function

Front 3

Know the levels of structural organization and how they fit together. For example, atoms create molecules and cells grouped together are called tissue.

a. Atoms

b. Molecules

c. Macromolecules

d. Organelles

e. ***Cells

f. Tissue:

g. Organ

h. Organ system

i. organism

Back 3

A) (ex. Hydrogen)

B) b.put two atoms together, ex. H2O

c. ex. Protein, carbohydrates, lipids

d. mitochondria – makes ATP, nucleus

e. basic unit of structure and function(A&P) begins; 70 million cells

f. muscle tissue, skeletal tissue

g. heart since it has a variety of tissues

h. putting organs together

i. Living things

Front 4

Know and define the 10 characteristics of all human organisms. (MG-RRR-DACAE)

a. Movement: internal;

b. Growth:

c. ****Responsiveness

d. Reproduction:

e. Respiration:

f. Digestion

g. Absorption

h. Circulation

i. Assimilation

j. Excretion

Back 4

Know and define the 10 characteristics of all human organisms. (MG-RRR-DACAE)

a. internal; heart beating and gross; actual body movement, ex. running

b. increase size

c.changes (react to internal-blood calcium or external - goosebumps) calcium is need for brain function. Heart to beat and for muscles to contract

d. make something new

e. take in oxygen, release carbon

f. break down food (catabolic metabolism)

g. passage of substances through certain membranes

h. movement of substances within the body in body fluids

i. change absorbed substances into chemically different forms (anabolism metabolism)

j. removal of waste

Front 5

Metabolism:

Back 5

sum total of chemical reactions occurring in body OR metabolism is the total of all energy transformation

Front 6

Catabolism

Back 6

breakdown of organic matter

Front 7

Anabolism

Back 7

buildup of organic matter

Front 8

the steady-state of equilibrium existing in the body and the maintenance of this state. Maintenance of a stable internal environment surrounding cells (i.e. water, food, oxygen, heat and pressure) while factors in the external environment may change. Keeping internal body happy AT RESTING STATE

Back 8

Homeostasis

Front 9

set point is the middle, heart rate goes up and down the line never in the middle because will die

i. Pulled above setpoint is a stimulus à Receptors pickup info in the environment à control center {brain} (set point is programed here) à effectors (muscles or glands that do the work) {thermostat ex}

Back 9

Homeostatic set point;

Front 10

Homeostatic mechanisms

Back 10

are those organs/processes acting to maintain homeostasis. These mechanisms are self-regulating feedback systems. Mechanism receives signals (feedback) about changes away from the normal set point and causes reactions that tend to return conditions to normal. Most homeostatic mechanisms are “negative feedback systems” wherein changes from the normal state stimulate responses in the opposite direction; these changes are considered negative.

Front 11

Body temp too high:

Back 11

stimulus (body temp rises above normal) à receptors (thermoreceptors send signals to CC) à control center (brain detects deviation from set point and signals effectors à effectors (skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete) à response (body heath is lost to surroundings, temp drops toward normal)

Front 12

Body temp too low:

Back 12

stimulus (body temp drops)àreceptors à CC (sends info to effector organs)à effectors (skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive (goosebumps) OR if body temp continues to drop, CC signals muscles to contract involuntarily (FINISH THIS CHART)

Front 13

Negative feedback system:

Back 13

process that moves conditions back towards the normal state; back to normal state

Front 14

Positive feedback system: Survival mode;

Back 14

process that moves away from normal state (blood clotting, child birth)

Front 15

Know what organisms requirement from our environment and why we need those things, such as water, oxygen, etc. (WFOHP)

a. required for metabolic reactions; transports substances; regulate temperature (intracellular & extracellular)

b. provide necessary nutrients; supply raw material for building new living matter; regulate vital chemical reactions

c. need it in order to make ATP

d. byproduct of metabolic reactions; more heat more quicker reactions occur (hot & cold weather)

e. necessary for breathing and blood flow (air pressure, blood pressure)

Back 15

Know what organisms requirement from our environment and why we need those things, such as water

a. Water:

b. Food:

c. Oxygen:

d. Heat

e. Pressure

Front 16

Know terms of relative position and the anatomical position

a. Superior:

b. Inferior:

c. Anterior (ventral):

d. Posterior (dorsal):

e. Medial:

f. Lateral:

g. Ipsilateral:

h. Contralateral:

i. Proximal:

j. Distal:

Back 16

Know terms of relative position and the anatomical position

a. a part is above another part, or closer to the head.

b. a part is below another part, or toward the feet.

c. toward the front.

d. toward the back.

e. a part is closer to an imaginary midline dividing the body or body part into equal left and right halves. (both parts on mid line you cannot use medial or lateral)

f. a part is toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline.

g. pertains to the same side. (right ear and right hip) (if one is on the mid line you cant use it)

h. pertains to the opposite side. (left hip/right hip) (if one is on the mid line you cant use it)

i. a part is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part. (beneath collarbone to hips, torso) (both on truck cant use proximal/distal)

j. a part is farther from the trunk or farther from another specific point of reference than another part.

Front 17

Proximal and distal are often used with reference to limbs only, however, proximal and distal can be used with reference to the head.

k. Superficial:

l. Peripheral:

m. Deep:

Back 17

Proximal and distal are often used with reference to limbs only, however, proximal and distal can be used with reference to the head.

k. situated near the surface.

l. outward or near the surface (Used to describe the location of certain blood vessels and nerves.)

m. inward or more internal.

Front 18

Know all the names of the three cardinal planes and define how they each divide the body.

a. refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into left and right portions. Midsagittal is used only when referring to the entire body.

b. refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

c. refers to a section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Back 18

Know all the names of the three cardinal planes and define how they each divide the body.

a. Sagittal, midsagittal, median or anteroposterior:

b. Coronal, frontal or lateral:

c. Transverse or horizontal: