Exam 1

Front 1

Characteristics of living organisms

Back 1

1. Cells

2. Metabolism

3. Growth

4. Excretion

5. Responsiveness

6. Movement

7. Reproduction

Front 2

Levels of Structural Organization

Back 2

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ System

6. Organism

Front 3

Feedback Loops

Back 3

Front 4

Homeostasis

Back 4

Maintenance of the bodies internal environment

Front 5

Negative Feedback Loop

Back 5

Front 6

Positive Feedback Loops

Back 6

Front 7

The Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

Back 7

Front 8

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Back 8

Caused by collagen mis-production; causes easy bleeding and ongoing joint dislocations.

Front 9

Marfan Syndrome

Back 9

Caused by mutated genes for elastic fibers; causes extreme tallness and extremely long limbs; ongoing joint dislocations and aortal ruptures.

Front 10

Basement Membrane

Back 10

Has two components - the basil lamina are synthesized by epithelial cells and consist mostly of collagen fibers and ground substance; and the reticular lamina which is manufactured by connective tissue deep to the epithelial tissues and consistent reticular fibers and ground substance.

Front 11

Apical Surface

Back 11

Top of the surface of the cells

Front 12

Basal Surface

Back 12

Bottom surface of the cells attached to the basal paloma

Front 13

Epithelial Tissue

Back 13

-Consists of cells that are tightly packed together with no visible ECM.

-Avascular and obtain all nutrients through diffusion.

-The basil lamina and the reticular lamina anchor the epithelial cells.

Front 14

Connective Tissue

Back 14

Acts like Velcro and connects all other tissues in the body to one another.

Front 15

Muscle Tissue

Back 15

Composed of cells that can contract and generate force with little ECM between the cells.

Front 16

Nervous Tissue

Back 16

Has unique ECM cells can generate, send, and receive messages.

Front 17

ECM

Back 17

Front 18

The ECM Includes...

Back 18

Front 19

Tight Junction

Back 19

Hold cells tightly together making the spaces between them in permeable and thus preventing macromolecules from passing between adjacent cells.

Front 20

Desmosomes

Back 20

Are composed of integral proteins that link cells; act like buttons or snaps; increase the strength of a tissue by holding the cells together so that mechanical stress is more evenly distributed.

Front 21

Gap Junctions

Back 21

Link two adjacent cells; are small pores in adjacent plasma membrane is formed by protein channels and they allow small substances to pass freely between the cytosol of two cells.

Front 22

Simple Epithelial

Back 22

Consists of one layer of cells

Front 23

Simple Squamous Epithelial

Back 23

Consists of a single layer of flat egg like cells; Relatively thin so substances can fuse across it rapidly; forms the outer boundary of the serous membrane, lines certain parts of kidney tubules, and lines blood vessels. Regenerative.

Front 24

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial

Back 24

Square with a large central nucleus; relatively thin so substances can diffuse across it rapidly; found in the ducts of many glands and the thyroid glands. Regenerative.

Front 25

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 25

Appear tall and rectangular in section. May have microvilli or cilia; found in the small intestine, gallbladder, and kidney tubules. Regenerative.

Front 26

Pseudostratified Columnar Epitelium

Back 26

Appears Stratified; found in upper respiratory passages and nasal cavity and trachea where it is ciliated. Regenerative.

Front 27

Keratonized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 27

Consists of many layers; top layers consist of dead cells filled with the protein keratin; forms the outer layer of our skin; Regenerative.

Front 28

Nonkeratonized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 28

Found in organs that require protection from mechanical abrasion but need to retain the moist surface not found with keratonized. Found in throat, esophagus, vagina, and anus. Regenerative.

Front 29

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 29

Rare; consists of many layers; make up sweat glands; regenerative.

Front 30

Stratified columnar epithelium

Back 30

Rare and consists of many layers; usually ciliated; found salivary glands or ducts; regenerative.

Front 31

Transitional Epithelium

Back 31

Name for incorrect belief that its shape is between cuboidal and squamous; found only in urinary system where it lines the interior of the kidney, the uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra. Regenerative.

Front 32

Goblet Cell

Back 32

Found in pseudostratified epithelium.

Front 33

Epithelial functions

Back 33

Protection

Immune Defense

Secretion

Transport into other tissue

Sensation

Front 34

Microvilli

Back 34

Cilia like extensions on a cell created by folding on the cell membrane.

Front 35

Paracellular

Back 35

Passing between layers or pathways

Front 36

Transcellular

Back 36

Substances enter the cell and exit on another side

Front 37

Mucus

Back 37

A thick sticky liquid that protects the underlining epithelium

Front 38

Merocrine Secretion

Back 38

Package their products into secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis

Front 39

Holocrine Secretion

Back 39

Product accumulated in their cytosine and is released when the cell ruptures and dies.

Front 40

Gland

Back 40

Structure that forms and secrete product

Front 41

Exocrine Gland

Back 41

Usually multicellular and release their products to the apical surface of the epithelium.

Front 42

Endocrine Gland

Back 42

Lac ducts secrete their product which are usually hormones directly into the blood.

Front 43

Connective Tissue

Back 43

-Made up of cells and ECM

-Two types: proper and specialized

-Vascular

Front 44

Connective Tissue Proper

Back 44

Widely distributed in the body where it connects tissues and organs to one another and forms part of the internal architecture of some organs.

Front 45

Fibroblasts

Back 45

Most common resident cell; mature cell with properties of an immature cell; produce protein fibers and ground substance

Front 46

Adipocytes

Back 46

Resident fat cell; cytoplasm contains many lipids

Front 47

Mast Cells

Back 47

Largest resident cell; cells of immune system which contain granules that hold inflammatory mediators.

Front 48

Phagocytes

Back 48

Cells of the immune system; can ingest foreign substances; can be resident or migrant.

Front 49

Loose connective Tissue Proper

Back 49

Composed of primarily ground substance, fibroblasts and all three types of protein fibers; found in the lining of body cavities and as layers in the walls of hollow organs; vascular; supports immune cells and structure. Regenerative

Front 50

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Back 50

Contains bundles of irregular collagen fibers; strong and allows resistance to tension; found in dermis, around organs and joints

Front 51

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Back 51

Contains thick collagen bundles parallel to each other; resist tension only in one plane; found in tendons and ligaments.

Front 52

Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

Back 52

Consists of parallel strands of elastic fibers; allows organs to stretch; found in ligaments and blood vessels.

Front 53

Reticular Connective Tissue

Back 53

Contains many reticular fibers and leukocytes; interweave to form a fine network that supports small structures such as blood vessel; weblike structures act like a net to trap foreign cells. Forms part of the basement membrane, internal structure of liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

Front 54

Adipose Tissue

Back 54

Fat. Consists of very little ECM; adipocytes and fibroblasts; two types: white which is cutaneous fat found in adults and brown which is similar and has more mitochondria.

Front 55

Hypertonic

Back 55

Lipid inclusions accumulate excess fatty acids and increase in size up to 4x

Front 56

Hypercellular

Back 56

Generally severe; number of apidocytes increase

Front 57

Specialized Connective Tissue

Back 57

Have more specific functions that connective tissue proper; three types - cartilige, bone, andblood.

Front 58

Cartilage

Back 58

Avascular; tough, flexible tissue that absorbs shock and resists tension, compression and shearing forces. ECM contains glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, collagen and elastic fibers. Found in joints between bones, in the ears, nose, and respiratory passages. Three types: Hyaline, fibrocartlige, and elastic cartilage.

Front 59

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 59

ECM consist most of ground substance; covers the end of bones where they form joints which creates a smooth surface with little to no friction. Found in the strenum, ribs, nose and most of the skeletal ends.

Front 60

Fibrocartilage

Back 60

ECM consists of collagen bungles with little ground substance; found in joints and invertebral disks

Front 61

Elastic Cartilage

Back 61

Allows tissue to vibrate and assist in detection of sound; found in the framework of larynx, the extrenal ear, and epiglottus

Front 62

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Back 62

Calcium storage; bone marrow produces blood cells and stores fat; consists of two types of organic components which consists of cartilage and ground substance called osteoid, and inorganic which is composed of calcium phosphate crystals which make bone one of the hardest substances; 35% Organic; 65% composed of hydroxiapitite or calcium phosphate crystals arranged in osteon; regenerative

Front 63

Blood

Back 63

Consists largely of water, dissolved diluted proteins; transports oxygen; regenerative.

Front 64

Connective Tissue Functions

Back 64

-Connecting and Binding

-Support

-Protection

-Shock Absorption

-Transport

Front 65

Osteoarthritis

Back 65

Caused by age, joint trauma and genetic disorders, hyaline cartilage wears away and causes inflammation; glucosamine is essential for proteoglycan synthesis

Front 66

Muscle Tissue

Back 66

Specialized for contraction

Front 67

Smooth Muscle

Back 67

Consists of striated skeletal muscle fibers parallel to each other; involuntary; found on the wall of hollow organs, walls of blood vessels, the eyes, the skin, and the ducts of certain glands

Front 68

Skeletal Muscle

Back 68

Consists of striated skeletal muscle fibers parallel to each other and an ECM called the endomysium; voluntary; formed through the fusion of embryonic crlls called myoblasts; found attached to the skeleton, largest in the body have many nuclei. Healed by fibrosis

Front 69

Cardiac Muscle

Back 69

Composed of striated muscle cells; involuntary; containintercalated disks - gap juntions and modified right junctions that unite muscle cells; found in the heart. Fibrosis.

Front 70

Intercalated Disk

Back 70

The combination of gap junctions and tight junctions

Front 71

Endomysium

Back 71

Small amounts of ECM that surrounds muscle tissue.

Front 72

Nervous Tissue

Back 72

Makes up majority of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Two types neurons (no mitosis) and neurological cells

Front 73

Neurons

Back 73

Generate, conduct, and receive info in the form of electric signals called nerve impulses. Do not heal.

Front 74

Neurological Cells

Back 74

Much smaller cells surrounding neurons for support of reasons; have many functions that include anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place, monitoring the composition of the ECM, speeding up the rate of nerve impulse transmission, and circulates the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Regenerative

Front 75

Soma

Back 75

Neural body

Front 76

Dendrite

Back 76

Receives messages

Front 77

Axon

Back 77

Sends messages

Front 78

Membrane

Back 78

A thin sheet of water more tissues up line a body surface or cavity.

Front 79

True Membrane

Back 79

Do not open to outside body

Front 80

Parietal Layer

Back 80

Outside

Front 81

Visceral Layer

Back 81

Inside

Front 82

Membrane Like Structures

Back 82

On the external surface of the body and internal body surfaces that open to the outside of the body.

Front 83

Mucous Membrane

Back 83

Line body passages as part of the walls of hollow organs that open to the outside of the body; include the respiratory passages, the mouth, the nasal cavities, the digestive tract, and the male and female reproductive tracts, consists of a layer of epithelium the layer of loose connective tissue (lamina propria) and occasionally a thin layer of smooth muscle.

Front 84

Cutaneous Membrane

Back 84

Refers to the skin

Front 85

Vitamin C

Back 85

Required by fibroblasts to make collagen