Eppp Key Terms Learning

Front 1

Pavlov

Back 1

Classical conditioning.
Stimulus-Response (reflexes)
Unconditioned reflex
respondent/involuntary automatic
EX. Dogs salivate to meat

Front 2

Skinner

Back 2

Operant Conditioning: Instrumental (Goal directed) conditioning.

Front 3

Watson

Back 3

Classical Conditioning
Stimulus generalization
After pairing white rat (CS) with loud noise (US) little Albert feared white rats and later generalized to other furry white objects.

Front 4

Thorndike

Back 4

Operant Conditioning: Thorndike's law of effect. random behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences (rewards) are increased while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences (punishers) decrease.

Front 5

Unconditioned versus conditioned stimulus/response

Back 5

Unconditioned: stimulus (US) meat evokes unconditioned response (UR) salivation

Conditioned: Involves learning. a conditioned stimulus (CS) evokes conditioned response (CR) through pairing neutral stimulus (NS) tone with (US) meat. salivating to tone is CR

time can become a CS (lunch time)

Front 6

Standard Pairing (Trace Conditioning) VS Backward Conditioning

Back 6

Standard: neutral stimulus (tone) becomes conditioned stimulus. CS before US (short interval and overlaps) US is dependent on CS. EX. tone sounds, and keeps sounding after meat is offered.

contingency of US after CS is required for conditioning to occur. US first or at at exact same time won't work.

Backward: US then CS
if US comes first no learning will occur.

Front 7

Stimulus Generalization vs response generalization

Back 7

Stimulus generalization
EX. fear of white rats later generalized to fear of other furry white objects. Or bird learns to peck for food after blue light, may expect reinforcement after green light.

Response generalization:Doing a behavior that is similar but not identical and expecting same reinforcement. Dog does new trick for a treat.

Front 8

Higher order conditioning

Back 8

CS (tone) paired with NS (light) and light eventually becomes CS2. CS3 is maximum.

Front 9

Classical vs Operant Conditioning

Back 9

Classical: CS+US=CR How we learn involuntary responses. (salivate/fear.)

Operant: How we learn involuntary behaviors. Learning goal directed behavior, like studying.

Front 10

Classical vs. Operant Extinction

Back 10

Classical: repeated presentation of CS without US. (US alone will not lead to extinction.)

Operant: withholding reinforcement at first elicits more behavior, but eventually behavior stops. EX. girl cries to get her way. at first she will cry more, then learn crying won't work.

Front 11

Spontaneous recovery vs. Response burst

Back 11

Spontaneous recovery: During extinction trials, after rest CR briefly reappears after the CS. Back in lab on new day dog may salivate to CS. If no new pairings the CR will vanish.

Response Burst: During Operant extinction withholding reinforcement will increase behavior initially, since reinforcement is expected. Over time unreinforced behavior will extinguish.

Front 12

Habituation vs Satiation

Back 12

Habituation: When you become accustomed to and less responsive to unconditioned stimulus. EX. no longer wake up to trains passing.

Satiation: After continuous reinforcement the reinforcer may lose it's value due to overuse. (Get sick of candy as reward.)

Front 13

Stimulus discrimination and Experimental neurosis

Back 13

Stimulus Discrimination: An animal learns to discriminate between two similar neutral stimuli because one was paired with US. (Salivate to loud tone over soft tone)

Experimental Neurosis: If the stimulus discrimination is too difficult, similar tones, animal becomes agitated and will be unable to discriminate between stimuli like before. EX. Dog salivated for loud tone not soft tone. After similar tones dog is unable to discriminate between even the loud and soft tones.

Front 14

Reinforcement vs. Punnishment

Back 14

Reinforcement: positive reinforcement is a reward and negative reinforcement is relief from something aversive.

Punishment: Positive punishment is pain; something aversive is added (yelling). Negative punishment is when something valuable is removed (time out).

Front 15

Continuous vs. intermittent reinforcement.

Back 15

Continuous reinforcement: reinforcing every occurrence of the behavior. (Candy for every homework). This is good for acquisition of new behavior, but reinforcer can lose value from overuse. Intermittent is better for keeping desired behavior.

Intermittent reinforcement: Reinforcing after interval of time or ratio of behaviors. Fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio.

Front 16

VR / FR / VI / FI
Intermittent schedules of reinforcement.

Back 16

Fixed interval: Reinforced after fixed time has elapsed. (once week).
Variable interval: Reinforced after unpredictable amount of time.
Fixed ratio: reinforcement after certain number of responses
Variable ratio: reinforced after unpredictable number of responses. EX. gambling

Front 17

Superstitious behavior vs. Pseudoconditioning

Back 17

Superstitious behavior: accidental reinforcement non-contingent on behavior. EX. wearing lucky socks to win game.
Pseudoconditioning: occurs accidentally when a natural stimulus is inadvertently paired with US or CS. EX. lights on

Front 18

Chaining vs. Shaping

Back 18

Chaining: acquiring a complex sequence of behaviors by mildly reinforcing each behavior in sequence. mild reinforcement becomes a cue/discriminative stimulus to perform next behavior. major reinforcement is with final behavior. Every step must be reinforced or chain stops. EX. going to movies (driving, buying ticket...)
Shaping: teaching subject to emit desired behavior by reinforcing behaviors that approximate desired behavior. EX. learning to say name.. babbling, sounds letters...

Front 19

Thinning vs. Fading

Back 19

Thinning: Changing schedule of reinforcement from continuous to intermittent.

Fading: A gradual reduction in prompting /cueing what behavior to perform. EX. Say thank you... eventually turns into what do you say...

Front 20

Behavioral contrast

Back 20

Behavioral contrast: when two behaviors are equally reinforced, then onle one is reinforced. the behavior that continues to be reinforced will increase, and the other will decrease.

Front 21

Premack principle

Back 21

Premack principle: High frequency behavior (something you like) reinforces low frequency behavior. EX. if you eat vegetables you can have desert.

Front 22

Reciprocal determinism

Back 22

Social Learning. An interactive triad of person, their behavior and the environment regulate that person's behavior. EX. accident victim anticipates positive reinforcement (money) for injuries. Person files claim and is less active to avoid pain which weakens muscles and leads to more pain.