Environmental Management Quiz 1

Front 1

Ecosystem

Back 1

a unit of nature in which living and nonliving substances interact, with an exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts

Front 2

3 Basic Management Themes/Issues/Functions

Back 2

a. understanding volatile and complex issues and trends - the dynamic nature of environmental management

b. Coproducing with communities methods for dealing with those issues and trends (communication)

c. Delivering these methods effectively in a dynamic, politically charged, and legally contentious environment (adaptive management)

Front 3

What do environmental regulatory agencies do?

Back 3

1. Permitting - permitting pollution within the confines of the law (application versus general)

2. Monitoring for compliance - inspecting

3. Conducting enforcement - come up with agreement to stop polluting, levy fines

4. Technical assistance (education) - BMPs, companies work with all other partners/contractors to undergo training

Front 4

5 Environmental Management Issues

Back 4

1. Accountability - to laws and people

2. Ecosystem management - political, the fallout from the effects of one source of pollution

3. Environmental Justice - concentration of risk in disenfranchised/minority areas

4. Sustainable development

5. Unfunded Mandates - those in charge of budget will not have allocated enough/any

Front 5

Roles of Public Manager

Back 5

1. Program - provide a result, achieve an outcome

2. Resource - what do you need?

3. Political - who do you need?

Front 6

Criteria Air Pollutants

Back 6

PM2.5, SO2, CO, NOx, O3, Lead (Pb)

Front 7

NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act)

Back 7

Intent: provide foundation for environmental protection (made effective by EIS, considering environmental effects of, and alternatives to, all proposals for major federal actions)

1. Declaration of national environmental policies and goals

2. Establishment of action-forcing provisions for federal agencies to implement those policies and goals

3. Establishment of a council on environmental quality in executive office

Front 8

Endangered Species Act

Back 8

Intent: provide a means by which ecosystems upon with threatened and endangered species may be conserved

1. Species conservation

2. Habitat conservation

Front 9

Clean Air Act

Back 9

Intent: protecting human health and the environment with regard to ambient air quality

1. Defined national goals in the form of ambient air quality

2. Directed EPA to set national standards for controlling emissions of toxic air pollutants

3. Set limits for emission from cars and trucks

Front 10

Clean Water Act

Back 10

Intent: Protecting human health and the environment with regard to surface water

1. Eliminate all discharges into navigable waters

2. Set up tech based effluent limitations

3. State water quality standards

4. NPDES permit - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System - main permit for discharging pollutants into waterways

Front 11

Safe Drinking Water Act

Back 11

Intent: Ensure drinking water is safe and prevent contamination of groundwater

1. Wellhead protection

Front 12

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Back 12

Intent: To protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal

1. Define hazardous waste (flammable, toxic, reactive, corrosive)

2. Track waste womb to tomb (generation, transportation, treatment, disposal)

3. Set tech standards and rules for issuing permits for disposal, storage, treatment

Front 13

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments

Back 13

Intent: To protect human health and the environment with regard to active waste sites

1. Regulate new classes of facilities (underground storage tanks and small business generators)

2. Set limits on disposal of waste on land (land ban)

Front 14

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Back 14

Intent: protect human health and the environment with regard to inactive waste sites

1. Identify sites, rank them, and maintain a national priority list

2. Identify potential responsible parties

3. Remediation and recovering remediation cost

Front 15

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act

Back 15

Intent: Protect human health and the environment with regard to exposure to harmful chemicals (community right to know)

1. Maintain and make available data about harmful chemicals used and stored onsite

2. Creation of Toxic Release Inventory

3. Requires that cleanup agreements with polluters are entered into federal courts as consent decrees

Front 16

Oil Pollution Act

Back 16

Intent: Protect environment from oil spills

1. Spill response plans and pre-positioned response resources

2. Imposed strict liability to direct and manage oil spill clean-ups

3. Requirements for vessels (double hull phase in)

Front 17

Toxic Substances Control Act

Back 17

Intent: Characterize and understand the risks that a chemical poses before it is introduced to commerce (weigh risks and benefits)

1. Test for unreasonable risk of injury or to health

2. Regulate the manufacture, use, distribution, and disposal

Front 18

Pollution Prevention Act

Back 18

Intent: Protect human health and the environment with regards to pollution source reduction, establish recommendations for preventing pollution whenever possible (not limited to one media)

1. Recycle if prevention is not possible

2. Treatment if recycling is not possible

3. Disposal or release if treatment is not possible

Front 19

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act

Back 19

intent: protect human health and the environment with regard to pesticides

Front 20

The Acts

Back 20

1. National Environmental Protection Act

2. Clean Air Act

3. Clean Water Act

4. Endangered Species Act

5. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

6. Safe Drinking Water Act

7. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

8. Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act

9. Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments Act

10. Pollution Prevention Act

11. Oil Pollution Act

12. Toxic Substances Control Act

13. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

Front 21

HAP

Back 21

Hazardous Air Pollutants - pollutant that may present a threat to human health or environmental effects

Front 22

Boeing - strategies for VOC reductions

Back 22

(Volatile organic compounds)

1. Convert vapor degreasers to aqueous cleaners

2. Solvent substitutes (low pressure cleaners)

3. Implementation of presaturated solvent wipes

4. Rightsizing VOC-containing material

5. Solvent recycling

6. Control of dispensing and delivering solvent

7. Control of purchasing solvent

Front 23

Re-energize at Boeing

Back 23

Perform deep dive: breakdown of process, interviews with employees, design for environment, process improvements

- information sharing with industrial neighbors

- don't lose focus on future products and processes

- check government and industry association

Front 24

Managerial Implications

Back 24

Program Management

Resource Management

Political Management

Front 25

7 legal trends

Back 25

Erosion of sovereign immunity by government

Hazardous waste liabilities

Criminal liability of lower and middle government workers

Increased reporting requirements

Liability of regulatory takings

Municipality as a mini water pollution control agency

Flow control

Front 26

Mitigating forces that can lessen penalties of government by EPA

Back 26

- Voluntary disclosure

- Cooperating with government investigation

- Implementing preventive measures and compliance programs

Front 27

Ten ways to lose trust and credibility

Back 27

- Don't involve people in decisions that directly affect their lives

- Hold onto information until people are screaming for it

- Ignore people's feelings

- Don't follow up

- If you make a mistake, deny it

- If you don't know the answers, fake it

- Don't speak plain English

- Present yourself like a bureaucrat

- Delay talking to other entities involved

- If one of your scientists has trouble relating to people, send him or her out anyway

Front 28

Communication definition

Back 28

The process whereby participants create and share information to reach a mutual understanding

Front 29

Reasons we communicate

Back 29

- Give or get information

- Influence behavior

- Affect attitudes

Front 30

"America's Green Stragegy"

Back 30

Tough standards trigger innovation and upgrading

Right kind of regulations

- stress pollution prevention rather than abatement or cleanup

- not constrain technology used to achieve them

- standards must be sensitive to costs involved and use market incentives to contain

Front 31

Group of 10

Back 31

most influential US environmental groupsAKA "group of 10"; National Wildlife Federation, World Wildlife Fund, Audubon Society, Sierra Club, Izaak Walton League, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, Ducks Unlimited, Natural Resources Defense Council, The Wilderness Society (also The Nature Conservancy); oldest, largest, more radical in early days (70s-80s), now more willing to compromise and work with industry

Front 32

Differences between Public and Private Communication

Back 32

- Volume

- Audiences

- Political realities

- Amount of scrutiny

Front 33

Public Communication Laws

Back 33

1. Freedom of Information Act

2. Sunshine Laws

Front 34

Director of EPA

Back 34

Gina McCarthy

Front 35

Barriers to Communication

Back 35

- Difference in frame of reference

- Physical distance

- Hierarchy

- Information overload

- Distractions

- Language

- Prejudice

- Faulty communication skills

Front 36

Strategic Communication Plan

Back 36

Management Situation - know what you want

Audience

Message

Medium

Feedback

Front 37

Ethical Communication

Back 37

Useful

Accurate

Open

Fair

Front 38

HOW TO COPRODUCE

Back 38

Who are the stakeholders?

- Changing audience (people move in, people move out)

- What are their concerns? Their goals?

Front 39

Public Ombudsman

Back 39

Someone with an agency who deals with people outside the agency who have a problem with that agency

- Anchor

- Facilitator

- Educator

- Referral service

Front 40

Coproduction environmental ethic

Back 40

*5 issues

*Ethical response co-produced

- Agency plans/strategies should be "coproduced" with goal-oriented partners

- Partners must be empowered

- Leadership

-Ethical commitment

- Transparency

- Inclusion

- Leadership vs. ownership

- Equity

- Commitment...resources

- Reliability

Front 41

Silent Spring

Back 41

- Overuse of pesticides due to lack of caring by citizens and dominance over government by industry

- Pesticides are ubiquitous

- Pesticides can cause harm

- Used without real understanding

- Humans have the right to be aware

- DDT used indiscriminately is folly

Front 42

Pest definition

Back 42

Biological entity which competes with humans for food, shelter, water, and attention

Front 43

Public Information Officer

Back 43

-Talking head

-spin doctor

-external publications

-internal publications

-other outreach

Front 44

Legislative Liaison

Back 44

-track legislation that influences agency

-develops legislative agenda

-provides information to policymakers who direct the agenda

-negative blocking

Front 45

USEPA HQ

Back 45

- HQ managers develop clear policies and strategic plans with and for Regional Office implementation

Front 46

Problems with the Feds

Back 46

Downward Spiral (race to the bottom)

Funding

Rotation (continuity)

Accountability

Front 47

Risk

Back 47

probability x magnitude = hazard

social definition of risk= hazard x outrage

Front 48

Strategic planning

Back 48

Goals

Objecties

Strategies

Front 49

Why do we do risk communication?

Back 49

- To warn

- To reassure

- To prioritize for decision-making

Front 50

2 difficulties for risk communication

Back 50

- Need for more statistical evidence

- Need to code this technical message (stats) to the layman

Front 51

5 basic steps of risk communication

Back 51

Credibility

Awareness

Understanding

Create solutions

Enactment or implementation

Front 52

3 Questions to Ask Before Implementation

Back 52

What action is to be taken?

Who will take action?

Do they have the resources to take action?

Front 53

The key components of strategic planning include an understanding of

Back 53

Agency's

I. Vision

II. Mission

III. Values

IV. Strategies

Front 54

Why strategic plan is critical

Back 54

- Prevents past mistakes

- Provides leadership

- Path/partnership

- HR

Front 55

Vision

Back 55

Outlines what the organization wants to be - "idealized" view of the world

- long term view and concentrates on future

Front 56

Mission

Back 56

Defines the fundamental purpose of an organization, describing why it exists and what is does to achieve its vision

Front 57

Values

Back 57

Beliefs that are shared among the stakeholders of an organization (drive organization's culture and priorities, provide a framework in which decisions are made)

Front 58

Strategies

Back 58

"The art of the general" - combination of the ends and the means

Front 59

Silent Spring

Back 59

- Competitiveness - as it relates to innovation

- Carson re-prioritized (raised issue, awareness went up)

- Where are we still failing? - resources have not been allocated to solve the problem

Front 60

Quality Control

Back 60

Everything you do to make certain that your project is up to specs

Front 61

Quality Assurance

Back 61

Everything you have someone else do to assure you that your QC is being done according to specs

Front 62

Quality Assurance with Agency

Back 62

- Helps to provide entities you are monitoring with technical assistance to ensure they know how to keep themselves in compliance

- Educating staff - what are new/previous laws that might affect company?

- Creating incentives for meeting compliance

- Assessments are periodic

Front 63

How do you maintain and ensure quality?

Back 63

Strategies, political will to enforce, mandates

Front 64

Effective Compliance - O'Leary

Back 64

- Line managers monitor compliance

- Policies integrated into daily work

- Self auditing

- Employees trained to comply

- Incentives for complying offered

- Violations are disciplined

- Improving compliance a continuously stressed goal

- Alternative approaches (minimizing waste, etc.) adopted

Front 65

EMS Program Components - Solilo

Back 65

I. Policy statement declaring senior mgmt commitment to environment

II. Planning process involving environmental aspects, legal requirements, goals with action plans

III. Implementation strategy - roles and responsibilities, training, documentation, communication

IV. Monitoring and tracking

V. Management evaluation

Front 66

Areas of weakness in compliance - Ferland

Back 66

- Lack of basic framework - program should have mechanism in place for determining whether a program is in compliance and steps that should be taken if it is not

- Complacency - workers might be trained in program compliance but organizations should employ a highly trained and competent person

- Org's should perform regular internal audits

Front 67

5 Components of Program Evaluation

Back 67

1. Find out goals of program

2. Translate goals to measurable indicators of goal achievement

3. Collect data on indicators

4. Analyze the data

5. Report the data

Front 68

3 Items in Program Reports

Back 68

1. State the goals

2. Report the status and what it means to goals

3. State how things may be improved and recommendations

Front 69

Mistakes Seen in Strategic Ag Initiative

Back 69

- Lack of coordination between HQ and regions

- No strategic plan that demonstrated success

- Lack of strategic guidance

Front 70

Hollow Government

Back 70

Public organizations that are separated from their output

Front 71

Environmental Dispute Resolution

Back 71

Consists of a set of tech's, processes, and roles that enable parties in a dispute to reach agreement with the help of a neutral third party known as a mediator

Front 72

3 sources of environmental conflict

Back 72

1. Differences in values and worldviews

2. Conflicting interests

3. The technical uncertainty that surrounds various courses of action

Front 73

What are the barriers to communicating with techies?

Back 73

- Mgr wants to make something happen, techie wants to solve a problem in a linear way

- Jargon/language

- Hierarchy

- Give credit when it's due to them

- Information overload

- Distractions (funding, micromanaging)

Front 74

Working with techies (Koning)

Back 74

- Flexibility

- Interpersonal skills

- Communication skills

- Vision

- Enthusiasm

- Persistance

Front 75

Total Quality Management Problems

Back 75

- lack of empowerment

- TQM paradox: the greater degree of customer focus and employee empowerment there is in the system, the more of a requirement there is for strong, resolute, committed leadership.

Front 76

Advantages of Contracting

Back 76

I. Saves money (efficiency, responsiveness)

II. Enhances flexibility

III. Promotes good politics

IV. Promotes social objectives

V. Maintains or improves quality

Front 77

Disadvantages of Contracting

Back 77

I. Doesn't always save money

II. May increase size of government

III. Requires monitoring

IV. Permits collusion and abuse

V. May be resisted by labor unions

VI. Requires knowledge of the organization

VII. May cause externalities

VIII. May disrupt services and lack clear definition of needs

IX. May increase government intervention in private org's

X. Low job status

XI. Government may be best

XII. Hollow government

Front 78

Policy making process

Back 78

- Setting the agenda (subjects of problems policy makers pay attention to)

- Specification of alternatives

- Authoritative choice

- Implementation of the decision

Front 79

Tools that directly limit pollution - single source

Back 79

- Harm based standards

- Design and tech standards

- Technology specs

- Product bans and limitations

Front 80

Tools that directly limit pollution - Multiple source

Back 80

- Integrated permitting

- Emissions trading

- Challenge regulations

Front 81

Tools that don't directly limit pollution

Back 81

- Pollution fees

- Liability

- Information reporting

- Subsidies

- Technical assistance