Entomology Exam 1

Front 1

Most insects are 1-5mm, so forces of ______ are almost equal to forces of gravity.

Back 1

adhesion

Front 2

Insects' visual systems are secondary to their ________ systems.

Back 2

Olfactory (pheromones, chemicals, signals, etc.)

Front 3

Very few insects can hear. Most can detect _____ instead.

Back 3

vibration

Front 4

An ant (O. barbiger) in the _______ can survive hot temperatures up to 67 C (152 F).

Back 4

Sahara

Front 5

Live in glaciers and will die of a heat stroke if you hold it in your hand:

Back 5

Grylloblattodea

Front 6

In pools of Africa, can survive extreme changes:

Back 6

polypedilum

Front 7

The only environment insects have not invaded?

Back 7

Open ocean (except for 1 or 2 exceptions such as sea skaters aka "Halobates")

Front 8

6 reasons why insects are so successful?

Back 8

1. Highly adaptable exoskeleton
2. Small size (most 1-10mm)
3. High birthrate and short generation time
4. Metamorphosis
5. Flight
6. Around the longest

Front 9

How does its highly adaptable exoskeleton allow insect success?

Back 9

It gives rise to sensory systems,
coloration,
etc.

Front 10

How does its small size allow insect success?

Back 10

-Insects can get into niches that a large animal cannot.
-Allows great evolutionary diversity.

Front 11

How does high birthrate and short generation time allow insect success?

Back 11

-Enormous fecundity.
-Quick adaptation.
-Constantly scrambling genes and making new species.

Front 12

How does metamorphosis allow insect success?

Back 12

-All 4 MAJOR orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera) have this
-Can occupy different habitats as a juvenile and adult
-Physically occupying different niches removes possibility of cannibalism (adults eating young)

Front 13

How does flight allow insect success?

Back 13

-dispersal
-essential for success and richness

Front 14

How does being around the longest allow insect success?

Back 14

-Timing: insects colonized terrestrial habitats before chordates
-novel resources and habitats
-early phytophagy (the eating of plants)
-coevolution with angiosperms (A plant whose ovules are enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant.)

Front 15

How old is the oldest known insect?

Back 15

400 million years

Front 16

Which groups are most closely related to insects?

Back 16

crustaceans or myriopods

Front 17

Which "apterygote" order (of 5) is least closely related to the higher insects?

Back 17

Collembola (springtails) : more closely related to crustaceans.

Front 18

All pterygota have wings. True or False?

Back 18

False. Fleas have lost their wings.

Front 19

Beetles, spiders, mites, and crayfish are all Arthropods. True or False?

Back 19

True.

Front 20

At what body length does force of gravity become less powerful than adhesion forces?

Back 20

1 mm

Front 21

Grasshoppers are one of the 4 largest orders of insects. True or False?

Back 21

False. They are the 6th largest order (Orthoptera).

Front 22

SUCCESS OF THE BIG 4 ORDERS: Coleoptera

Back 22

-Elytra and other sclerotization will protect from predators and DESICCATION due to high surface to volume ratio

Front 23

One of the biggest challenges of Coleoptera?

Back 23

Desiccation

Front 24

SUCCESS OF THE BIG 4 ORDERS: Lepidoptera

Back 24

-proboscis
-mutualisms: with flowering plants (1. pollinators, 2. feeding)
-coevolved with plants- can tolerate compounds emitted from plants

Front 25

SUCCESS OF THE BIG 4 ORDERS: Diptera

Back 25

-mouthparts
-larval habitats

Front 26

SUCCESS OF THE BIG 4 ORDERS: Hymenoptera

Back 26

-parasitism
-sociality (less than 1/2 of all hymenoptera species are social)

Front 27

5 major groups of Phylum Arthropoda

Back 27

1. Trilobita (trilobites)
2. Chelicerata (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions)
3. Crustacea (crabs, crayfish, lobsters, shrimp, isopod pill bugs)
4. Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes)
5. Hexapoda (insects)

Front 28

What are Apterygotes?

Back 28

-wingless first "insects"
-Entognatha means 'mouthparts in a pouch' - they are non-insect hexapods.

Front 29

Characteristics of apterygotes:

Back 29

-no wings
-little/no metamorphosis
-abdomenal appendages anterior to genitals
-indirect fertilization

Front 30

3 orders of Class Entognatha

Back 30

1. collembola (have been moved out, closer to Crustacea)
2. protura
3. diplura

Front 31

Collembola

Back 31

-springtails
-used to be called insects
-300 million/acre
-2 body plans: shrimpy (elongate) and globular
-2-5mm
-unique anatomical features: collophore, furca (spring), retinaculum (catch)
-probably closer to crustacea
-most abundant hexapodous group
-been around 3 to 4 million years
-occupy moist soil

Front 32

Protura

Back 32

-more obscure
-no antennae
-no eyes
-minute animals
-front legs look like antennae
-9-12 abdominal segments (anamorphosis)

Front 33

Diplura (two, tail)

Back 33

-well-developed abdominal cerci: 2 types- long filamentous or short pinchers
-predators and scavengers
-unique regeneration of broken body parts
-3-5mm in length

Front 34

Class Insecta, Subclass Apterygota, Order Thysanura

Back 34

-silverfish, firebrats(thysanura='fringe', 'tail')-
-elongate bodies > 10-15mm
-covered in scales
-long multi-segmented antennae
-3 tails: 2 long lateral cerci, and 1 long median caudal filament
-small compound eyes
-large leg coxae: fast runners (hard to catch)
-under bark, leaf litter, caves, ant nests, deserts, etc.
-omnivorous

Front 35

Class Insecta, Subclass Apterygota, Order Archaeognatha

Back 35

-bristletails (archeognatha='ancient', 'jaws')
-elongate cylindrical humpbacked bodies, 10-12mm length
-3 "tails": 2 short lateral cerci, and 1 long median caudal filament
-large compound eyes, joined above head
-under bark, litter, etc.

Front 36

Characteristics of Subclass Pterygota

Back 36

1. wings or secondarily wingless
2. second and third thoracic segments are enlarged and specialized for flight
3. internal fertilization via copulation
4. hemi or holometabolous molting
5. abdominal segments lack styli (vestigial legs) present in Apterygotes.

Front 37

80% of all insects are in just 4 easily recognizable orders: the 4 HOLOMETABOLOUS orders

Back 37

Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera

Front 38

Primitive or Advanced?
-long multisegmented antennae
-leathery forewing
-long antennae (and filiform)
-many-segmented cerci
-ocelli (photoreceptors)

Back 38

Primitive

Front 39

Primitive or Advanced?
-short antennae
-wing venation reduced

Back 39

Advanced

Front 40

Characteristics of Hemimetabolous development

Back 40

1. functional wings and sexual maturation at the final molt
2. **Wings gradually develop externally. ('exopterygote')**
3. juveniles are called nymphs
4. they resemble adults and occupy the same environment and consume the same food as the adults (except aquatic Odonata, Plecoptera, and Ephemeroptera)
5. nymphs have functional legs, antennae, and compound eyes

Front 41

Which order is this?
-aquatic grazers on algae
-lifespan 3-4 weeks
-winged "subimago"
-adult life very brief, a few hours
-no adult functional mouthparts or gut
-mass emergence

Back 41

Order Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

Front 42

What is the "subimago"?

Back 42

stage of development in an insect in which the insect is winged and capable of flight but not yet sexually mature

Front 43

Which order?
-predators as nymphs and adults
-adults relatively long-lived
-nymphs feed by hinged raptorial labium; grabs mosquito larvae, mayfly nymph, tadpole, etc.
-flying adults capture prey by holding legs in shape of a basket
-2 distinct groups (damselflies- slender bodies; equal fore and hindwings) (dragonflies- robust bodies; hindwings broader than forewings)

Back 43

Odonata

Front 44

Which order?
-jumping hindlegs
-leathery forewings
-large pronotum
-grasshoppers, katydids, crickets known for ability to jump and sing
-some voracious pests (locusts, certain katydids)
-cryptic coloration, mimicry of leaves

Back 44

Orthoptera

Front 45

Which insect is one of the best examples of mimicry (blending in with environment in coloration and form)

Back 45

katydids

Front 46

Which order?
-herbivorous
-solitary
-parthenogenesis in some species
-males may be uncommon
-regenerate lost legs

Back 46

Phasmatodea (walking sticks)

Front 47

Which order?
-leathery forewings
-expanded pronotum, head concealed
-eggs contained in ootheca
-antennae are long and filiform
-cerci are many-segmented

Back 47

Blattodea (roaches)

Front 48

Which order?
-long-necked (elongate prothorax)
-raptorial forelegs
-forewings leathery

Back 48

Mantodea (praying mantis, mantids)

Front 49

Which order?
-forelegs are somewhat enlarged
-no wings
-last tarsal segment kept off substrate
-long antennae with terminal bend

Back 49

Mantophasmatodea (gladiators, heelwalkers)

Front 50

Which order?
-pale, soft-bodied
-fore and hindwings same size when present
-lack of eyes

Back 50

Isoptera (termites)

Front 51

Which order?
-elongate slender bodies
-forceps-like cerci
-shortened forewings
-filiform antennae (primitive feature)
-dorsoventrally compressed

Back 51

Dermaptera (earwigs)

Front 52

Which order?
-long filiform antennae
-cerci generally long
-wings folded flat over the back
-nymphs are aquatic with long cerci and never a 3rd central tail or median caudal filament

Back 52

Plecoptera (stoneflies)

Front 53

Which order?
-adapted for life in silk tunnels
-hind legs run rapidly in reverse
-caudal cerci used to navigate while running
-scavengers on dead plants and animals
-only insects to produce silk as adults: generated in glands in front tarsi
-mostly tropical

Back 53

Embioptera (webspinners) - "Embiidina"

very rare, may not be questioned on

Front 54

Which order?
-many have basal half of the forewings thicker than distal half
-modified piercing and sucking mouthparts
-some suck plant juices, can be plant pests
-some are predators with painful bite
-have a beak (proboscis)

Back 54

Hemiptera (true bugs) (order #5)

Front 55

Which order?
-large head, bulbous postclypeus
-membranous wings held roof-like over abdomen
-wing venation reduced
-antennae long and slender
-about size of a pinhead, to a grain of rice, soft-bodied, light or dark in color
-primarily phytophagous; feeds on molds on old book bindings

Back 55

Psocoptera (booklice)

Front 56

Which order?
-wingless ectoparasites (lost wings)
-3 nymphal instars
-mouthparts are mandibles for chewing lice, stylets for sucking lice
-dorsoventrally flattened head
-reduced compound eyes and no ocelli

Back 56

Phthiraptera (head louse and hog louse)

Front 57

Which order?
-minute, slender insects, often in flowers (dandelions)
-narrow wings fringed with long hairs, or wingless
-mouthparts for piercing/sucking; asymmetrical with lost mandible
-antennae short (advanced), close together
-**development: 2 nymphal stages, followed by 2 or 3 non-feeding, mobile, 'pupal' stages (similar to Holometabolous condition)= bridging point between Hemimetabolous and Holometabolous

Back 57

Thysanoptera (thrips) = "fringed", "wing"

Front 58

Which order?
-minute insects, less than 3mm long
-gregarious under bark, in decaying wood, humus, sometimes near galleries of termites
-winged and wingless forms; winged

Back 58

Zygoptera (angel insects)

Front 59

Characteristics of ENDOPTERYGOTE development (as developing juveniles, wings are inside body, we cannot see them)

Back 59

-holometabolous
-resting stage between larval instars and adult
-4 largest orders included
-the ultimate innovation, why so successful?
-hypothesis: multiple niche exploitation (ex: MOSQUITOS)
-relative stage-specific selection

Front 60

What are the 11 endopterygote orders?

Back 60

1. Neuroptera
2. Megaloptera
3. Raphidioptera
4. Coleoptera
5. Diptera
6. Mecoptera
7. Strepsiptera
8. Siphonaptera
9. Lepidoptera
10. Trichoptera
11. Hymenoptera

Front 61

Which order?
-membranous wings with network of veins; held roof-wise over body
-antennae generally long and threadlike (lacewings), and sometimes with terminal club (antlions)
-mouthparts for biting
-larvae carnivorous

Back 61

Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions)

Front 62

Which order?
-aquatic larvae, elongate, flattened, general predators
-winged adults non-feeding
-enlarged fan-folded anal area of wing
-elongate male mandibles

Back 62

Megaloptera (dobsonflies)

Front 63

Which order?
-long thorax, raises head like snake about to strike
-female has long, tail-like ovipositor
-larva with a slender, elongate body, narrow thorax and short, strong, biting jaws

Back 63

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

Front 64

Which order?
-protection with elytra and sclerotization
-desiccation resistance (spiracles shielded)
-hardening of forewings into elytra
-hindwings with reduced venation
-hind 2 thoracic segments broadly connected with abdomen
-chewing mouthparts (most species)

Back 64

Coleoptera (beetles) (biggest order)

Front 65

Which order?
-success= mouthparts
-hindwings reduced to club-shaped balancing organs called halteres
-one pair of wings
-mouthparts- a proboscis= sucking liquid food, sometimes adapted for piercing
-larvae legless maggots, head reduced, retracted into body
-remain enclosed within last larval skin, the puparium

Back 65

Diptera (true flies)

Front 66

Which order?
-head elongate, beak with mandibulate biting mouthparts at lower end
-wings narrow, elongate, similar in size; crossveins numerous
-males may have enlarged external genitalia recurved over abdomen like scorpion's tail (bluff)
-larvae resemble caterpillars

Back 66

Mecoptera

Front 67

Which order?
-closest to Diptera
-internal parasites of bees, wasps, grasshoppers, leafhoppers
-hypermetamorphosis- unusual holometabolous development where larvae change body form as they mature
-winged males emerge and search for mates
-front wings reduced to small, club-like structures; hindwings are large, fan-shaped
-winged males, wingless females

Back 67

Strepsiptera

Front 68

Which order?
-laterally flattened body
-strong hindlegs adapted for jumping
-mouthparts for piercing skin and blood-sucking
-adults blood-sucking external parasites
-larvae are wormlike

Back 68

Siphonaptera (fleas)

Front 69

Which order?
-coiled proboscis
-plant-insect mutualisms
-large wings relative to body size
-covered with scales
-mouthparts tubular proboscis coiled beneath head
-caterpillars have 3 pairs of thoracic (true) legs and several pairs of abdominal prolegs (false legs)
-caterpillars have pair of silk glands on either side of mouthparts

Back 69

Lepidoptera (2nd largest group)

Front 70

Which order?
-wings covered, long hairs
-long filiform antennae
-mouthparts reduced
-wings held tent-like over abdomen
-aquatic larvae form cases (used for jewelry)

Back 70

Trichoptera (caddisflies) = ("hair", "wings")

Front 71

Which order?
-sociality
-parasitism
-ovipositor for drilling into plant or animal tissues or modified as sting
-wings coupled by row of hooks on front edge of hindwing
-biting mouthparts and powerful jaws, sometimes a tongue-like structure for lapping up sweet liquids
-eyes usually large
-antennae generally thread-like

Back 71

Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) = ("marrying together of front and hind wing")

Front 72

What are the functions of the integument?

Back 72

1. skeletal (body form, muscle attachment, organ support)
2. armor
3. water conservation
4. sensory
5. locomotion
6. respiration- lining of tracheal system with millions of the ultimate subdivisions reaching every cell in the body
7. digestion- lining fore and hindgut and glands producing digestive enzymes, including salivary glands
8. exocrine glands: material for shelter and support (e.g. silk), chemical communication, attraction of sexes, offense and defense

Front 73

Ancestor= annelid or nematode?

Back 73

tagmatization, 3 tagmata

Front 74

What are the characteristics of the exoskeleton?

Back 74

Skeletal plates:
-sutures define skeletal plates called SCLERITES
-dorsal surface: TERGUM (on thorax = NOTUM) and sclerites = TERGITES (if on abdomen)
-ventral surface: STERNUM and sclerites = STERNITES
-prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax**
-sides of thorax sclerites = PLEURITES
-remember, tergum is the thorax AND the abdomen

Front 75

Head bears:

Back 75

-compound eyes
-1 pair of antennae
-ocelli
-mouthparts specialized for sensory detection and eating

Front 76

Thorax bears:

Back 76

-2 pairs of wings, 3 pairs of legs specialized for locomotion
-3 segments: prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax
-Notum- back
-Pronotum- 1st thoracic segment, and covers back

Front 77

Abdomen contains:

Back 77

-reproductive organs, hindgut
-specialized for digestion, reproduction and ventilation
-Features: respiratory spiracles (first 8 segments), genitals (female: ovipositor segment 8 and 9; male: aedeagus segment 9), post-genital appendages (cerci, caudal filament, epiproct, paraproct, tracheal gill:damselflies), (larval prolegs:Lepidoptera)

Front 78

What is ecdysis?

Back 78

-molting
-growing
-shedding makes insect very vulnerable

Front 79

Why molt?

Back 79

1. got to grow
2. wound healing, regeneration of lost body parts (walking sticks and diplura)
3. renewing physiological properties of integument
4. changes in body structures at metamorphosis

Front 80

Why do we care about molting?

Back 80

1. It is an amazing process where the insect must: detach all muscles from their supports, detach all sensory nerves from their cuticle endpoints, evert a network of respiratory tracheoles that branch and reach throughout the body
2. integument is a KEY feature of insect success and if regular molting can be disrupted, pest insects can be managed through a vital vulnerability.

Front 81

Holometabolous order of development

Back 81

egg
larvae
pupa
adult

Front 82

Hemimetabolous order of development

Back 82

egg
nymph
adult

Front 83

Why is holometabolous development so successful?

Back 83

Because it gave them 2 different sets of resources. The adults are not competing with the young. Removes cannibalism. Different selective forces act on different stages.

Front 84

Know 3 basic parts of the integument

Back 84

basal membrane
epidermis
cuticle
(all parts)
BE ABLE TO DRAW CARTOON SKETCH OF ALL LAYERS AND KNOW WHICH HAVE CHITIN.

Front 85

Wheel formation of Odonates?

Back 85

Attached to the male by her head and/or the front segment of her thorax, the female curls her abdomen under her, reaching forward with the tip of her abdomen in order to pick up the sperm from the male's second abdominal segment.

Front 86

Which order has long strong cerci that it uses to capture prey?

Back 86

Dermaptera