Energy Systems

Front 1

Macromolecules with chemical bonds that store majority of stored energy in organisms

Back 1

Glycogen and starch

Front 2

Starch

Back 2

Storage polysaccharide within plants

Front 3

Glycogen

Back 3

Storage polysaccharide within animals

Front 4

How is energy released and when is it required?

Back 4

Energy is released through the breakdown of larger molecules into their smaller molecular counterparts. Energy is required for the reverse process

Front 5

Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides

Back 5

Long chains of monosaccharides (glucose) joined together

Front 6

Why are carbohydrates insoluble?

Back 6

So that they can be stored easily and not affect the osmotic balance of the cell

Front 7

Glucose

Back 7

Carbohydrates are broken down by the digestive system to glucose. Glucose is used in respiration to make ATP

Front 8

Excess glucose?

Back 8

Excess glucose in the body is stored as glycogen and some is converted to fat and stored in the adipose tissue

Front 9

Glycogen

Back 9

Long chains of glucose molecules, which need to have their bonds broken before they can be used in cellular respiration

Front 10

When are lipids used as a source for ATP?

Back 10

During muscle contraction whilst exercising. Broken down to release glucose for energy production once the glycogen stores are depleted

Front 11

Name 5 lipids

Back 11

Phospholipids, fats, oils, waxes and steroids

Front 12

When is protein used as a source of ATP?

Back 12

Protein is only used to produce ATP under conditions of prolonged starvation and in people competing in marathons/triathlons

Front 13

5 Key Uses of ATP

Back 13

Movement, synthesis, stable environment, repair, growth and reproduction

Front 14

How is ATP used for movement?

Back 14

Cells require kinetic energy to move or change their shape

Front 15

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Back 15

use light energy from the sun to create chemical energy (glucose) from inorganic compounds in the process of photosynthesis

Front 16

Cellulose

Back 16

Main component of cell wall in plants

Front 17

Chitin

Back 17

Exoskeleton in insects and crustaceans

Front 18

Starch

Back 18

Plants store excess glucose as starch in either roots or stems

Front 19

Animals vs. Plants lipid storage

Back 19

Animals store energy as fats, whilst plants store energy as oils

Front 20

Lipid vs. Polysaccharides

Back 20

Lipids are much more dense and store twice as much energy as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are more accessible, hence act as short-term storage rather than long-term

Front 21

Origin of chemical energy

Back 21

Ultimately comes from the light energy emitted by the Sun

Front 22

5 Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis

Back 22

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, availability of water, temperature, chlorophyll

Front 23

Glycosis

Back 23

First stage of aerobic respiration. Partial breakdown of glucose molecule. Oxygen independent and occurs in the cytoplasm

Front 24

Kreb's cycle

Back 24

Second stage of aerobic. Complete breakdown of glucose molecules. Oxygen dependent and occurs in the mitochondria

Front 25

Fermentation

Back 25

An anaerobic alternative to aerobic respiration. Equivalent to glycosis

Front 26

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic respiration

Back 26

Much more energy is released in aerobic respiration as the glucose is completely broken down.

Front 27

Energy is required for...

Back 27

Growth, repair, reproduction and movement