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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Crowns of primary teeth are proportionally ____ than permanent teeth.
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shorter
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Roots of primary teeth are proportionally ____ than permanent teeth.
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longer
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Which of the two primary molars is bigger?
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the 2nd
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Roots of primary teeth are more ____ and ____ than permanent teeth.
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narrow and divergent
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Root trunks of primary teeth are ____ than permanent teeth.
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shorter
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What do the crowns of primary teeth have that is unique to the dentition?
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an undercut
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Which primary tooth is unlike any other tooth in either primary or permanent dentition?
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primary 1st molar
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Where do primate spaces occur in both arches?
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Maxillary - between canine and lateral
Mandibular - between canine and first molar |
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What tooth does the primary second molar most look like in the permanent dentition?
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first molar
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What feature of permanent teeth do primary teeth not exemplify?
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mammelons
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The pulp chambers of primary teeth are proportionally ____ than permanent teeth.
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larger
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The enamel and dentin is ____ in primary teeth than permanent teeth.
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thinner
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In the first week of embryonic development (preimplantation period), what happens?
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The zygote becomes a blastocyst and fertilization and implantation occur.
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From the second week to the eighth week of embryonic development (embryonic period), what happens?
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The blastocyst turns into a disc, and the disc turns into an embryo.
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In the first week of embryonic development (preimplantation period), what processes occur?
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fertilization and implantation
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From the second week to the eighth week of embryonic development (embryonic period), what processes occur?
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Induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation
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From the third to nineth month of prenatal development (fetal period), what happens?
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the embryo turns into a fetus
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From the third to nineth month of prenatal development (fetal period), what processes occur?
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maturation of existing structures.
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What are the three distinct periods of prenatal development?
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Preimplantation, embryonic, and fetal
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What are teratogens?
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environmental agents or factors
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What are some examples of drugs as teratogens?
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ethanol, tetracycline, phenytoin sodium, lithium, methotrexate, aminopterin, diethyistilbestrol, warfarin, thalidomide, isotretinoin (retinoic acid), androgens, progesterone
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What are some examples of chemicals as teratogens?
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methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls
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What are some examples of infections as teratogens?
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Rubella virus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and syphilis microbe
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What is an example of radiation as a teratogen?
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high levels of ionizing type (nondental)
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Primordium
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the earliest indication of a part or organ during prenatal development
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What is a karyotype?
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photographic analysis of a person's chromosomes by arranging them orderly in pairs
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Cleavage
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individual cell division of a zygote
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Morula
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solid ball of cells after initial cleavage of the zygote
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A blastocyst is also called a?
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blastula
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Endometrium
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the innermost lining of the uturus
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Blastocyst
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Where is the ideal implantation site in the uterus?
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the back wall of the body of the uturus toward the mothers spine
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What are the two types of cells in the early blastocyst?
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peripheral cells and embryonic cells
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Which layer are the peripheral cells located in?
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trophoblast layer
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Which layer are the embryonic cells located in?
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embryoblast layer
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What does the trophoblast layer give rise to?
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important prenatal support tissues
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What does the embryoblast layer give rise to?
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the embryo
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Induction
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the action of one group of cells on another that leads to the establishment of the developmental pathway in the responding tissue
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Proliferation
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controlled levels of cellular growth present during most of the embryological development
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Interstitial growth
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growth deep within a tissue or organ
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Appositional growth
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tissue enlargement by the addition of layers on the outside of the structure
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What is maturation an attainment of?
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the proper adult size, shape, and function
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What is a bilaminar embryonic disc developed from?
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the blastocyst
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What does a bilaminar embryonic disc look like?
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flattened, circular plate of bilayered cells
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What two layers make up the bilaminar disc?
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hypoblast and epiblast layer
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What is the epiblast layer of the bilaminar disc composed of?
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high columnar cells
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What is the hypoblast layer of the bilaminar disc composed of?
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small cuboidal cellsthe
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What will the bilaminar embryonic disc form?
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the embryo
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Primitive streak
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furrowed, rod shaped thickening in the middle of the disc causing the disc to have bilateral symmetry
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Mesenchyme is also?
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mesoderm and ectomesenchyme
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What three layers is the trilaminar embryonic disc made of?
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endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
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What was the ectoderm layer in the trilaminar disc called in the bilaminar disc?
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the epiblast
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What was the endoderm layer in the trilaminar disc called in the bilaminar disc?
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the hypoblast
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What will the ectoderm give rise to?
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Epidermis; sensory epithelium of eyes, ears, nose, nervous system, and neural crest cells; mammary and cutaneous glands
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What will the endoderm give rise to?
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Respiratory and digestive system linings, liver and pancreatic cells
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What will the mesoderm give rise to?
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Dermis, muscle, bone, lymphatics, blood cells and bone marrow, cartilage reproductive and excretory organs
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The oropharyngeal membrane is?
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where the mouth and beginning of the digestive tract will be
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Somites
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mesoderm differentiates and begins to divide into paired cuboidal aggregates of cells
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What will somites give rise to?
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most skeletal structures of head, neck, and trunk; associated muscles and dermis of skin
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Which germ layers are involved in facial development
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mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm (all)
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Stomodeum
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primitive mouth, gives rise to the oral cavity lined in epithelium
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Meckel's Cartilage
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the cartilage that forms within each side of the mandibular arch during its growth
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Which brachial arches form the body of the tongue?
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2,3,4
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Which brachial arches form the base of the tongue?
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1st
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What future nerves and muscles does the first brachial arch give rise to?
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trigeminal nerve, muscles of mastication
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What future nerves and muscles does the second brachial arch give rise to?
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facial nerve, muscles of facial expression
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What tissues will the frontonasal process give rise to?
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upper face: forehead, bridge of nose, primary palate, nasal septum
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Palatal fusion
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two swellings or tissues from different surfaces of the embryo fuse
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Otic placodes
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form the future internal ear and tissues
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Nasal placodes
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form the anterior portion of the frontonasal process
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The lateral nasal processes form what?
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the alae
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When each maxillary process fuses with each medial nasal process, what does it form?
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the upper lip
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What forms the labial commissures?
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the maxillary processes and the mandibular arch partial fusion
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What fails to fuse when cleft lip occurs?
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maxillary processes with the medial nasal process
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Who is cleft lip more common in? type? which side?
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males; more severe, unilateral and on left side
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What are the oral cavity proper and nasal cavity lined by?
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ectoderm
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Where is the fifth brachial arch in humans?
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usually included with the fourth brachial arch because it is so rudimentary
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What is another name for the second brachial arch?
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the hyoid arch
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What is the cartilage in the second brachial arch called?
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Reichert's Cartilage
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What does the perichondrium surrounding Reichert's cartilage give rise to?
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the ligaments of the hyoid bone
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When branchial grooves do not become obliterated, what happens?
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cervical cyst
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The intermaxillary segment forms as a result of?
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fusion of the two medial nasal processes within the embryo
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What does the intermaxillary segment give rise to?
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the primary palate
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What do the bilateral maxillary processes give rise to?
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two palatal shelves
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What do the two palatal shelves fuse to form?
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the secondary palate
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What does the secondary palate give rise to?
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the posterior two thirds of the hard palate, soft palate, and uvula
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What fails to fuse with cleft palate?
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the palatal shelves with the primary palate or with each other
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A: Normal fusion
B: Cleft uvula C: Unilateral cleft of posterior palate D: Bilateral cleft of posterior palate E: Unilateral cleft of lip and alveolar process with primary palate F: Bilateral cleft of primary palate, lip and alveolar process G: Bilateral cleft of primary palate, lip, alveolar process, and unilateral cleft of posterior palate H: Bilateral cleft of primary palate, lip, alveolar process, and posterior palate |
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What is the triangular median swelling that forms the tongue called?
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the tuberculum impar
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What are the two oval swellings that develop on each side of the tuberculum impar called?
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lateral lingual swellings
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What do the two lateral lingual swellings form?
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the anterior two thirds, or body, of the tongue
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What does the tuberculum impar form?
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no recognizable portion of the mature tongue
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What are the 6 stages of tooth development? IBCBAM
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Initiation, bud, cap, bell, apposition, and maturation
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Initiation stage
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Ectoderm lining stomodeum gives rise to oral epithelium and then to dental lamina, adjacent to deeper ectomesenchyme which is influenced by the neural crest cells. Both tissues are separated by a basement membrane
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Bud stage
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growth of dental lamina into bud that penetrates growing ectomesenchyme
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Cap stage
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enamel organ forms into cap, surrounding mass of dental papilla from the ectomesenchyme and surrounded by mass of dental sac also from the ectomesenchyme. Formation of tooth germ
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Bell stage
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Differentiation of enamel organ into bell with four cell types and dental papilla into two cells types
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Apposition stage
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Dental tissues secreted as matrix in successive layers
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Maturation stage
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Dental tissues fully mineralized to their mature levels
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What processes are involved in the initiation stage?
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induction
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What processes are involved in the bud stage?
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proliferation
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What processes are involved in the cap stage?
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proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis
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What processes are involved in the bell stage?
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proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis
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What processes are involved in the apposition stage?
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induction, proliferation
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What processes are involved in the maturation stage?
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maturation
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What type of tissue is dentin, cementum, and alveolar bone?
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connective
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What type of tissue is enamel?
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epithelial
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What formative cells make up enamel?
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ameloblasts
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What formative cells make up dentin?
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odontoblasts
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What formative cells make up cementum?
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cementoblasts
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What formative cells make up alveolar bone?
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osteoblasts
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What resorptive cells make up enamel, dentin, and cementum?
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odontoclasts
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What resorptive cells make up alveolar bone?
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osteoclasts
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What percent of enamel is minerals?
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96%
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What percent of dentin is minerals?
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70%
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What percent of cementum is minerals?
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65%
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What percent of alveolar bone is minerals?
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60%
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Tissue formation after eruption is not possible for which tooth tissue?
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enamel
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What tooth tissue is vascularity present in?
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alveolar bone
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What tooth tissues are innervation present in?
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dentin and alveolar bone
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When does odontogenesis start for the primary dentition?
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between the 6th and 7th week
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Ectomesenchyme
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ectoderm that is influenced my neural crest cells
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Number problems
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initial stage
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shape problems
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cap stage
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size problems
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bud stage
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All the teeth and their associated tissues develop from?
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ectoderm and ectomesenchyme
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What is the description of the enamel organ?
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formation of tooth bud in a cap shape with deep within the concavity of the enamel orgncentral depression
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What is the description of the dental papilla?
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condensed mass of ectomesenchyme surrounding the enamel organ
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What does the enamel organ form?
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enamel
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What does the dental papilla form?
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the dentin and pulp
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What does the dental sac form?
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the cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone
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What is the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac together?
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tooth germ
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What is the primordium of the tooth called?
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tooth germ
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What is the extention of the dental lamina that forms lingual to the developing primary tooth germ?
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successional dental lamina
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Which two layers in the IEE help support the production of enamel?
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stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium
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What type of cells will become dentin secreting cells?
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outer cells of the dental papilla
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What is the primordium of the pulp?
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central cells of the dental papilla
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What serves as a protective barrier for the enamel organ?
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OEE outer enamel epithelium
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HERS, Hertwig's epithelial root sheath
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What will differentiate into ameloblasts that form enamel matrix?
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IEE inner enamel epithelium
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What is the tapered portion of each ameloblast that faces the disintegrating basement membrane?
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Tomes' process
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Where do the rests of Malassez live?
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in the PDL
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What is cementum matrix called?
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cementoid
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What forms the periodontal ligament?
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ectomesenchyme from the dental sac
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What is formed when the layers of the enamel organ are compressed?
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REE reduced enamel epithelium
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What are the four stages of mitosis?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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Vacuoles
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spaces or cavities within the cytoplasm
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Nucleus
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holds the DNA, brain of the cell, memory bank
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Mitochondria
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powerplant; makes ATP
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Ribosomes
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makes protein
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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modification, storage, segregation, and transport of proteins
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Golgi complex
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segregates, transports, packages, makes lysosomes
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Lysosomes
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digestion
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Centrosome
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located near nucleus, forms mitotic spindle fibers
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Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Replicated centrioles migrate to opposite poles. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate
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Prophase
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Chromosomes move so that their centromeres are aligned in the equatorial plane. mitotic spindle forms.
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Metaphase
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Centromeres split, each chromosome separates into two chromatids. Chromatids migrate to opposite poles by the mitotic spindle
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Anaphase
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Division into two daughter cells occurs. Nuclear membrane reappears.
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Telophase
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Cells between divisions engage in growth, metabolism, organelle replacement, and substance production, including chromatin and centrosome replication
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Interphase
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What is an intercellular junction between cells, spot weld
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desmosome
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Intercellular junction which involves an attachment of cell to an adjacent noncellular surface
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hemidesmosome
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