Edst 200 Final Exam

Front 1

How were deaf children typically educated in the early 1800s?

Back 1

Institutions for those with deafness, blindness, and other disabilities part of the Second Great Awakening’s social reform movement.

1817: CT. Asylum for Education of Deaf and Dumb; Thomas Gallaudet used sign language
1830: First state institution in Virginia. Mostly taught industrial skills

Front 2

Who was responsible for bringing sign language to the States?

Back 2

1817 Thomas Gallaudet

Front 3

What college was chartered through federal legislation to train deaf teachers?

Back 3

1864: Gallaudet College, chartered through federal legislation. Training for deaf teachers

Front 4

How did Alexander Graham Bell's method of teaching deaf children differ from other methods then?

Back 4

1870-1880s: Alexander Graham Bell favored oral speech, not sign language.

Front 5

What forms of communication/language do deaf and hearing-impaired students use today?

Back 5

ASL, ESL, Exact Signed English, Total Communication

Front 6

In what ways did education for the blind follow a similar path for education for the deaf in the 1800s?

Back 6

Mid 1800s: Industrial focus to work in communities; and focus on ability to live independent

Front 7

What was Henry Goddard's contribution to ideas about mental retardation in the early 20th century?

Back 7

linked delinquency to feeblemindedness; sterilization laws and practices.
a) Dull: 80 - 90 (IQ)
b) Moron: 50-70
c) Imbecile: 20-50
d) Idiot, below 20

Front 8

Why did the terminology change from "mental deficiency" to "mental retardation" in the mid-1900s?

Back 8

1940S: Shift in language and programs; promotion of special education and persons with disabilities, especially during and after WWII.
a) From mental deficiency to mental retardation
b) Special and adjustment classes, workshop schools
c) State laws expand services; monies available for psychological services

Front 9

What kinds of legislation were there in the 1950s to promote the teaching of exceptional children?

Back 9

1958: PL 85-926 provides grants for training special education personnel.

Front 10

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act and its amendments provided what kinds of programs for children with disabilities?

Back 10

1965 (ESEA) and its amendments set aside grants to state-operated schools to assist underprivileged and disabled children. Further ESEA amendments followed. In 1966, local schools were included in Federal grant programs for educating the disabled. In 1968, ESEA amendments broadened the range and scope of these special educational services, sometimes called “discretionary” programs.

Front 11

What are some of the components of PL 94-142?

Back 11

1975:
free public education, ages 3-21;
IEPs developed jointly; least restrictive environment; unbiased testing; federal monies for building modification

Front 12

Which populations of children with disabilities are most enrolled in public schools today?

Back 12

mostly learning disabilities; then speech and language impairments, then mentally retardation. Most have mild not profound disabilities

Front 13

How is inclusion different from mainstreaming?

Back 13

Inclusion: students spend most of their time with "normal" students. They are incorporated in normal day
Mainstreaming: they split time between special ed and regular classes

Front 14

When did schools for "special needs" students begin and why?

Back 14

Mid 60's. There was nothing before and families complained a bunch, forcing the federal govt to start programs

Front 15

According to the film "The Road to Brown", what were some of the strategies Charles Houston used to overturn Plessy vs. Ferguson?

Back 15

launched a number of precedent-setting cases leading up to Brown v. Board of Education. He strategically targeted segregated education as the key to undermining the entire Jim Crow system.

Front 16

What were the four periods in the Civil Right Movement and what kinds of activities occurred during each period?

Back 16

1930-1954: Litigation
Use of sociological evidence, Brown vs. Topeka, seperate not equal
1955-1964: Demonstrations
Rosa Parks, white backlash, attempts to stop segregation
1964 - 1968: LEGISLATION
Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act
present:IMPLEMENTATION
integration through busing, magnet schools, resistance

Front 17

How were Brown vs. Topeka I and II different?

Back 17

I: Brown vs. Board of ed resulted in segregation in schools is wrong
II: implement results of I "with all deliberate speed." gave southern states leway to not do it

Front 18

Why did the mandate in Brown vs. Topeka II fail?

Back 18

"with all deliberate speed" was very ambiguous and gave southern states leway and time

Front 19

What strategies were used in the South to resist desegregation?

Back 19

1.closing down school systems, 2.using state money to finance segregated "private" schools,
3."token" integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white-only schools

Front 20

What were some pieces of legislation during the 1960s to ensure equal opportunity?

Back 20

Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights, Act, Bilingual Education Act, 1966 Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments

Front 21

What is the status of schools today regarding segregation?

Back 21

Schools are still segregated, just less intentionally. schools are predominately white and college is predominately white

Front 22

What were some of the federal programs implemented in the 1960s to address equal opportunity for children?

Back 22

Head Start: Early childhood education for underprivileged children ages 3-5
1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Front 23

What did Title IX of 1972 ensure?

Back 23

"No person shall be excluded from participation in or subject to discrimination in education, jobs, rights, and status based upon sex.

Front 24

What were some of the studies which supported federal programs for "disadvantaged" children during the 1960s?

Back 24

Daniel Moynihan's study of African-American "matriarchal households"

Deutsch: found that poor children typically have a lower IQ.

Front 25

What are the four frameworks by which the concept of "disadvantaged" students are described by educational researchers (from 1950s-1990s)?

Back 25

Culturally Deprived (1950s & 1960s): problems at home and community; poor that has experience segregation

Educationally Deprived: Problems exist in the schools

"At Risk" Definitions

"Youth" as a Disadvantaged Population (drugs, sex, etc)

Front 26

What were some of the studies and arguments used in each of disadvantage frameworks for conceptualizing "disadvantaged" children?

Back 26

culturally deprived: Anthropologist Havighurst (1965) discussed aspects of what it meant to be "socially disadvantaged"

educationally: Baratz & Baratz argue that children are culturally different not deprived. Schools do not build on these differences, on the students' strengths.

"at risk": McCann and others refer to students who may not
succeed in educational goals because of lack of skills,
knowledge, or dispositions. Implicit in this idea is that students have certain characteristics that can be identified.

Front 27

How would you, as a teacher, describe a "disadvantaged" student?

Back 27

poor, race, mental/physical disabled, family problems

Front 28

What are some of the indicators of "disadvantage" used in the educational scholarship today?

Back 28

Race & Ethnicity, Poverty Status, Family Composition, Mother's Education, Language Background

Front 29

What were some of the problems in schools expressed by the document "A Nation at Risk"?

Back 29

1. Fall behind in industry, science, and technology
2. Issues of mediocrity in education
3. Shortage of teachers, especially in math, science, foreign languages
4. Shortage of specialists in gifted education, and language minority and special education students
5. Professional working life of teachers unacceptable
a. Salary: after 12 years, the average is only $17,000; many need to supplement income
b. Influence: teachers have little influence in professional decisions, i.e., textbook selection
6. Too many methods courses instead of subject matter: 41% of elementary teachers' preparation in methods

Front 30

What were some of the recommendations forwarded in the document "A Nation at Risk"?

Back 30

higher standards for ed. students, higher salaries, show an "aptitude" for teaching, better evaluation system for tenure, master teachers involved in teacher preperation

Front 31

What solutions did the Carnegie Report recommend?

Back 31

salaries competitve, bachelors in Arts and science first, provide technology for productivity, national board of professional teaching standards, prepare minority students for teaching

Front 32

What were some of the solutions that the Governors' Report of 1991 recommended?

Back 32

early childhood ed for disadvantaged, reduced class size from k-3, alt. high schools for drop outs, day care and after school care, train teachers in tech