Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. Changing protests.
|
Some groups like the Black Panthers and individuals like Malcolm X said that non-violent protest wasn't working and that stronger action was needed. Others believed that integration didn't bring equality and that black people were better off living separately.
|
|
|
2. Birmingham, Alabama (1963).
|
Anti-segregation marches led to mass arrests. So many adults were jailed that one of the organisers, James Bevel, trained children in protest tactics and they took over. 956 children were arrested. Dogs and firehouses were used against the protesters. President Kennedy admitted 'I feel ashamed', and sent federal troops to restore calm. The mayor passed desegregation laws and lunch counters and shops were desegregated.
|
|
|
3. The March on Washington (August 1963).
|
There had been rising violence. A Civil Rights Bill was being discussed. The March on Washington was a huge, peaceful demonstration to show the massive support for this bill. Hundreds of thousands marched - Martin Luther King made his famous 'I have a dream' speech.
|
|
|
4. Malcolm X.
|
Malcolm X was a black Muslim who criticised non-violent action. He was a member of the Nation of Islam. He saw white politicians as the enemy and believed in meeting violence with violence. He criticised Martin Luther King. While King focused on voter registation and desegregation in the South, Malcolm X focused on the inequalities faced by black people everywhere, including in the improverished areas of the northern cities.
|
|
|
5. President Kennedy and Civil Rights.
|
He made speeches and set up committees to help the civil rights cause, but also tried to keep the Senate happy. Some people were disappointed at his lack of action. He was driven to act by rising levels of violence, especially the much publicised situation in Birmingham, 1963 - violence against black people in his own country was an embarrassment to him. In June 1963 he backed the Civil Rights bill.
|
|
|
6. Freedom Summer (1964).
|
About 1000 students volunteered to go to Mississippi to help black people pass their voter registration tests. Many were beaten and arrested and at least 6 were killed. Although 17,000 black people tried to register to vote that summer, only about 1600 succeeded. Still, the campaign did help focus attention on black voting rights and the continued violence in the South.
|
|
|
7. Landmark Laws.
|
The Civil Rights Act (1964) made discriminatory state laws illegal. The Votin Rights Act (1965) made discriminatory tests for voting illegal.
|
|
|
8. Black Power.
|
The Civil Rights movement became more militant. Stokely Carmichael of the SNCC made more aggressive speeches, urging people to demand 'Black Power' and his message gained increasing support as many felt frustrated by what they saw as the slow progress of peaceful protest.
|
|
|
9. The Black Panthers.
|
The Black Panther Party was set up by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966. The group had a ten point plan and a military style uniform, and was controversial - they advocated carrying guns for self defence. They organsied community projects such as free healthcare and free breakfasts in poor black areas. The government saw them as a threat.
|
|
|
10. Riots.
|
1964-8 saw a wave of riots, mainly in northern cities (see p. 56 of textbook). Hundreds died and the damage was enormous. Many white people who had supported civil rights turned against it.
|
|
|
11. The death of Martin Luther King.
|
He was shot on 4th April 1968 while standing on a hotel balcony in Menphis where he had gone to support a strike of refuse workers.
|
