Edexcel B2 Revision Cards

Front 1

1. Name all of the parts of an animal cell.

2. Name the parts that a plant cell has that an animal cell does not.

Back 1

1. Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria.

2. Cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts.

Front 2

1. Describe the functions of each of these organelles: cell membrane; cytoplasm; nucleus; mitochondria; cell wall; vacuole; and chloroplasts.

Back 2

1. Cell membrane: controls what goes into and out of the cell. Cytoplasm: where most of the chemical reactions within the cell take place. Nucleus: contains DNA and controls the cell. Mitochondria: where respiration takes place. Cell wall: supports the plant cell. Vacuole: filled with cell sap and keeps the cell rigid. Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

Front 3

1. Why are light microscopes useful?

2. Why are electron microscopes useful?

Back 3

1. They allow us to see things such as cells that are too small to see with the eye.

2. They allow us to see even smaller things such as bacteria in more detail than a light microscope can as they have a much higher magnification.

Front 4

1. Describe the structure of a bacterial cell.

2. Describe the functions of the bacterial cell wall, flagella, chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA.

Back 4

1. It is surrounded by a cell wall wth a cell membrane inside it; they have no nucleus, just a circular chromosome containing their main DNA and smaller circular plasmid DNA; some have a tail-like structure called a flagellum.
2. Cell wall: supports the cell; flagella: allows the cell to move; chromosomal DNA: contains the genetic material of the cell; plasmid DNA: contains extra genetic material, e.g. genes for antibiotic resistance.

Front 5

1. What is a gene?

2. What is a chromosome?

3. Describe the structure of DNA.

Back 5

1. A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
2. A long strand of DNA found in the nucleus that contain genetic information.
3. DNA is a double helix made up of 2 strands. The 2 strands are linked by hydrogen bonds between the bases. There are 4 types of base: A, T, C and G. They pair up by complementary base pairing. A with T and C with G.

Front 6

1. What was Franklin and Wilkins role in the discovery of the structure of DNA?

2. What was Watson and Cricks role in the discovery of the structure of DNA?

Back 6

1. They used x-rays to take photographs of DNA and worked out how the atoms were arranged from the patterns they saw.
2. They built a 3D model of DNA using data from other scientists including Franklin and Wilkins.

Front 7

HIGHER ONLY
1. What was the Human Genome Project?

2. What are the implications of it?

Back 7

1. An international effort to sequence the entire human genome that involved scientists from many countries working together.
2. Improved testing for genetic disorders; new treatments for genetic disorders; new ways to see how humans have evolved; and personalised medicines.

Front 8

1. What is genetic engineering?

2. Give an advantage and disadvantage for each of these examples: golden rice; the production of human insulin by bacteria; and hebicide-resistant plants.

Back 8

1. The removal of a gene from one organism followed by its insertion into a different organism.
2. Golden rice: advantage: provides a source of beta-carotene to humans who may not have enough in their diet and are at risk of blindness from vitamin A deficiency. Disadvantage: GM rice could cross-breed with wild rice.
Human insulin: advantage: cheap to make huge quantities. Disadvantage: slightly different to human insulin so doesn't suit everybody.
Herbicide-resistant crops: advantage: reduces amount of crop spraying necessary. Disadvantage: could result in herbicide resistant weeds if cross-pollination takes place.

Front 9

1. What is mitosis?

2. What is it for?

3. Are the cells diploid or haploid? What does this mean?
4. What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell?

Back 9

1. Type of cell division that produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
2. It is for growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
3. The cells are diploid which means that they have two sets of chromosomes.
4. 46 or 23 pairs.

Front 10

1. What is meiosis?
2. What is it for?
3. Are the cells diploid or haploid? What does this mean?
4. What is the haploid number of chromosomes in a human cell?
5. What happens at fertilisation?

Back 10

1. A type of cell division that produces 4 daughter cells that are genetically different to each other and the parent cell.
2. It is for the production of gametes (sex cells).
3. The cells are haploid which means that they have half the number of chromosomes.
4. 23
5. Haploid gametes combine to form a diploid zygote.