B3 Edexcel Revision

Front 1

What is FSH?

Back 1

Follicle stimulating hormone
causes follicle to mature in one of the ovaries
stimulates oestrogen production

Front 2

What is Oestrogen

Back 2

Hormone that cause the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow
A high level of oestrogen stimulates an LH surge (rapid increase)

Front 3

What is LH

Back 3

Leuteinising hormone.
LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14, the follicle rupture and egg is released
It stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a corpus luteum structure- which secretes progesterone.

Front 4

What is progesterone?

Back 4

Hormone that maintains the lining of the uterus
and inhibits production of FSH and LH.

when progesterone level falls and there is a low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down.

Low progesterone level allows FSH to increase and then the whole cycle starts again.

Front 5

What is a follicle?

Back 5

An egg and its surrounding cell

Front 6

What happens if woman is pregnant?

Back 6

If the fertilised egg implants in the uterus, the progesterone level will remain high to maintain the lining of the uterus during pregnancy.

Front 7

What is the blood supply to the uterus lining?

Back 7

It has a thick spongy layer of blood vessels which allows placenta to develop.

Front 8

What does the placenta do?

Back 8

Supplies the baby with Oxygen, glucose and nutrients requires to grow and removes waste products.

Front 9

What does negative feedback do?

Back 9

This controls the level of hormones produced during the menstrual cycle.

Keeps FSH level low so no more follicles mature after FSH has caused one to mature.

Front 10

What are antigens?

Back 10

unique and specific molecules on the surface of a pathogen cell

Front 11

what are b lymphocytes?

Back 11

b lymphocytes come across foreign antigens and produce antibodies protein which bind to and kill the new invading cell.

antibodies are then produced very rapidly and flow all around type body to kill all similar pathogens.

Front 12

Why is the first response slow when a pathogen enters the body 1st time?

Back 12

there aren't many b-lymphocytes that can make antibodies needed to lock onto their antigens.

eventually the body will produce the right antibody to overcome the infection. the infected person will show symptoms

Front 13

What are memory lymphocytes?

Back 13

they are produced after being exposed to antigens and remain in your body for a long time to remember a specific antibody. the person is now immune- their immune system has the ability to respond quickly and stronger to a second infection caused by the same invading pathogen.

if the same

Front 14

why is the secondary response imortant?

Back 14

The secondary response gets rid of pathogens before any symptoms are shown.

Front 15

What is coditioning

Back 15

It is a type of learned behaviour. there are two types, these include classical conditioning and opperant condition.

Front 16

What is classical conditioning?

Back 16

When an animal learns passively to associate a neutral stimulus with an important one. the response in automatic and reinforced by repetition.

Front 17

Give an example of classical conditioning

Back 17

Ivan pavlov studied the behaviour of dogs and noticed they would salivate every time they saw or smelt food.
He began to ring a bell every time the dogs were given food.
after a while the found that the dogs would salivate when the bell was rung even though he didn't give them food.

Front 18

What is opernat conditioning?

Back 18

Is where animals learn actively to associate an action with a reward or a punishment. this happens when children are rewarded or punished for a specific behaviour.
Also known as trial and error

Front 19

What is an example of operant conditioning?

Back 19

Skinner trained rats and pigeons to obtain food reward in a small cage. he animals had a choice of buttons to press. when the animal pressed a particular button it was rewarded with food and he saw that the animals use trial and error to figure out which button to press.

Front 20

What type of reward and punishments can you give an anmal

Back 20

The reward may be food treats and praise
The punishments may be physical and verbal like saying no! however this is discouraged as it is stressful for the animal and rewards work jut as well.

Front 21

examples of operant conditionng

Back 21

-training guide dogs to stop at a roadside and wait for command.
-training sniffer dogs to retrieve drugs.
-training police horses to only respond to commands from their riders.

Front 22

When are they used i a combination?

Back 22

when the reward cant be given at the exact time the act is carried out.

Front 23

Why is communication between individuals in a group beneficial?

Back 23

-It can help keep the group togther
-If anyone sees a predators, they can wan the others
-communication of mood to avoid unnecessary fighting
-baby animals can communicate their need to their parents
-communication can allow predators hunting in a pack to coordinate their attack.

Front 24

What is sound communication?

Back 24

-Whales and dolphins communicate with low frequency over long distance
-Humans communicate with language
Bird calls can be used to declare a territory, attract a mate or scare predators.

Front 25

What is chemical communication?

Back 25

-Pheromones released can tell here an animals is or where t has been.
-can be used to mark a territory e.g dog pee on things.
-sexual attractants- male moths can smell a females pheromones even though she is far from him.

Front 26

What s visual communication?

Back 26

Honey bees do the waggle dance when at the bee hive too tell others where they've found food.
Mammals can communicate certain intention by body posture and gestures(small movements).
most behaviours can be used to threaten others- to intimidate so as to avoid an actual fight. chimps do this by staring or raising their arms.

Front 27

How to chimps intimidate each other to avoid fights?

Back 27

chimps do this by staring or raising their arms.

Front 28

What else can behaviours show

Back 28

They can be used to admit defeat E.g a dog rolling on its back to show its submission.
It can also be used as a courtship behaviour E.g funny dances and offering gifts and building elaborate nests

Front 29

What is another visual communication?

Back 29

Facial expression. the human facial expression may mean something else with a different species.

Front 30

Who are ethologist

Back 30

Scientist that study animal behaviours

Front 31

Explain tinbergens study of innate behaviour in gulls

Back 31

-He noticed that newly hatched gulls pecked at the red part of their parents beak to request food.
-to test he made different models of gulls head with different coloured spots(including red) and an unspotted one
-the chicks pecked at the beak with the red spot more than the others and unspotted.
H concluded that the chicks are born with the instinct to peck at the red spot to get food

Front 32

Explain lorenz study of imprinting?

Back 32

-How baby birds recognised their mother ad learn to follow her around
-he took two groups of goose eggs.
-group 1 hatched out by their ow mother while 2 hatched in an incubator.
-the first moving object that the goose chicks in group 1 saw was their mother and for group 2 it was lorenz
-The goose chicks in group 2 treated lorenz the same as the group 1 goose treated their mother- they followed him around.
- the goose imprinted on him and it helps the goose chicks recognise their mother.

Front 33

Explain the work of fossey and goodall

Back 33

-They studied the social behaviour of apes
-spent time getting close to the apes in their natural habitats so that were are not disturbed.
-Watched animals carefully and recorded what they saw

Front 34

What did the scientists learn about the apes

Back 34

- they worked together t search for food sources so that they found more food
-live in groups and protected each other from the attacks (so they were safer than they would be on their own).
-all males in the group had social rank(the most dominant at the top). helped to prevent fights(Which waste energy) as everyone knew their place.
-apes groomed each other. this helped to keep them clean but also reinforced the social bonds within the group, helping g to keep it together
- they strengthened this bond by showing affection e.g hugging each other.

Front 35

What is a choice chamber and what cant it be used for?

Back 35

a container divided up in to 2 or more chambers.
can be used to investigate how animals respond to environmental conditions.

Front 36

How can it b used too investigate animals behaviour?
What conditions do wood lice prefer?

Back 36

-Set up different environment inside the chamber
-put animals in and record which chambers they move to
-they should move to environment closest to their natural habitats
-the environmental conditions may be humidity, light intensity
-woodlice prefer damp and dark area.

Front 37

dwq

Back 37

Finding a mate i easy if animals live in a social group.

Front 38

In isolation?

Back 38

-male animals make song/call to attract female e.g whales, birds
-female insects use pheromones as sexual attractant to produce a chemical signal. male follow the trail to find the female.
- special display like exergerated posturing dancing and showing brightly coloured parts of the anatomy

Front 39

What else?

Back 39

-males fight each other- winner gets the mate. e.g deers. some courtships displays to indicate strength and give the weaker male a chance to back away.
-instead of a real fight this may just be a display so that they don't get hurt or killed.

Front 40

Why are the courtship display specie specific?

Back 40

So that the female knows she is mating the right species.
This is because if the female mates with other species, all the gene wont be passed on as the hybrid will be infertile. it is also best if the male is strong and fertile, as this ensure that the next generation will have eh best possible chance of survival.

Front 41

fda

Back 41

There is also a link between the impressiveness of the display and the the fertility of the male. e.g in a mandrill, the brightness of the face and bum is linked with the testosterone it will have.
-males mate with as many females as they can.

Front 42

what is monogamy and what species does it occur mostly in?

Back 42

It is staying with one mate and it occurs mostly in birds.

Front 43

hht

Back 43

-in most species, male take no part in childbearing so leave to mate with other females during the mating season.
-others mate with one female each season.
-others (lions) have a "harem" or group of female he which stays with but mates with all of them.