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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Optimal foraging theory |
Tendency for animals to harvest food efficiently by selecting prey sizes/food patches in a way that will supply maximum prey intake to energy extended Don't consume largest prey (more energetically costly) |
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Marginal value theorom |
Amount of energy gained per time at certain patches, energy level decreases once all of prey is consumed Cumulative energy gain/change in time (tangent to curve) |
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G optimum |
Largest energy gain per time, beyond that prey is limiting & energy gain will slow down (time or prey density where predator should move to next patch) |
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Patch quality |
Giving up density for density of food remaining in patch More time spent in rich patches Time spent in patch should increase with time spent traveling to patch |
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Red queen hypothesis |
Evolutionary arms race between predators & prey Continuing evolution of predators & prey in response to each other to maintain own fitness |
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Chemical defense |
Use of chemicals to protect against predators |
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Batesian mimicry |
Resemblance of a palatable/harmless species to unpalatable/dangerous species |
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Mullerian mimicry |
Where many unpalatable species share a similar color pattern |
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Aggressive mimicry |
Predator evolves to look like prey (shares similar color pattern) |
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Herbivory as predation |
Structural defenses (thorns) or secondary compounds (chemicals that aren't used by plants, but used to deter herbivores) |
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HSS or world is green model |
Herbivores have direct negative effect on plants, and predators have a direct negative effect of herbivores, so predators have an indirectly positive effect on plants |
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Direct effect |
One species has impact on another through direct interaction (Herbivore eating a plant) |
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Indirect effect |
One individual effects another through an intermediary, never directly effect each other (predators help plants by eating herbivores) |
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Commensalism |
One organism benefits and the other isn't effected |
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Symbiosis |
Protracted (longterm) relationship between two organisms |
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Ectosymbiosis |
Parasite is outside host |
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Endosymbiosis |
Parasite is inside host |
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Hemiparasites |
Capable of photosynthesis & parasitism (mistletoe) |
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Holoparasites |
Not capable of photosynthesis, only parasitic |
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Microparasitism |
Too small to see with naked eye, need microscope, often multiply within host |
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Macroparasites |
Large enough to be seen, multiply externally of host (lamprey) |
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Direct transmission |
Parasite moves from one host to another, no intermediate |
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Indirect transmission |
Parasite moves to final/definite host (where reproductions occurs) by an intermediate host (doesn't reproduce there) |
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Vector |
Organism that helps transmit infection from one host to another |
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Host survival |
Intermediate host survival decreases due to susceptibility to predation, but parasite generally won't effect survival of final host |
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Parasitic castration |
Infection makes host unable to reproduce, allows parasite to divert energy to itself |
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Dilution effect |
Host species differ in their ability to promote tick survival & bacteria |
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High species diversity |
Greater range of host confidence, so less likely to spread ticks & bacteria Limits spread of disease |
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Connectance |
Number of possible links in food web that are actually realized More links=more energy |
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Linkage density |
Average # of feeding links per species |
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Keystone species |
If removed from community, community will fall apart Has disproportionate effect, relative to its size, on community structure |
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Global species richness |
Number of species (diversity) |
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Relative abundance |
# of individuals of a species/total # of individuals |
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Evenness |
Measure of distribution of relative abundance |
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Rank abundance curves |
Species ranked by abundance Graph based on most to least abundant Used to visualize diversity using richness & abundant |
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Simpson's index |
Used dominance, constrained |
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Shannon index |
Used diversity, not constrained |
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Gradient |
Gradual change in abiotic factor through space |
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Zonation |
Pattern of spatial variation in community structure along environmental gradient |
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Functional types |
Grouping of species based off if response to environment, life history, & role in community |
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Guild |
Group of species that exploit a common resource |
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Top down effect |
Upper trophic levels control biomass of lower trophic levels |
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Bottom up effect |
Biomass &production of lower trophic levels control biomass of upper trophic levels |
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Apparent competition |
2 species negatively affect each other through indirect effect (shared predator) |
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Apparent mutualism (commensalism) |
Positive effects of one species on another through indirect effects |
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Diffuse effects |
One species may be influenced by interactions with many species |
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Ecosystem functioning |
Measures of members of community contribute to [biomass production, temporal stability, etc.] |
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Resistance |
Ease of changing a system, how much system changed after disturbance |
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Resilience |
Ability of system to recover after disturbance |
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Rivet hypothesis |
Ecosystem can resist loss of few species, then collapses Tradeoff between growth at high resources and survival at low resources |
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Heterogeneity |
How diverse area is, diverse conditions |
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Heterogeneity & diversity |
Positive relationship Increased heterogeneity leads to increased diversity |
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Landscape ecology |
How patch size, shape, & distance between patches influence coexistence |
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Ecosystem ecology |
What controls productivity, how energy moves through environment |
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Meta community/population |
Set of local communities/population connected by dispersal |
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Habitat fragmentation |
Development of discontinuities in an ecosystem |
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Edge effects |
Response of organisms to different environmental conditions at borders between habitats |
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Edge species |
Species that prefer edge habitats |
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Bigger habitats |
Have higher interior to edge ratio, so more species & niches |
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Species area curve |
Relationship between # of species & area sampled |
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SLOSS Debate |
Single large vs. Multiple small environments, both works best |
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Corridors |
Strips of vegetation that allow movement between habitat islands |
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Standing stock biomass |
Determined by photosynthesis & herbivores, comes from light energy Amount of biomass in area |
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NPP |
Rate of energy stored as organic matter after respiration |
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GPP |
Total rate of photosynthesis or total rate of energy assimilation |
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Growing season |
Length of time that plants can have photosynthesis exceed respiration |
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Compensation depth |
Where NPP equals respiration |
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Liebigs law of minimum |
Growth not controlled by overall abundance of resources, but by abundance of most limiting resource |
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Secondary producers |
Productivity of consumers, things that will eat plants (herbivores) |
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Ingestion efficiency |
I/Pn-1 Consumption- how much I relative to how much available |
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Assimilation efficiency |
A/I What actually gets assimilated |
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Production efficiency |
Pn/A How much gets assimilated |
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3 parts to conservation Biology |
Overexploitation, habitat fragmentation, & invasive species |
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Single species management |
Hypothetically harvest to half of carrying capacity Doesn't work due to varying population numbers, plus people |
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Tragedy of commons |
Depletion of shared resource by individuals acting according to their interest & contrary to long term interests of group |
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Fishing down food chain |
Top predators overexploited, keep having to switch to lower trophic levels |
