Dna & Genetics

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleicacid is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in thedevelopment, functioning and reproduction of all known living things

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Coding DNA

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Thecoding region of a gene, also known as the coding sequence, is that portion ofa gene's DNA or RNA, composed of exons, that codes for protein.

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A...

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Adenine (AT)

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T...

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Thymine (TA)

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C...

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Cytosine (CG)

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G...

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Guanine (GC)

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kb

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Unit of length- 1000 nucleotides

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Exon

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is any nucleotide sequence encoded by a genethat remains present within the final mature RNA product or that gene afterintrons have been removed by RNA splicing

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Intron

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is any nucleotide sequence within a gene thatis removed by RNA splicing during the maturation of the final RNA product

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RNA

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Ribonucleicacid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to actas a messenger carrying instruction from DNA for controlling the synthesis ofproteins although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the geneticinformation

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Gene

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Agene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which aremade up of DNA, act as instruction to make molecules called proteins.

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Genome

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is an organisms complete set of DNA, includingall its genes

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Chromatin

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isa complex of macro molecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein and RNA.

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Chromatid

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isone copy of a newly replicated chromosome, which typically is joined to theother copy by a single centromere

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Centromere

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isone copy of a newly replicated chromosome, which typically is joined to theother copy by a single centromere

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Histones

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Proteinsfound in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structuralunited nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin actingas spools around DNA winds and play a role in gene regulation

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Transcription

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isthe process by which the code contained in the DNA molecule is transcribed(rewritten) into a mRNA molecule.

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Translation

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isthe process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) moleculeto a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic codedescribes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and thecorresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes

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Cell cycle

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itis the life of the cell which contains G1, S, G2, mitosis and cytokinesis

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Cytokinesis

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separationof the two nuclei (formed in mitosis) into two cells

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Interphase

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Contain G1, S and G2. It is the general lifeof the cell excluding mitosis

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Prophase

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(1)

DNAcontinues condensing into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins todissolve. The chromosomes continue to coil up and appear as double chromatids(become visible)

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Metaphase

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(2)

Chromosomes are attached by the centromerearound the equator of the spindle. Centromeres are about to divide

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Anaphase

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(3)

Newchromosomes move from the equator to the poles of the spindles. Centromereshave divided and the spindle fibers are contracting

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Telophase

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Twonew nuclei from. The cell plate forms across the midline of the parent cell.This is where the new cell wall forms

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Cell plate

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(in plant cells) a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells.

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Kinetochore

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is theprotein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibres attach during celldivision to pull sister chromatids apart

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Centrosomes

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the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organised. They occur only in animal cells. Also, itregulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to cell division

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S

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isthe part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase

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G1

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thecell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation forsubsequent steps leading to mitosis

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G2

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Period of cell growth and checking for mistakes that may have occurred during S phase

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The formation of new DNA is carried out mostly by what emzyme complex...

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DNA polymerase and a series of proteins that cause two strands to break apart

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What holds together the two chromotids after DNA replication?

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The centromere enzymes

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Two enzymes that assist in DNA replication:

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Helicase: unwinds the the parental strands

DNA gyrase: relieves the strain that is generated by the helicase by cutting, winding and rejoining

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What are Okazaki fragments?

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Fragments of about 1000-2000 nucleotides that join to the leading strand of DNA during DNA replication

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Of Eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which has the more complex chromosome structure?

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Eukaryotes

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j

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f