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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the central dogma?

DNA to RNA to Protein.

What is Chargaff's rule?

That the bases in DNA of any organism should have a 1:1 ratio of purines and pyramidines. So the amount go Guanine should equal to Cytosine and the amount of Adenine equal to Thymine.

What base is present in RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil.

What is transcription and where in the cell does this process occur?

The copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA. It occurs in the nucleus.

What are the initiation, elongation and termination steps to transcription?

Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the promoter on the anti-sense strand and begins building on mRNA.


Elongation - RNA polymerase adds one nucleotide at a time as DNA splits open and zips back up after it is transcribed.


Termination - RNA reaches terminator and detaches from gene and mRNA.

What is an advantage of using RNA polymerase rather than DNA polymerase?

RNA polymerase can start without a primer.

What is translation and where in the cell does it occur?

The making of a polypeptide using the genetic code found in mRNA. It is made in ribosomes in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

What is the start codon to begin translation?

AUG.


What are the stop codons to finish translation?

UAA, UAG, UGA.

What is the elongation step to translation?

What are the 4 mutations that mainly occur in DNA?

Degeneracy


Nonsense


Silent


Frameshift

What is frameshift mutation?

One nucleotide deletion changing a large section of protein sequence.

What is nonsense mutation?

DNA substitution resulting in shortened proteins.

What is degeneracy mutation?

Amino acids changed less frequently than others by DNA mutation.

What is silent mutation.

Mutations that have no effect on the sequence.

Why can't DNA be represented as conservative?

In the Messelson-Stahl experiment, N14 and N15 were used and it was discovered that after one replication, all of the DNA converted to a hybrid of N15 and N14.

Why can't DNA be dispersive?

The parent DNA becomes small as with new generations. If it was dispersive, it would be the same amount after new generations.

What is DNA polymerase?

An enzyme that helps put together the nucleotides of a DNA molecule.

What is RNA primase?

An enzyme that synthesises a prime for replication to begin.

Which direction can DNA polymerase only work in?

3' to 5'.

What are Okazaki fragments?

Short pieces of daughter DNA made on lagging strand by DNA polymerase.

What is DNA ligase?

Enzyme that binds adjacent Okasaki fragments.

What sugar is RNA capped by?

Guanine.

What are introns?

Non-coding, intervening sequences.

What are extrons?

Coding sequences.

What process remove introns?

Splicing.